Health Sciences Research Methods
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Health Sciences Research Methods is an essential course that introduces students to the foundational principles and techniques used in conducting scientific research within the health sciences. The course covers key topics such as research design, hypothesis formulation, data collection methods, sampling techniques, ethical considerations, statistical analysis, and interpretation of results. Students learn how to critically evaluate published research, develop research proposals, and apply appropriate methodologies to investigate health-related questions. Through a combination of theoretical instruction and practical exercises, the course prepares students to undertake independent research projects and contribute to evidence-based practice in health sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Understanding Research 2nd Edition by W. Lawrence Neuman
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Chapter 1: Why Do Research
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Q1) If one were to develop a system of analyzing material in various Country Western lyrics,one would most aptly be using a(n)______ technique.
Answer: content analysis
Q2) Social research is evidence-based so answers that are derived are static,that is,they never change.
A)True
B)False Answer: False
Q3) In 2-3 sentences describe the reasoning for critical thinking.
Answer: The value of looking at an issue from more than one view,leads to uncover hidden assumptions.Single view limits perspective.
Q4) Two different types of research (e.g.descriptive and exploratory)can often blend together in practice.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
Q5) The product of research process is______. Answer: knowledge or information
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Chapter 2: Planning a Study
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT true for quantitative research?
A)Approach is deductive.
B)Path is linear.
C)Ideas are expressed in the form of district variables.
D)Data is in the form of words and images.
Answer: D
Q2) A(n)______ is a tentative statement of a relationship between two variables. Answer: hypothesis
Q3) Dr.Van Offer asks you to do a literature search on a topic that he is considering for a research study.He is especially interested in research that has been conducted recently by Ph.D.candidates.What types of documents would you look for? Where would you look for them?
Answer: Primarily dissertations found in university library.Discuss with librarian as to other avenues of search.
Q4) List two questions that help identify the independent variable.
Answer: Does it have an impact on another variable? Does it come earlier in time?
Q5) What is a variable in quantitative research? Give an example. Answer: a concept that varies
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Chapter 3: Becoming an Ethical Researcher
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Q1) ______ is the document that researchers use to make participants aware of their rights.
Answer: Informed consent
Q2) Discuss Institutional Review Boards.What are they,what is their purpose? Why would you be interested in an IRB's operating procedures if you were conducting research?
Answer: an ethical board to oversee research done in their facility;would be interested in operating procedures,especially if submitting to the IRB and following all the rules to continue the research.
Q3) ______ is a mild form of harm to participants.It harms the sense of trust and honesty in human relations.
Answer: Deception
Q4) Groups such as students,prison inmates,employees,military personnel,the homeless,and other groups that may not be fully capable of giving consent freely are called ______.
Answer: special populations
Q5) ______ is holding information and not making it known to the public.
Answer: Confidentiality
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Chapter 4: Sampling
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Q1) Random-digit dialing
A)means that the researcher uses different fingers when dialing numbers.
B)compounds the problems of telephone directories.
C)nets many disconnected or non-operating numbers.
D)requires caller-ID.
Q2) The most representative samples do not use a random selection process.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are the three steps in quota sampling?
Q4) ______ sampling is appropriate when a researcher's goal is other than getting a representative sample of an entire population.The researcher uses many diverse means to select units that fit very specific characteristics.
Q5) This type of population includes people who engage in concealed activities and is called ______.
Q6) _________ is a term meaning without being systematic;a carefree "anything goes" selection method.
Q7) What is random-digit dialing?
Q8) ________ is the ratio of the sample size to the size of the target population.
Q9) Name four nonprobability sampling techniques.
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Chapter 5: Measuring Social Life
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Q1) Marketing researchers often use this scale to measure subjective feelings.
A)Guttman scale
B)Likert scale
C)semantic differential
D)metric scale
Q2) This type of validity uses a standard to indicate a concept.In other words,it agrees with an external source.What type of validity is it?
A)content
B)criterion
C)face
D)intellectual
Q3) A scale that typically measures opinions or ratings at the ordinal level is probably
A)a Likert scale.
B)a social distance scale.
C)a semantic differential.
D)central tendency.
Q4) Discuss reliability and validity in qualitative research.
Q5) What is the difference between mutually exclusive and exhaustive attributes?
Q6) Validity is more difficult to achieve than reliability.Why?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Survey
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Q1) When a respondent distorts answers to look good or conform to social norms,this is called
A)social desirability bias.
B)social enhancement bias.
