Health Sciences Research Methods
Exam Review
Course Introduction
Health Sciences Research Methods provides students with a comprehensive introduction to the principles and practices of conducting scientific research within health-related fields. The course covers the fundamentals of study design, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, as well as sampling strategies, data collection techniques, and ethical considerations in human subjects research. Students develop critical skills in formulating research questions, reviewing literature, selecting appropriate methodologies, and analyzing and interpreting data. Emphasis is placed on the application of research methods to address real-world health issues and the ability to critically evaluate published health science research.
Recommended Textbook
Nursing Research in Canada Methods Critical Appraisal and Utilization 3rd Canadian Edition by
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Chapter 1: The Role of Research in Nursing
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Q1) How are nursing theory and nursing research related?
A) Nursing theory and nursing research are independent of each other and have no direct relationship.
B) Without nursing theory, research conducted by nurses would not have an impact on nursing practice.
C) Nursing research drives the direction and specific content of nursing theory.
D) Both advance the knowledge base of nursing.
Answer: D
Q2) Which of Florence Nightingale's actions formed the foundation for modern-day nursing research methods?
A) Establishing the St. Thomas Hospital School of Nursing in England
B) Writing the curricula for the nineteenth century nurse training programs
C) Lobbying the British parliament to enact changes in law for better health care
D) Collecting data systematically on the health status of British soldiers during the Crimean War
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework
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Q1) How is a model related to a concept or concepts?
A) A model tests conceptual theories.
B) A concept defines the purpose of a model.
C) A model demonstrates the relationships among or between concepts.
D) Concepts generate the theoretical basis for knowledge depicted in a model.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following statements represents an operational definition?
A) Spirituality is a way of being or experiencing that comes about through an awareness of a transcendent dimension and one's identifiable values with regard to self, other, nature, and whatever one considers to be ultimate. (Elkins, 1988)
B) Death anxiety is an uncomfortable feeling upon contemplation of one's own death (Templer, 1986), measured by Templer's Death Anxiety Scale.
C) Maternal identity entails maternal cognitions and affect with regard to the maternal-infant relational system. (Walker and Montgomery, 1994)
D) Pain is a pattern of responses to protect the organism from harm. (Sternbach, 1979)
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Critical Reading Strategies: Overview of the Research Process
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Q1) Which of the following factors is essential for an accurate and responsible critique of a research article or paper?
A) Skill in statistical analysis
B) Knowledge of the subject matter
C) Familiarity with the conceptual framework
D) In-depth comprehension of classic and current literature related to the study concepts
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following activities or situations is a hallmark of critical reading?
A) Checking the age of the author
B) Clarifying unfamiliar concepts or terms
C) Memorizing key sentences within the text
D) Understanding the concepts at first reading
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Developing Research Questions, hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
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Q1) Which of the following research problems is testable as written?
A) Should mothers addicted to crack cocaine be permitted to raise their children?
B) Is the classroom an appropriate place to teach sex education to 10-year-old children?
C) Are older adults residing in assisted-living facilities satisfied with their level of social interaction?
D) Is an HIV infection or AIDS status sufficient rationale for barring the person from employment as an elementary school teacher?
Q2) Which part of the following research question is the independent variable?
"To what degree will body weight change individually in a group of Aboriginal women over 50 years of age who participate in a program of walking?"
A) "Women over 50"
B) "Body weight change"
C) "Aboriginal women"
D) "Participate in a program"
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Chapter 5: Finding and Appraising the Literature
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Q1) Which of the following descriptions or headings is highly indicative of a data-based article?
A) Purpose
B) Conclusions
C) Method
D) Organizing framework
Q2) Which of the following statements about literature review for research purposes is true?
A) Literature review has no relevance to interpreting the findings.
B) The researcher needs to review only the literature that supports the findings.
C) The researcher should review literature that supports the findings and also literature that refutes the findings.
D) Literature review is of relevance to the conceptualization of the study.
Q3) How are secondary sources valuable in literature review?
A) They provide material written by the person who conducted the study.
B) They provide a different way of looking at specific issues or problems.
C) They determine the relationship of two or more variables affecting an outcome.
D) They increase the body of nursing knowledge in a specific area of practice.
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Chapter 6: Legal and Ethical Issues
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Q1) A person gives consent to participate in a study,is assigned to an intervention group,and is expected to remain in the study for 1 year.Which of the following ethical principles is violated if after 6 months the subjects in the treatment group have more problems than do the control subjects but the researcher does not allow the members of the treatment group to stop the treatment?
A) Promoting Justice
B) Promoting Health and Well-Being
C) Maintaining Privacy and Confidentiality
D) Preserving Dignity
Q2) Which of the following ethical guidelines describes the researcher's obligation to do no harm?
A) Promoting Justice
B) Promoting Health and Well-Being
C) Maintaining Privacy and Confidentiality
D) Preserving Dignity
Q3) In Canada,the ethical standards for nursing practice come from:
A) the Criminal Code.
B) the provincial legislation.
C) the Canadian Nurses Association ( CNA ) professional Code of Ethics.
