Healthcare Ethics Final Exam
Course Introduction
Healthcare Ethics explores the fundamental moral principles and ethical issues that arise in the delivery of healthcare. This course examines topics such as patient autonomy, informed consent, confidentiality, end-of-life decision-making, allocation of scarce resources, and the roles and responsibilities of healthcare professionals. Students are introduced to ethical theories and frameworks used to analyze and resolve complex dilemmas in healthcare practice. By engaging with real-world case studies, learners develop the critical thinking skills necessary to navigate ethical challenges and contribute to the creation of ethical policies and practices in various healthcare settings.
Recommended Textbook Ethics and Issues in Contemporary Nursing 4th Edition by Margaret A. Burkhardt
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20 Chapters
313 Verified Questions
313 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Social, Philosophical, and Other Historical Forces
Influencing the Development of Nursing
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Sample Questions
Q1) The social status of women affects the status of the nursing profession because:
A) nursing has traditionally been a profession of women.
B) throughout history, nurses have been afforded higher social status.
C) women of higher social status rarely become nurses.
D) women are more skilled than men at nurturing others.
Answer: A
Q2) Empathy is a motive for:
A) meeting the needs of others.
B) moral reasoning and action.
C) becoming a nurse.
D) determining right from wrong.
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following events that changed nursing occurred during the 20th century?
A) Women became more politically active.
B) The nursing profession gained acceptance as a legitimate force.
C) Nurses began to provide independent health care services.
D) All of the above
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Ethical Theory
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15 Verified Questions
15 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Aristotle developed the concept of:
A) virtue ethics.
B) utilitarianism.
C) deontology.
D) rationalism.
Answer: A
Q2) What theory is based on the rationalist view that the rightness or wrongness of an act depends upon the nature of the act, rather than its consequence?
A) Deontology
B) Formalism
C) Kantianism
D) Act utilitarianism
Answer: A
Q3) Who is considered to be the father of modern utilitarianism?
A) Immaneul Kant
B) Jeremy Bentham
C) Plato
D) John Stuart Mill
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Ethical Principles
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the basic elements implied in the concept of autonomy? Select all that apply.
A) The autonomous person is respected.
B) The autonomous person does not have to possess the capacity to decide on a plan of action.
C) The autonomous person must be able to determine goals.
D) The autonomous person has the freedom to act upon the choices.
E) The autonomous person never questions the plan of care.
Answer: A, C, D
Q2) Informed consent is a procedure designed to assure which of the following ethical principles?
A) Beneficence
B) Autonomy
C) Fidelity
D) Nonmaleficence
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Values Clarification
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14 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tools that may assist a person to expand self-awareness include which of the following?
A) Journaling
B) Meditation
C) Therapy
D) Feedback
E) All of the above
Q2) Values of individual institutions and organized health care systems that are explicitly communicated through philosophy and policy statements are called:
A) formal values.
B) overt values.
C) institutional values.
D) covert values.
Q3) The process of becoming more conscious of and naming what we value or consider worthy is:
A) journaling.
B) values clarification.
C) overt values.
D) values conflict.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Values Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements are true regarding Gilligan's study of the psychosocial development of women? Select all that apply.
A) Progression through each of the three stages reflects greater depth in understanding the relationship of self and others.
B) Phase 3 focuses on the concern for survival.
C) Gilligan suggests a linear progression moving from one phase to the next.
D) Phase 2, focusing on good, includes a sense of goodness as self-sacrifice.
E) Gilligan's model is considered an ethic of care.
Q2) In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the preconventional level includes two stages. They are:
A) punishment and obedience.
B) individual instrumental purpose and exchange.
C) rights and social utility.
D) a and b.
Q3) Human values development is often referred to as:
A) moral development.
B) faith development.
C) ethical values.
D) formal operations development.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Ethics and Professional Nursing
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15 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Professions have many distinguishing attributes that have been proposed over the years, including (select all that apply):
A) expertise.
B) absence of systematic theory.
C) a scope of practice.
D) low income.
E) licensure.
F) ethical codes.
Q2) The foremost legal statute regulating nursing is:
A) State Board of Nursing.
B) Code of Nursing Ethics.
C) Nurse Practice Act.
D) Standards of Nursing Practice.
Q3) Because society allows professionals a monopoly over the services they provide, ethics demands that those services must be provided with expertise.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Ethical Decision Making
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____________ occurs when we sense that there is a moral problem but are not sure of the morally correct action.
A) Moral distress
B) Moral uncertainty
C) Moral dilemma
D) Practical dilemma
Q2) The physician and nurse participate with a patient in making a particularly difficult moral decision. If the decision-making process is properly implemented, which of the following may occur?
