Health Sciences Research Methods
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Health Sciences Research Methods introduces students to the principles and practices involved in conducting scientific research within the health sciences. The course covers fundamental concepts including research design, hypothesis formulation, literature review, data collection methodologies, sampling techniques, ethical considerations, and statistical analysis. Students learn to critically evaluate published research, design their own studies, and apply various quantitative and qualitative approaches to investigate health-related questions. By the end of the course, learners gain the foundational skills necessary for analyzing research findings and contributing to evidence-based practice in healthcare settings.
Recommended Textbook
Basics of Social Research 3rd Canadian Edition by W. Lawrence Neuman
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1032 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Doing Social Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following statements apply to surveys,EXCEPT which one?
A) Researchers ask all respondents the same questions.
B) Surveys are primarily associated with quantitative research.
C) Researchers systematically manipulate situations and conditions.
D) Researchers use surveys in descriptive or explanatory research.
E) Researchers can generalize results from surveys to larger groups.
Answer: C
Q2) Explanatory research is
A) research in which a researcher seeks to test theories and addresses the question of why events or patterns occur in social reality.
B) a technique developed by economists in which the positive and negative consequences of something are estimated, given a dollar value, then balanced against one another.
C) evaluation research after the program or policy being evaluated ends.
D) evaluation research throughout the program or policy being evaluated.
E) research into a new area that has not been studied and in which a researcher develops initial ideas and a more focused research question.
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: Theory and Social Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) assumption
Answer: Parts of social theories that are not tested,but act as starting points or basic beliefs about the world.They are necessary to make other theoretical statements and build social theory.
Q2) Which of the following is the branch of philosophy which informs social theory's discussions about the relationship of the researcher to the social world and the techniques by which researchers study the social world?
A) Metaphysics
B) Ethics
C) Epistemology
D) Interpretivism
E) Ontology
Answer: C
Q3) Why do we need more than association to demonstrate a causal relationship?
Answer: -A researcher needs three things to establish causality: temporal order,association,and the elimination of plausible alternatives.
-An implicit fourth condition is an assumption that a causal relationship makes sense or fits with broader assumptions or a theoretical framework.
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4
Chapter 3: Ethics in Social Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the purpose of informed consent?
A) It means that information a researcher gets from a subject may be used in any way by the researcher, even against the desires, beliefs, or wishes of the research subject.
B) It documents that a researcher has followed the principle of voluntary participation.
C) It gives permission from the government to study certain "taboo" topics.
D) It protects researchers and teachers from outside interference when they debate ideas, investigate issues, or discuss findings.
E) It gives a researcher the right to see government documents.
Answer: B
Q2) research fatigue
Answer: The perception by a community that has been extensively researched that they have experienced no measurable gains from participating in the research and are therefore uninterested in further participation.
Q3) anonymity
Answer: Research participants remain anonymous or nameless.
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Chapter 4: Reviewing the Scholarly Literature and Planning
a Study
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Sample Questions
Q1) One response to protests against the high cost of journal subscriptions has been the creation of
A) review journals.
B) volunteer-run journals.
C) open access journals.
D) non-affiliated intellectual circles.
E) public journals.
Q2) What are the steps to conducting a systematic literature review?
Q3) Which of the following is considered a positive feature of using the internet for social research?
A) The internet does not close.
B) There is high "quality control" of all the information on the internet.
C) It has stability and permanence of sources.
D) All important sources are available on the internet, nothing is missing.
E) The internet allows a researcher to get the one piece of specific information needed and nothing extra.
Q4) scholarly journals
Q5) meta-analysis
6
Q6) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the internet in social research?
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Page 7
Chapter 5: Designing a Study
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Sample Questions
Q1) hypothesis
Q2) attributes
Q3) linear research path
Q4) What is grounded theory,and why is it a widely used approach in qualitative research?
Q5) Simpson's paradox
Q6) The dependent variable is
A) X.
B) Y.
C) Z.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.
Q7) Graduate student Lola Lively conducted a study of how children thought about society.She asked them about their attitudes toward the prime minister of Canada.Her unit(s)of analysis is(are)
A) the individual child.
B) attitudes.
C) the prime minister.