D) the Regulated Health Professions Act.
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Chapter 7: Introduction to Qualitative Research
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Q1) Which of the following factors in a research report indicates that the study used a qualitative design?
A) Hypotheses are stated.
B) The sample is described as convenient.
C) Study participants are described as informants.
D) Participants were asked to complete a forced-choice questionnaire to measure their understanding of the topic.
Q2) A qualitative nursing research approach will be most suitable for which of the following research topics?
A) Experiences of elder abuse among diverse ethnic populations
B) Reduction of prehospital delay in the face of acute coronary syndrome symptoms
C) Examining trajectories of depressive symptoms among young adults
D) Perceived risk and willingness to interact with individuals with HIV or AIDS
Q3) The term triangulation refers to:
A) a mathematical technique.
B) combining different methods, theories, data sources, or investigators.
C) information collected becoming repetitive.
D) possible applications of the results of qualitative studies.
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Chapter 8: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) What forms the final synthesis of participants' descriptions after a researcher has analyzed data from a phenomenological study?
A) Description of the lived experience
B) Identification of thought sequences
C) Generalization of the findings
D) Classification of themes
Q2) How should the researcher proceed when the second person interviewed during a phenomenological study makes statements that are very similar to those made by the first participant?
A) Stop interviewing more participants because the data are considered saturated.
B) Ask the second participant whether he or she has been talking with the first participant.
C) Continue to interview more participants to determine whether the similarities in responses persist or were just coincidental.
D) Continue to interview participants but change the phrasing of the question used to initiate dialogue.
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Chapter 9: Introduction to Quantitative Research
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Q1) Which of the following situations represents a threat to internal validity in an experimental study measuring the effect of audio-taped instructions to patients being discharged home after coronary artery bypass graft surgery?
A) Both men and women were included as subjects in the study.
B) Two new surgeons recently began performing the coronary artery bypass graft surgeries.
C) Patients in the experimental group passed their tapes on to those in the control group receiving usual care.
D) Data collection took 1 year.
Q2) How would an investigator ensure that a sample is homogeneous?
A) By restricting eligibility criteria to control for extraneous variables relevant to the study.
B) By randomly assigning subjects to either the experimental group or the control group.
C) By assigning one research assistant to collect all data.
D) By collecting all the data at the same time of day.
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Chapter 10: Experimental and Quasiexperimental Designs
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Q1) In a study about help to quit smoking,one group of participants received a single supportive phone call 10 days after attending a program on strategies to resist the urge to smoke.A second group received a weekly supportive phone call for 6 weeks after attending the same program,and a third group received no supportive phone calls after attending the program.What property of experimental research did the researcher employ in this study?
A) Quasi-experimental research-no control group
B) Random assignment to research groups
C) Manipulation of the intervention dose
D) Controlling for extraneous variables
Q2) What type of threat to validity is minimized by the use of the Solomon four-group design?
A) Mortality
B) Selection bias
C) Testing
D) Antecedent variable
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Chapter 11: Nonexperimental Designs
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Q1) What is the purpose of a correlational study of multiple variables?
A) To identify the independent variable
B) To test whether one variable causes another variable
C) To examine relationships between or among variables
D) To distinguish how different one variable is from another variable
Q2) Which of the following would be used to assess whether mental health patients who received cognitive behavioural therapy via smart phones remain out of hospitals for longer periods of time.
A) Cross-sectional survey
B) longitudinal, comparative survey
C) Predictive, statistical survey
D) Causative, correlational survey
Q3) What study type is indicated by data collection at only one point in time?
A) Cross-sectional
B) Retrospective
C) Longitudinal
D) Prospective
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Chapter 12: Sampling
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Q1) Which of the following is the process of selecting representative units of a population for a research investigation?
A) Sampling
B) Snowballing
C) Delimitation
D) Random assignment
Q2) Which of the following terms describes the process of obtaining the required number of subjects by asking those people who are easiest to access?
A) Selection bias
B) Convenience
C) Randomization
D) Internal reliability
Q3) What type of sampling strategy is represented when every fourth postsecondary student who registers for a specific course is selected into the treatment group?
A) Cluster sampling
B) Systematic sampling
C) Simple random sampling
D) Stratified random sampling
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Chapter 13: Data-Collection Methods
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Q1) What term is used to describe the process that informs subjects after an observation that they have been included in a research study and allows them the opportunity to refuse to have their data included in the study?
A) Debriefing
B) Concealment
C) Unauthorized research
D) Scientific misconduct
Q2) Which of the following statements about physiological,or biological,measures of data is accurate?
A) They involve the use of specialized equipment.
B) Data collection error is reduced with their use.
C) They can be used for both qualitative and quantitative studies.
D) Instruments that measure physiological phenomena represent the "gold standard" and eliminate the need to verify instrument reliability and validity.
Q3) Which of the following is an example of a physiological measurement?
A) Definition of a type "A" behaviour pattern
B) Description of self-care abilities in patients with dementia
C) Ranges of values on two consecutive arterial blood gas analyses
D) Adjusted scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Scale
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Chapter 14: Rigour in Research
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Q1) Which of the following types of validity is the most difficult to establish?
