Health Sciences Research Methods
Test Preparation
Course Introduction
This course provides students with an in-depth understanding of the fundamental principles and techniques used in health sciences research. Topics include research design, sampling methods, data collection techniques, measurement tools, and ethical considerations in human subjects research. Students will explore both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, learn to critically appraise scientific literature, and gain practical skills in developing research proposals, conducting statistical analysis, and interpreting results. By the end of the course, students will be equipped with the knowledge to design, conduct, and evaluate research relevant to health sciences fields.
Recommended Textbook
Practical Research Planning and Design 12th Edition by Paul D. Leedy
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13 Chapters
274 Verified Questions
274 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Nature and Tools of Research
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23 Verified Questions
23 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cameron is conducting a study that addresses the differences in achievement scores between schools that use block scheduling and schools that use a traditional scheduling format.He has accessed average achievement scores for 1200 schools and now is comparing the two groups.In which research step is Cameron engaged?
A)Recognize and identify a problem
B)Interpret the meaning of the data
C)Analyze the collected data
D)Develop a specific plan to address the problem
Answer: C
Q2) This type of research generally focuses on amounts or quantities,typically in numeric form.
A)Qualitative research
B)Quantitative research
C)Action research
D)Mixed-Methods research
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: The Problem: the Heart of the Research Process
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19 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Applied research is:
A)research intended to enhance basic knowledge and theoretical reasoning about the world.
B)large-scale research performed under contract with a governmental agency.
C)informal research conducted by a small staff with a small budget,designed to shed light on a problem of local interest.
D)research that informs human decision making about immediate,practical problems.
Answer: D
Q2) Lucy examined relationships between middle-school students' self-esteem and their performance in Mathematics.Her data analysis indicated that students with higher self-esteem perform better than those with lower self-esteem.Her investigation further revealed that students with higher self-esteem are more willing to invest effort in solving Math problems.In this case,the amount of effort is:
A)an independent variable.
B)a dependent variable.
C)a mediating variable.
D)a moderating variable.
Answer: C
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4
Chapter 3: Review of the Related Literature
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19 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe three benefits of conducting a thorough review of existing literature before writing a research proposal.
Answer: Benefits noted might include -Determining whether the question of interest has already been addressed in some fashion -Discovering new insights,perspectives,approaches,or methodologies that are relevant to the research proposal -Becoming informed about related work done by others -Discovering valuable sources of data -Aiding interpretation of findings -Avoiding the pitfalls encountered by others doing similar research
Q2) The primary purpose for completing a thorough literature review as part of a research study is to:
A)become an expert in your area of interest.
B)provide evidence that your hypothesis is correct.
C)help you interpret your own findings.
D)point you toward the proper method to use.
Answer: A
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5
Chapter 4: Planning Your Research Project
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Sample Questions
Q1) Marcy is concerned that her findings may be due to an extraneous uncontrolled variable and not her treatment.Marcy is most concerned with:
A)triangulation.
B)respondent validation.
C)external validity.
D)internal validity.
Q2) Professor Parsnip wants to know more about the mental process students go through as they learn about research methods.She also wants to know which instructional methods are most effective for teaching research methods to her students.Assume that Professor Parsnip decides to take a quantitative approach to studying these questions.State a specific research question related to her general research problem that lends itself well to a quantitative research approach.Then explain why your question is better addressed using a quantitative,rather than a qualitative,methodology.
Q3) An ordinal scale of measurement:
A)assigns a name to a category.
B)is tied to an absolute zero.
C)incorporates equal units of measurement.
D)communicates greater than and less than relationships.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Writing the Research Proposal
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Sample Questions
Q1) The first draft of any research proposal should give the closest amount of attention to
A)presenting a flawless methodological plan.
B)word choice and writing style.
C)reviewing the literature.
D)organization and logical thought.
Q2) In APA style,what level heading consists of boldface uppercase and lowercase letters centered on the page?
A)Level I
B)Level II
C)Level III
D)Level IV
Q3) A research proposal should be a ________ document.
A)straightforward
B)eloquent
C)lengthy
D)brief
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Chapter 6: Descriptive Research
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22 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In writing the cover letter to accompany a survey,novice researchers often stress the immediacy of their need for the data.Is this the best approach to take in the cover letter? If not,what do you recommend instead?
Q2) Geoffrey is conducting a descriptive study focused on women's rights.As part of his project,he reviews articles published in U.S.newspapers between 1850 and 1940.The best instrument for him to use would be:
A)A checklist
B)A rating scale
C)A rubric
D)A survey
Q3) The typical return rate for a survey mailed to strangers is about:
A)80%
B)65%
C)50%
D)35%
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8
Chapter 7: Experimental, quasi-Experimental, and Ex Post Facto Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) Kathy trains nurses.She designed a new assertive communication unit to include in her training.She administers a pretest and then randomly assigns nurses to her treatment or a control condition.She tests their communication skills after the treatment.She sees significant differences at immediate testing but after eight weeks she retests the nurses and finds no differences between her treatment and control students.Which of the following best represents the design of Kathy's study?