D) children's attitudes.
E) society.
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Chapter 6: Qualitative and Quantitative Measurement
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Sample Questions
Q1) empirical hypothesis
Q2) Create three example items,using the Likert Scale,that have mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories and no problem with the response set.
Q3) Professor Ethan Enright developed a measure of an ideal place to live.He added together measures of many factors: tax rate,quality of school system,cultural and recreational opportunities,pollution,traffic congestion,crime rate,and health-care availability for 50 Canadian cities to get a score for each.Dr.Enright created a(n)
A) index.
B) scale.
C) measure of central tendency.
D) statistic.
E) item analysis.
Q4) What are the differences among face,content,and criterion validity?
Q5) How does a researcher use the conceptual definition of a construct in operationalization and conceptualization?
Q6) predictive validity
Q7) content validity
Q8) scale
9
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Chapter 7: Qualitative and Quantitative Sampling
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sampling error is based on which of the following?
A) Sample size
B) Amount of diversity in sample
C) Sampling ratio
D) A & C
E) A & B
Q2) According to the central limit theorem used in inferential statistics, A) the bigger your sample, the better your results.
B) when drawing many random samples, the samples form a normal curve with the highest point of the distribution equal to the population parameter.
C) the best estimate of population parameters comes when one uses the inverse square of the z-probability distribution.
D) 90 percent of all samples drawn in a simple random manner will contain some error. E) in order to infer from a sample to a population, the sampling error must equal zero.
Q3) quota sampling
Q4) sampling interval
Q5) population
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Chapter 8: Survey Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which one of the following features is most likely to increase respondent cooperation in all types of surveys?
A) Offerings a prepaid incentive
B) Guaranteeing anonymity and confidentiality
C) Describing the purpose of the research in complete detail
D) Sending letters in advance of an interview
E) Repeatedly emphasizing the importance of the interview
Q2) Identify and briefly describe eight problems that should be avoided in survey question construction.
Q3) Professor Sam Spade asks a respondent 18 questions about a politician where the possible responses are "agree" and "disagree." All 18 questions are worded in such a way that a person who favours the politician will say "agree." The respondent quickly answers "agree" to all 18 questions without really thinking about each individual question.This is an example of
A) social desirability effect.
B) prestige question effect.
C) sleeper effect.
D) response set effect.
E) order effect.
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Page 11
Chapter 9: Experimental Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) diffusion of treatment
Q2) What kinds of questions are appropriate for using an experimental logic? What kinds of limitations do researchers employing experimental methods face? What sorts of research topics are best suited for experiments?
Q3) Which of the following is least suited to providing clear evidence about a causal relationship between two variables?
A) Classical experimental design
B) Solomon four-group design
C) Post-test only control group design
D) One-shot case study
E) All of the above are equally effective.
Q4) interaction effects
Q5) testing effect
Q6) natural experiment
Q7) Diagram the design notation for a classical experimental design.What do each of the symbols represent?
Q8) external validity
Q9) mortality effect
Q10) design notation
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Chapter 10: Nonreactive Quantitative Research and Secondary Analysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) erosion measures
Q2) direction
Q3) coding
Q4) Professor Lorna Lovebird codes the number of times the word sex is used in commercials.She is examining
A) lateral structure.
B) ecological content.
C) manifest content.
D) corroboration.
E) latent content.
Q5) An example of a problem with existing statistics can occur when a researcher defines a concept such as unemployment in one way but the available statistical information gathered by a government agency uses a different definition.What type of problem can this create?
A) A problem of validity
B) A problem of misplaced concreteness
C) A problem of missing data
D) A problem of reliability
E) A problem of inference
Q6) social indicator Page 13
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Page 14
Chapter 11: Analysis of Quantitative Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the concepts of control variables and trivariate tables.What are three limitations of trivariate tables?
Q2) What feature of experimental research allows it to demonstrate causality without control variables?
A) Experimental researchers cannot demonstrate causality without control variables.
B) Experimental researchers eliminate alternative explanations by choosing a research design that physically controls potential alternative explanations for results.
C) Experimental researchers eliminate alternative explanations by testing temporal order and association.
D) Experimental researchers can be assured causal relationships are not spurious because they use random sampling procedures.