A) Content validity
B) Construct validity
C) Predictive validity
D) Concurrent validity
Q2) What does concurrent validity refer to?
A) The degree of correlation between the measure of the concept and some future measure of the same concept
B) The degree of correlation between two measures of the same concept administered at the same time
C) The extent to which a test measures a theoretical construct or trait
D) The representativeness of items to measure a specific concept
Q3) Under what condition should Cronbach's alpha coefficient be used to establish the internal consistency of an instrument?
A) When questions are open-ended
B) When questions or statements require a yes or no response
C) When the instrument uses a Likert-type response scale
D) When the instrument is designed to measure more than one concept
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Chapter 15: Qualitative Data Analysis
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Q1) What is the main purpose of using vignettes in qualitative data analysis?
A) Vignettes are pertinent quotes from the literature that researchers add to data analysis.
B) Vignettes are narratives that help researchers present textual data as a story.
C) Vignettes are video clips that illustrate the context and themes of qualitative data.
D) Vignettes are anecdotal and reflective notes written by researchers during data collection.
Q2) Which of the following computer programs can be used to help researchers in qualitative data management?
A) SPSS
B) QSR NVivo 8
C) Minitab
D) EPI DATA
Q3) What is the purpose of data display in qualitative analysis?
A) To describe relationships among emerging themes in qualitative data
B) To organize qualitative data into meaningful clusters
C) To record observational data for analysis
D) To organize data to facilitate conclusion drawing
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Chapter 16: Quantitative Data Analysis
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Q1) Which of the following terms represents the middle score in a frequency distribution?
A) Mean
B) Mode
C) Median
D) Percentile
Q2) Which of the following types of data analysis allows the researcher to describe and summarize the characteristics of a sample?
A) Inferential statistics
B) Descriptive statistics
C) Nonparametric statistics
D) Mathematical statistics
Q3) What conclusion can be drawn from statistics that indicate that the average cost of a house in a specific neighbourhood is $150,000,the range is $48,000 to $2,000,000,the median house cost is $98,000,and the mode is $90,000?
A) The standard deviation is small.
B) The mode can be calculated from the median.
C) The cost of a "typical" house in this neighbourhood is $150,000.
D) The mean does not reflect the true housing cost in this neighbourhood.
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Chapter 17: Presenting the Findings
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Q1) Which of the following terms is used to describe the quantification of the uncertainty of a statistic?
A) Confidence interval
B) Retro-evaluation
C) Theoretical critique
D) Interpretation of analysis
Q2) How should the following statements be interpreted?
(1)"There is a positive relationship between the degree of social support available to new mothers and maternal attachment scores." (2)"The Pearson correlation coefficient was r = 0.79,p <.05."
A) The hypothesis was proven.
B) The hypothesis was supported.
C) The result was clinically significant but not statistically significant.
D) The statistical analysis indicates that the positive correlation was a chance event.
Q3) Researchers and reviewers should accept statistical significance with:
A) the belief that statistically significant results are the final word.
B) cautious regard for how results might apply to practice.
C) the view that careful appraisal is needed to apply results to theory.
D) the idea that additional testing is not necessary.
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Chapter 18: Critiquing Qualitative Research
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Q1) Which of the following pieces of information presented in the report of a qualitative research study indicates that the research meets the criterion of auditability?
A) The researcher's conclusions are congruent with the study findings.
B) The results are meaningful to persons not in the study.
C) The researcher has described the projected significance of the study to nursing.
D) The researcher has documented all phases of the research process.
Q2) Which of the following activities represents attention to credibility in a qualitative study?
A) Ensuring that all participants self-identified with a specific racial or ethnic group
B) Providing direct quotations from participants
C) Identifying the basic psychological process (BSP)
D) Participants recognizing their data and approving their accuracy during validation
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Chapter 19: Critiquing Quantitative Research
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Q1) Under which heading of a research report are the threats to a study's internal and external validity usually presented?
A) Design
B) Results
C) Discussion
D) Data analysis
Q2) What is indicated by the following statement found in the report of a quantitative nursing research study?
"By formalizing parenting education in the immediate postpartum period,midwives may have the opportunity to reduce the prevalence of postnatal depression."
A) Results
B) Analysis
C) Implications
D) Recommendations
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Chapter 20: Developing an Evidence-Informed Practice
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Q1) Which of the following strategies has been found to best improve staff adherence to implementation of a new EIP innovation?
A) Developing a graphic decision-making algorithm
B) Making new knowledge available to the staff
C) Including all research citations in the protocol
D) Restricting the implementation responsibility to a selected few individuals
Q2) What types of support are important for success in accomplishing an evidence-informed practice intervention?
A) Organizational and administrative support
B) Staff nurse and nurse manager
C) Nurse researcher and physician
D) Patient and nurse coordinator
Q3) Which of the following is the term for data that are collected to assess patient satisfaction,staff outcomes,or fiscal differences as a result of specific interventions?
A) Process measures
B) Outcome measures
C) Secondary measures
D) Compliance measures
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