Healthcare Imaging Equipment
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
This course provides an in-depth exploration of the principles, operation, and maintenance of imaging equipment commonly used in healthcare settings. Students will learn about the technology behind X-ray, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nuclear medicine devices. Emphasis is placed on imaging physics, safety considerations, quality assurance, and the evolving technological advancements in medical imaging. The course also covers regulatory requirements, equipment troubleshooting, and the critical role of imaging in patient diagnosis and treatment planning. By the end of the course, students will have a comprehensive understanding of healthcare imaging modalities and their applications within clinical practice.
Recommended Textbook
Computed Tomography Physical Principles Clinical Applications and Quality Control 3rd Edition
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Chapter 1: Computed Tomography: An Overview
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Q1) Which of the following are dual-source computed tomography scanners primarily used for imaging?
A)virtual colonoscopy
B)cardiac imaging
C)biopsy procedures
D)pulmonary imaging
Answer: B
Q2) ADC
A)Determine tissue types in computed tomography slices
B)Algorithms
C)Image storage
D)Computed tomography dose descriptor
E)Converting electrical signals into digital data
F)Surface-based rendering
Answer: E
Q3) Computed tomography has been applied to the study of internal log defects and Egyptian mummies.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Introduction to Computers
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Q1) Transmission media or channels include all of the following except:
A)coaxial cable
B)twisted pair wires
C)radio waves
D)telephone lines
Answer: B
Q2) Megabyte
A)Digital integrated circuit
B)A string of 8 bits
C)2 bytes
D)1,000,000 bytes
E)Internal memory
F)1000 bytes
G)Bit
H)Optical disk
Answer: D
Q3) Sixteen binary bits (two bytes) equal a word.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Digital Image Processing
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Q1) Explain briefly what is meant by convolution.
Answer: Convolution is a digital image processing technique. It is an algorithm that filters an image in the spatial domain. The algorithm uses a kernel (matrix of pixels) to calculate a new image, the output image. Specifically, the new value of a pixel in the output image is calculated by multiplying it by each of the pixels in the kernel and then summing their values. The convolution is done by moving the kernel across the entire input image, pixel by pixel, until all output image pixels are computed. This is a time-consuming process, so special hardware (such as array processors) can be used to speed up the process.
Convolution, a general-purpose algorithm, is a technique of filtering in the spatial domain.
Q2) An example of a local operation that concerns brightness information on an image is called:
A)area processes
B)spatial frequency filtering
C)convolution
D)histogram modification
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Physical Principles of Computed Tomography
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Q1) Attenuation of a beam of radiation depends on: I. the atomic number
II. the electrons per gram of tissue
III. the energy if the radiation
A)I and II
B)II and III
C)I and III
D)I, II, and III
Q2) Which of the following best describes the term "data acquisition geometry" in computed tomography?
A)the size and shape of the x-ray beam
B)the arrangement of the x-ray tube and detectors
C)the stationary ring of detectors
D)the rotation of the x-ray tube
Q3) All of the following apply to CT except:
A)a computer is used to reconstruct cross-sectional images of the patient
B)mathematical methods are used to reconstruct images
C)x-ray film is used as the detector
D)special detectors are used to detect x rays that have passed through the patient at multiple angles
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Chapter 5: Data Acquisition Concepts
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Q1) Which of the following x-ray tubes is most likely used in spiral/helical computed tomography scanners?
A)a tungsten target fixed anode tube
B)a tungsten target rotating anode tube
C)a molybdenum target rotating anode tube
D)a rotating anode tube with a rhenium tungsten disk
Q2) Gas ionization chambers were first introduced in second-generation scanners.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which scanner results in a volume of the patient being scanned during a single breath hold (rather than a single slice of tissue)?
A)spiral/helical scanner
B)fifth-generation scanner
C)second-generation scanner
D)first-generation scanner
Q4) Which x-ray generator is used in modern computed tomography scanners?
A)single-phase half-wave rectified
B)single-phase full-wave rectified
C)high-frequency generator
D)three-phase, six-pulse generator
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Image Reconstruction
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Q1) A set of ray sums is referred to as a:
A)ray sum
B)projection
C)total ray projection
D)view
Q2) Which of the following algorithms compares an assumption with the measured values, makes corrections, and then repeats the process?