A) The goal will be reached.
B) Other dilemmas emerge.
C) Other actions may be required.
D) All of the above
Q3) Which term is described as a personal consciousness of the moral importance that guides personal action in a particular situation?
A) Dilemma
B) Problem
C) Ethic
D) Moral integrity
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Legal Issues
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26 Verified Questions
26 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Components of malpractice include:
A) causal relationship with the breach of standard of care.
B) duty owed to the patient.
C) actual harm or injury suffered by the patient.
D) All of the above
Q2) Reducing the risk of malpractice litigation can be accomplished by:
A) being courteous, keeping up to date with knowledge and skills, and seeking attention for patients with changing health status.
B) involving patients in decision making, documenting objectively, avoiding physicians and the telephone.
C) keeping up to date with current knowledge, seeking physician attention for patients with changing health status, and challenging the patient.
D) all of the above.
Q3) Defamation by written words or images is an example of:
A) slander.
B) libel.
C) criminalization.
D) fraud.
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10
Chapter 9: Professional Relationship Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) When delegating patient care activities, the registered nurse has a responsibility to:
A) assess individual competency when assigning nursing care activities to other health care workers.
B) divide the activities fairly between health care workers.
C) teach subordinate health care workers proper techniques and procedures.
D) observe ancillary staff as they perform delegated activities.
Q2) Sexual harassment is defined as:
A) unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal, nonverbal, or physical conduct of a sexual nature.
B) multiple episodes of inappropriate sexual behavior in the workplace.
C) intermittent and continual threats of a sexual nature.
D) sexual advances, whether welcome or unwelcome, sexual contact, and oral and written communication of a sexual nature.
Q3) The nurse's primary obligation is to which of the following?
A) The patient
B) The employer
C) The physician
D) The profession
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11
Chapter 10: Practice Issues Related to Technology
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Sample Questions
Q1) In assessing a patient's quality of life (QOL), the nurse needs to understand that QOL:
A) is an objective measure of comfort and factors that make life worth living.
B) is only considered good if the patient feels fulfilled and can be independent.
C) generally means the same thing to most patients, families, and nurses.
D) includes subjective ideas about conditions of life and functional ability.
Q2) Since a prime nursing focus is to relieve suffering, nurses must understand that health care technologies:
A) are good because they always support a patient's health and well-being.
B) may cause conflict between doing good and avoiding harm to patients.
C) are necessary interventions even if they cause patients to suffer.
D) may cause nurses to do harmful things to patients against their wishes.
Q3) Palliative care includes all of the following except:
A) comprehensive, interdisciplinary, and total care.
B) aggressive treatment of chronic health problems.
C) comfort and support of patients and families.
D) delivery of coordinated and continuous services.
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Chapter 11: Practice Issues Related to Patient Self
Determination
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements about living wills are true? Select all that apply.
A) Living wills are documents giving directions to health care providers related to withholding or withdrawing life support if certain conditions exist.
B) In all states, only persons who are terminally ill or whose death is imminent are allowed to make living wills.
C) Statutes regulating living wills vary from state to state, so nurses must be familiar with their own state laws.
D) Living wills may be vague and can address only the interventions a person does not want.
E) Allows a competent person to designate another as a surrogate or proxy to act on her or his behalf.
Q2) What is the legal protection of a patient's right to personal autonomy?
A) Paternalism
B) Advanced directives
C) Informed consent
D) Competence
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Chapter 12: Scholarship Issues
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16 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A nurse researcher who decides to discontinue a research project because the findings indicate that the risks of the study outweigh the benefits is applying the principle of:
A) beneficence.
B) justice.
C) trustworthiness.
D) confidentiality.
Q2) Taking anothers ideas or work and presenting them as our own is called:
A) veracity.
B) cheating.
C) fidelity.
D) plagiarism.
Q3) Beneficence, respect for human dignity, and justice imply protection from what? Select all that apply.
A) Physical harm
B) Emotional harm
C) Spiritual harm
D) Economic harm
E) Social harm
F) None of the above
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Chapter 13: Global Consciousness in the Twenty First Century
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Sample Questions
Q1) Nursing involvement with refugees and displaced persons can occur at what levels?
A) Emergency needs
B) Care and maintenance
C) Seeking ongoing solutions
D) All of the above
E) a and b
Q2) Florence Nightingale is known for which of the following? Select all that apply.
A) She promoted holistic health.
B) She directed nurses to assure patients had clean water, sanitation, clean air, and good ventilation.
C) She was a pioneer in using evaluative statistics to monitor various factors influencing health.
D) She crafted the standards of Western secular nursing education and practice.
E) She was the first occupational health nurse.