C)social security bias.
D)societal desirability bias.
Q2) Writing good answer choices in a survey is not as important as writing a good question.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A contingency question really has three questions that all must be answered.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A set of questions used in a social survey
A)is called a questionnaire.
B)must be at least 20 in number.
C)has 3 parts.
D)is the final stage of researcher.
Q5) What kinds of questions are not appropriate for mailed questionnaires?
Q6) What three questions does a researcher ask in the start-up stage?
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Chapter 7: The Experiment
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Q1) The greatest confidence in what is learned comes from studying the same issue using only one method.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When using a true random process,over the long run the odds are
A)that the researcher tires of the experiment.
B)all the people in the groups will be different.
C)the people in the groups will be equal.
D)even.
Q3) Natural experiments are field experiments
A)that are always valid.
B)involving placebos.
C)that gather data after the fact.
D)without merit.
Q4) What is the difference between an experimental group and a control group?
Q5) In an experiment,the group that receives the experimental intervention is
A)the control group.
B)the placebo.
C)the alpha group.
D)the experimental group.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Research With Non-Reactive Measures
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Q1) Why is intercoder reliability important? What can be done about it?
Q2) People are not aware that they are being studied in nonreactive research.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When government agencies stop collecting certain types of data,it can limit existing statistics and the data is then considered ______,one of the limitations of existing statistics research.
Q4) Give an example of a publicly available social indicator.
Q5) Content analysis is a(n)______ technique that lets a researcher explore both hidden and visible content in communication messages.
Q6) ______ can only describe what is in the text and reveal patterns in it.
Q7) A limitation to use of the General Social Survey is A)lack of photos.
B)infrequent publication.
C)ways questions are worded.
D)All of these answers are correct.
Q8) An issue that occurs when a scientist quotes statistics in excessive detail is called a(n)______
Q9) List four types of nonreactive quantitative research techniques. Page 10
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Chapter 9: Making Sense of the Numbers
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Q1) Variation can be measured in three ways: range,percentile,and A)mean.
B)median.
C)standard deviation.
D)mode.
Q2) When more cases in a distribution curve are in the extreme upper or lower areas of the curve,the curve is no longer bell-shaped;it becomes ______.
Q3) It is sufficient to say when showing an association between an independent variable and a dependent variable that the independent variable causes a dependent variable.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A graph that allows a researcher to see bivariate relationships and usually has independent variables on the horizontal axis and dependent variables on the vertical axis is called a
A)percent table.
B)bell curve.
C)scattergram.
D)covariation.
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Chapter 10: Observing People in Natural Settings
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Q1) A focus group is usually conducted by telephone.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What does "performing small favors" mean in the context of strategies for success in the field?
Q3) What does "going native" mean in deciding on a degree of involvement in field research?
Q4) Building relationships through doing small favors,appearing interested,and avoiding conflicts are all strategies for success in field research.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which of the following is NOT a level of field notes?
A)jotted notes
B)personal notes
C)suggested notes
D)direct observation notes
Q6) Tacit knowledge is what remains unseen or unstated in field research.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Looking at the Past and Across Cultures
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Q1) To be classified as history,an event must have happened at least ______ years ago.
A)15
B)7
C)10
D)12
Q2) For convenience,most comparative researchers use what as their unit of analysis?
A)state
B)country
C)continent
D)nation-state
Q3) Equivalence is not a critical concern in social research.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Mr.Marsh is not overly concerned about processes.He is most likely conducting
A)historical research.
B)historical-comparative research.
C)ethnologic research.
D)field research.
Q5) Discuss ethical ramifications of historical-comparative research.
Page 14
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Chapter 12: Writing a Research Report
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Q1) In a(n)______ research report,a researcher presents hypotheses and evidence in a logically tight and condensed style.
Q2) Editing a report
A)involves extensive colleague interaction.
B)is cleaning and tightening up the mechanical aspects of writing.
C)must be done by an administrative assistant.
D)is a fast process,usually completed in 5-10 minutes.
Q3) Writing is a process
A)with a series of steps that result in a final product.
B)that only authors can understand.
C)that requires one type of style only.
D)None of these answers are correct.
Q4) Part of the rewriting process in which the researcher focuses on improving the mechanical aspects of writing is ______.
Q5) Field research reports rarely follow a fixed format with standard sections. A)True
B)False
Q6) List two questions that the "Description of Method" section answers.
Q7) The three steps in the writing process are:
Q8) In what ways is a research proposal similar to a research report?
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