A)analytical reconstruction algorithms
B)back projection
C)iterative reconstruction algorithms
D)Fourier reconstruction algorithms
Q3) The use of __________ coefficients makes it possible to reconstruct an image in computed tomography.
A)Hounsfield
B)convolution
C)Fourier
D)Ambrose
Q4) An algorithm is a set of rules for solving a problem.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Basic Instrumentation
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Q1) The imaging system components are located in the:
A)scanner room
B)radiologist viewing area
C)operator room
D)computer room
Q2) Computer architectures that have been used over time include: I. pipeline processing
II. parallel processing
III. distributed processing
A)I and II
B)II and III
C)I and III
D)I, II, and III
Q3) All of the following are categories of computed tomography software except:
A)reconstruction software
B)detector software
C)preprocessing software
D)image postprocessing software
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Chapter 8: Image Postprocessing and Visualization Tools
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Q1) The window width and window length settings for a given examination of the abdomen are 400 and 0, respectively. Which of the following is true?
A)all structures between -200 and 200 will spread through the gray scale
B)all structures between -200 and 200 will be white
C)all structures between -200 and 200 will be black
D)only those structures above 400 will have different shades of gray
Q2) Which of the following are categories of three-dimensional rendering?
I. surface-shaded display
II. volume rendering
III. maximum and minimum intensity projections
A)I and II
B)II and III
C)I and III
D)I, II, and III
Q3) The window level in computed tomography is the:
A)center of a range of computed tomography numbers
B)pixel depth
C)range of computed tomography numbers
D)center of the computed tomography matrix
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Chapter 9: Image Quality
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Q1) A small focal spot size or lower tube current will result in:
A)decreased sampling frequency
B)decreased detector cell size
C)higher spatial resolution
D)lower spatial resolution
Q2) All of the following can cause shading artifacts except:
A)beam hardening
B)off-focal radiation
C)improper sampling of data
D)partial volume averaging
Q3) What types of artifacts can arise from insufficient projection sampling or from insufficient view sampling?
A)aliasing artifacts
B)burst artifacts
C)ring artifacts
D)shading artifacts
Q4) Linearity can be checked by a yearly calibration test.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Radiation Dose in Computed Tomography
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Q1) Examples of deterministic effects include:
I. skin erythema
II. epilation
III. cataracts
A)I and II
B)II and III
C)I and III
D)I, II, and III
Q2) Which of the following are factors of dose that can be controlled by the technologist?
I. technique factors
II. patient centering
III. x-ray beam collimation
A)I and II
B)II and III
C)I and III
D)I, II, and III
Q3) Phantoms are not used for the process of computed tomography dose measurement.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Single-Slice Spiralhelical Computed
Tomography: Physical Principles and Instrumentation
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Q1) All the following are problems that can occur from data acquisition with spiral geometry except:
A)localization of a particular slice is difficult
B)inconsistent projection data
C)increased patient dose
D)streak artifacts can occur
Q2) What year was the first computed tomography scanner able to perform volume data acquisition introduced?
A)1988
B)1989
C)1990
D)1991
Q3) All of the following affect noise in spiral/helical computed tomography except:
A)beam intensity
B)beam quality
C)detector cell size
D)matrix size
Q4) The ideal pitch in spiral/helical computed tomography is 2:1.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Multislice Spiralhelical Computed Tomography:
Physical Principles and Instrumentation
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Q1) To prevent anode movement under the stress of subsecond acceleration, new x-ray tubes have the anode mounted on a shaft that extends along the tube.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In a multislice computed tomography scanner, what type of algorithm can be used if the number of detector rows is small?
A)cone-beam reconstruction
B)fan-beam reconstruction
C)x-axis reconstruction
D)z-axis reconstruction
Q3) As the pitch increases, the image quality:
A)increases
B)decreases
C)does not change
D)has no direct relationship
Q4) Another application of the dual-source computed tomography scanner includes imaging of obese patients.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Other Technical Applications of Computed
Tomography Imaging: Basic Principles
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Q1) Technical developments in radiation therapy intended to improve the clinical performance of radiation treatment schemes include all of the following except:
A)accurate localization of tumor volumes
B)dose fractionation values
C)image guidance
D)target delineation
Q2) Which visualization tool is the most frequently used in computed tomographic angiography examinations to display the structure of vessels?