Q3) Ethical practice in managed care settings directs nurses to:
A) promote respect, truthfulness, and fairness in all relationships.
B) assume responsibility for stewardship of limited health resources.
C) work with physicians to determine the least expensive care for patients.
D) inform patients about the care options the doctor thinks is best for them.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Health Policy Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) When political parties take opposing positions on an issue, the different opinions and subsequent decisions are said to be:
A) invalid.
B) partisan.
C) political.
D) unethical.
Q2) The process of health policy includes which of the following phases? Select all that apply.
A) Policy solutions
B) Policy implementation
C) Policy formulation
D) Policy problems
E) Policy modification
Q3) Which of the following is both a moral and political issue?
A) Abortion
B) Stem cell research
C) Physician-assisted suicide
D) All but b above
E) All of the above
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Economic Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) A "health care system which attempts clinically and financially to control primary health care services in a medical group practice through elimination of redundant facilities and services for the purpose of reducing costs" describes which of the following health care financing systems?
A) Fee for service
B) Universal health care
C) Categorical financing
D) Managed care
Q2) Which of the following statements about managed care are true? Select all that apply.
A) It attempts to control costs by modifying the behavior of providers and patients.
B) It is a system that is based on patient and provider autonomy.
C) It lowers cost through the elimination of waste and excess.
D) It aims toward lower premiums and preventive care benefits.
E) It is attentive to the needs of the membership group and individual patients.
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Chapter 16: Social Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Issues that influence the health and health care options of increasing numbers of elderly include which of the following?
A) Social isolation
B) Economic hardships
C) Poverty
D) Chronic illness
E) All of the above
Q2) All of the following factors contribute to a domestic violence victim returning to her abusive partner except:
A) support from the criminal justice system.
B) lack of housing and suitable job.
C) pressure from family and friends.
D) concern for children's well-being.
Q3) Nursing responsibilities related to victims of human trafficking may include:
A) recognizing signs of this form of violence.
B) providing appropriate interventions and support.
C) working toward prevention of this form of violence
D) all of the above.
E) a and b only.
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Gender Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) An experienced nurse applies for a position in labor and delivery. Even though he is better qualified than other applicants, the nurse manager hires a female nurse. She explains that she wants to protect her patients from being uncomfortable with a male nurse. This situation is an example of which of the following?
A) Sexism
B) Paternalism
C) Both of the above
D) Neither of the above
Q2) A female nurse manager is overly friendly to a young male colleague. She makes sexually explicit remarks and often corners him in the medication room, standing uncomfortably close. This behavior is consistent with which of the following?
A) Sexual assault
B) Sexual deviancy
C) Sexual harassment
D) Hostile work environment
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Chapter 18: Transcultural and Spiritual Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Transcultural issues and conflicts are more likely to arise when nurses:
A) are aware of their own bias and judgments of others.
B) judge another's behavior by their own cultural values.
C) understand their own cultural beliefs and values.
D) avoid judging others based on preconceived ideas.
Q2) A key factor in dealing with transcultural issues is:
A) ethnocentrism.
B) culture.
C) diversity.
D) self-awareness.
Q3) Cultural assessment includes exploration of cultural phenomena that are evident in all groups. These cultural phenomena may include which of the following? Select all that apply.
A) Communication
B) Time
C) Healthy living
D) Social organization
E) Environmental control
F) Biological variation
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Empowerment for Nurses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Nursing empowerment that derives from the perspective of power with or power to:
A) is given to or delegated to the nurse.
B) is a directive process regarding change.
C) is more focused on outcome than process.
D) is based on mutual love and respect.
Q2) Emphasis on a nurse's role in terms of responsibility to the institution reflects the mind-set that views health care as:
A) medical cases.
B) basic human need.
C) basic human right.
D) commodity.
Q3) A nurse who shares knowledge about and involves patients in health care decisions is demonstrating:
A) power over.
B) power protection.
C) power with.
D) power control.
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Chapter 20: Facilitating Patient Enpowerment
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Sample Questions
Q1) The concept of empowerment relates to the ethical principle of:
A) beneficence.
B) justice.
C) autonomy.
D) nonmaleficence.
Q2) Patient empowerment flows from nursing's focus on:
A) advocacy.
B) patient care.
C) paternalism.
D) locus of control.
Q3) Nurses foster patient empowerment when they:
A) design and set appropriate health goals for patients.
B) guide patients in selecting appropriate health options.
C) design strategies within the patient's sociocultural context.
D) tell patients what they believe would be most empowering.
Q4) To enable patient empowerment, nurses need to recognize that:
A) health professionals know what is best for patients.
B) patients need help in making health care decisions.
C) patients are responsible for their own health.
D) health professionals give power to patients.
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