E) Experimental researchers make use of partials instead of control variables in order to demonstrate causality.
Q3) skewed distribution
Q4) descriptive statistics
Q5) normal distribution
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Chapter 12: Qualitative Interviewing
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Sample Questions
Q1) specifying questions
Q2) groupthink
Q3) probing questions
Q4) informant
Q5) What are four ideal characteristics of a good informant? Identify and describe each one.
Q6) Which of the following is an example of an "indirect question" used in qualitative interviewing?
A) Why do you think young men are attracted to high-risk sports like heli-skiing?
B) What does it feel like to participate in high-risk sports activities?
C) From what you have said, you really enjoy participating in high-risk sports activities?
D) So, it is all basically about the adrenaline rush?
E) I was just wondering, how do you feel about high-risk sports in general?
Q7) silence
Q8) structuring questions
Q9) selective transcription
Q10) Describe five features of the qualitative interview that make it different from a normal everyday conversation.
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Chapter 13: Field Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) external audit:
Q2) A field researcher's jotted notes should
A) only include key words or short phrases to stir the memory.
B) be written inconspicuously, especially for covert observation.
C) never be a complete substitute for field notes.
D) be written in a small notebook, the back of a pamphlet, or even on a napkin if necessary.
E) all of the above.
Q3) During his observation of behaviour in a university computer lab,Dren Derob made a map that illustrated the placement of chairs,tables,computer monitors,the chalkboard,doorways,and windows.What kind of map did Dren make?
A) A spatial map
B) A spatial map and a temporal map
C) A temporal map and a social map
D) A temporal map
E) A social map
Q4) jotted notes
Q5) What is ethnography? Why is ethnography often considered a methodology rather than a method?
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Chapter 14: Nonreactive Qualitative Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Historical research helps a researcher identify aspects of social life that are
A) specific to a particular point in time.
B) general across time or units.
C) hidden within a particular context.
D) narrowly defined within a particular historical context.
E) empirically specific to one unit of analysis.
Q2) discourse analysis
Q3) adawx
Q4) Primary historical evidence on racism in British Columbia in the early 1900s would potentially include which of the following items?
A) An article written in 1972 titled "White Canada Forever"
B) A Vancouver police department report found in the back of an old filing cabinet detailing police raids on Japanese Canadian businesses conducted in 1928
C) A magazine article in last month's Maclean's magazine comparing recent attempts to change immigration laws with the Chinese Canadian Head Tax years
D) Signed documents by mining company owners on illegal labour practices against Japanese Canadians
E) B and D only
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Chapter 15: Analysis of Qualitative Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) Professor Shelly Gizmo asked 10 nurses to describe,in as much detail as possible,their duties during the first hour at work during a typical working day.Each nurse was also asked to write down the decisions they made during the course of the first hour of work on a typical day and to sketch out how each decision was related to others.This type of research procedure is known as
A) decision sorting procedure.
B) ideal type analysis.
C) temporal diagram analysis.
D) flowchart and time sequence analysis.
E) time allocation analysis.
Q2) The methodological tool "ideal type" lends itself to searches for common causes with common outcomes.What is this method called and who is credited with advancing it?
A) Agreement; Weber.
B) Agreement; Mill
C) Association; Weber
D) Association; Mill
E) Comparison; Weber
Q3) analytical memo
Q4) analogy
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Chapter 16: Combining Methods in Social Science Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is one of the major advantages of using qualitative interviews compared to other qualitative forms of data collection?
A) They make studying hidden or deviant groups possible.
B) They are inexpensive.
C) They are nonreactive.
D) Participants tend to feel empowered.
E) They allow for unexpected answers.
Q2) multi-method research
Q3) What is one of the major disadvantages of using experimental research compared to other quantitative forms of data collection?
A) It is not suitable for researching sensitive issues.
B) It relies on latent coding which is susceptible to interpretation issues.
C) The moderator may affect experiment outcomes.
D) Many of the questions social scientists are interested in cannot be tested.
E) It is possible to explore "meaning" of events, experiences, etc., in much detail.
Q4) institutional ethnography
Q5) monostrand design
Q6) epistemic prioritization
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