A)Non-equivalent groups
B)Solomon four group
C)Pretest-posttest control group
D)Post-test only control group
Q2) Millie is using a behavior checklist strategy as well as a prompted praise strategy when working with her second grade behavior disordered student,Kent.She uses both strategies within the same day going back and forth randomly between the two approaches,while recording his on-task behavior.Which of the following designs is Millie employing?
A)Multiple baseline
B)Alternating-treatments
C)Control group time series
D)Static group comparison
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Chapter 8: Qualitative Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Qualitative research often involves what's known as an iterative process for data collection and analysis.This terminology refers to the fact that,in qualitative research:
A)researchers focus more on narrative data than on statistics and numbers.
B)researchers typically do not begin by stating a hypothesis.
C)researchers may collect and analyze data,then collect and analyze some more data.
D)researchers first ask open-ended questions and then follow up with probing questions.
Q2) In qualitative research,the fact that the research methodology may be vaguely described or very general in nature at the outset of the study indicates:
A)a normal and acceptable practice.
B)that the study is poorly designed.
C)that the researcher is inexperienced.
D)a common but unprofessional practice.
Q3) A fundamental pitfall in qualitative research is to confuse the actual observations with the interpretation of the observations.Why is it important that these two things remain distinctly separate?
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Chapter 9: Mixed-Methods Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cory conducted a survey of his third grade students' interest in historical fiction.He found his results raised more questions and decided to better understand his students' position by interviewing them.What word best describes this type of mixed-methods study?
A)conclusive
B)emergent
C)pre-planned
D)ill-conceived
Q2) Del is conducting research that involves a questionnaire about an individual's HIV diagnosis.His participants can reasonably expect that they cannot be attached to their responses unless
A)Del plans to use pseudonyms.
B)Del explicitly told them otherwise during the informed consent process.
C)Del does not mention their names when publishing his results.
D)Del determines that no harm will be done in linking participants to responses.
Q3) What are the general advantages of conducting a mixed-methods study,rather than two or more different studies,to address a single research question?
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Chapter 10: Action Research and Participatory Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which form of action research is rooted in the idea that the generative themes of students' lives should be used as the basis for instruction and that education is a liberatory and transformative act?
A)Design-Based Research
B)Participatory Action Research
C)Community-Based Research
D)Course-Based Action Research
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true regarding data collection in action-oriented research?
A)Data-collection strategies are emergent.
B)Data collection is iterative.
C)Data collection is collaborative and ultimately the result of a coordinated group effort.
D)Data collection is planned in advance and rarely deviates from the original plan.
Q3) Describe potential reasons that action research may be more appealing to practitioners than traditional quantitative or qualitative research.
Q4) Describe at least two venues for disseminating findings from action-oriented research studies.
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12
Chapter 11: Analyzing Quantitative Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) The measure(s)of central tendency that is/are appropriate for use with nominal data is/are:
A)the median only.
B)the mode only.
C)the median and the mean.
D)the median and the mode.
Q2) Characteristics of samples are known as:
A)Concepts
B)Parameters
C)Statistics
D)Estimations
Q3) The z-score,or standard score,allows the research to determine:
A)how far a target individual's score is from the group mean.
B)what percentage of individuals in the sample scored above the target individual.
C)the mean for the population based on the mean for the sample.
D)what percentage of individuals in the sample scored below the target individual.
Q4) Note several steps researchers can take to optimize the power of their statistical tests.
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13
Chapter 12: Analyzing Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) A key component of data analysis in a content analysis study is to:
A)engage in axial coding around a core category.
B)speculate about possible cause-and-effect relationships.
C)systematically identify exceptions,contradictions,and outliers.
D)identify frequencies and other summary statistics for the main coding categories.
Q2) In this type of coding structure,an emergent category is chosen as a core category.What type of coding structure does this describe?
A)axial coding
B)open coding
C)thematic coding
D)purposive coding
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a widely recommended strategy for enhancing the trustworthiness and credibility of qualitative findings?
A)Strive for balance,fairness,and completeness in data analysis and interpretation.
B)Carefully document your analysis procedures.
C)In your final report,be up front about your personal biases.
D)Carefully calculate reliability and validity statistics
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Chapter 13: Planning and Preparing a Final Research Report
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain what the phrase "going too far beyond the data" means in regards to data analysis and interpretation.
Q2) Describe the difference between a table and a figure.
Q3) Before beginning to write a report of your own research study,you should first:
A)confirm the required style or format.
B)surf the Internet for published reports on similar topics.
C)complete all data collection and analyses.
D)find a friend or colleague who is willing to read it when it's finished.
Q4) Throughout your textbook the authors return to the importance of interpreting the findings of a research project.Explain why this is an essential element in a high-quality research report.
Q5) Early in a research report,the ________ should be made clear.
A)design
B)findings
C)statistical results
D)impact of the study
Q6) Why is it imperative to discuss the potential weaknesses and limitations of a research study?
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