A)interactive cine
B)maximum intensity projection
C)shaded surface display
D)volume rendering
Q3) During data acquisition in computed tomography fluoroscopy, the patient remains stationary.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A virtual simulator is hardware that recreates the treatment machine.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography:
Basic Concepts
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Q1) Typical three-dimensional processing techniques include software to perform all of the following except:
A)disarticulation
B)multiplanar reconstruction
C)computer-aided diagnosis
D)transparency visualization
Q2) Three-dimensional imaging has found applications in all of the following except:
A)cardiovascular surgery
B)neurosurgery
C)ultrasound-guided biopsies
D)visualization of mummies
Q3) Which of the following is an algorithm intended to create a thick multiplanar reconstruction by using the average of the attenuation through the tissues of interest?
A)average intensity projection
B)maximum intensity projection
C)minimum intensity projection
D)total intensity projection
Q4) Describe the role of the radiological technologist in three-dimensional computed tomography imaging. To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
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Chapter 15: Virtual Reality Imaging
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Q1) The following factors must be considered before the use of virtual endoscopy becomes commonplace except:
A)it must be better than real endoscopy
B)it must be accepted by the public
C)it must reduce patient dose
D)radiologists must be well versed in interpreting normal versus abnormal features of anatomy being investigated
Q2) Proper patient preparation is not important for the success of virtual colonoscopy.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In the semiautomatic mode of __________ the user selects objects to include the data set through the use of windowing.
A)three-dimensional rendering B)image segmentation
C)surface rendering
D)volume extraction
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Chapter 16: Positron Emission Tomographycomputed
Tomography Scanners
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Q1) One approach to reducing scatter includes introducing __________ between detection rings.
A)antiscatter grids
B)filtration
C)absorbing septa
D)scatter shields
Q2) A modern positron emission tomography scanner might contain tens of thousands of small scintillating detectors.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following only looks at the ratio of events acquired with and without the patient in place?
A)averaged attenuation correction
B)measured attenuation correction
C)scanned attenuation correction
D)total attenuation correction
Q4) A positron has the same mass as an electron but has a positive rather than a negative charge.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Computed Tomography of the Head, Cerebral
Vessels, Neck, and Spine
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Q1) Coronal images are valuable for scans of the following except:
A)top of the cranial vault
B)roof of the orbit
C)skull base
D)ventricles
Q2) Preparation of the patient for a computed tomographic scan of the head or spine should include all of the following except:
A)metallic objects should be removed
B)explanation of contrast media (if indicated)
C)patient should empty the bladder
D)patient should be made comfortable
Q3) Spine imaging is acquired:
I. by tilting the gantry
II. perpendicular to the tabletop
III. with the patient in a lateral position
A)I and II
B)II and III
C)I and III
D)I, II, and III
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Chapter 18: Computed Tomography of the Body
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Q1) What is the most common indication for splenic imaging?
A)arterial stenosis
B)carcinomas
C)lymphoma
D)trauma
Q2) 85-350 HU
A)Clotted blood
B)Extravasated contrast
C)Ascites, bile, urine, or bowel contents
D)Unclotted blood
Q3) 25-50 HU
A)Clotted blood
B)Extravasated contrast
C)Ascites, bile, urine, or bowel contents
D)Unclotted blood
Q4) The purpose of oral contrast agents is to opacify the gastrointestinal tract.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: Pediatric Computed Tomography
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Q1) Imaging of the head and spine in children depends on all of the following expect:
A)age of the child
B)clinical indication
C)medical condition
D)medical insurance coverage
Q2) Computed tomography can be used to evaluate deformities in the musculoskeletal system including:
I. congenital hip dysplasia
II. femoral anteversion
III. leg-length discrepancy
A)I and II
B)II and III
C)I and III
D)I, II, and III
Q3) Any syndrome or condition with a respiratory risk should be recorded and brought to the attention of the radiologist before sedation is given.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 20: Quality Control for Computed Tomography
Scanners
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Q1) Often a quality control program can result in reduced down time.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Quality control tests can be performed by all of the following except:
A)technologists
B)medical physicists
C)quality control technicians
D)department aides
Q3) Regulatory agencies do not require any standard of quality.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In quality control, steps are taken to correct problems.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Water phantoms are not used for quality control tests.
A)True
B)False
B)False Page 22
Q6) Record keeping is not an important consideration in a quality control program. A)True
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