Health Sciences
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Health Sciences is an interdisciplinary field that encompasses the study of the biological, physical, and behavioral aspects of health and disease. This course covers fundamental principles of human anatomy, physiology, pathology, epidemiology, and public health, exploring how these elements interact to influence health outcomes in individuals and populations. Students are introduced to key concepts in healthcare delivery, health promotion, disease prevention, and evidence-based practice, while gaining an understanding of the roles various health professionals play within the healthcare system. The course also examines contemporary issues in health policy, ethics, and global health, preparing students for further study or careers in a wide range of health-related fields.
Recommended Textbook
Fundamentals of Human Physiology 4th Edition by Lauralee Sherwood
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18 Chapters
4200 Verified Questions
4200 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis
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111 Verified Questions
111 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sweat glands
Answer: C
Q2) ____________________ glands secrete through ducts in the skin.
Answer: exocrine
Q3) Homeostasis is maintained by ____________________ mechanisms.
Answer: negative feedback
Q4) Which statement(s) regarding endocrine glands is/are true?
A) lack ducts.
B) secrete hormones internally into the blood.
C) are derived from epithelial tissue.
D) include the parathyroids.
E) all of these answers.
Answer: E
Q5) The ____________________ system is the transport system of the body.
Answer: circulatory
Q6) Compare the external and internal body environments.
Answer: Basic cell functions include: obtaining food and oxygen, extracting energy from nutrients, eliminating wastes, protein synthesis, controlling exchange between cells and the surrounding environment, internal cellular movement, being able to respond to changes in the surrounding environment, and reproducing.
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Cell Physiology
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181 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the structure and function of mitochondria.
Answer: Mitochondria are enclosed by a double membrane-an outer membrane that surrounds the organelle itself and an inner membrane that contains numerous folds, called cristae. The innermost cavity formed by the cristae is called the matrix and is filled with a gel-like solution. These organelles play a major role in ATP production. Citric acid cycle reactions occur in the matrix, and oxidative phosphorylation reactions take place on the inner membrane.
Q2) Intermediate filaments
A) comprised mitotic spindles.
B) are important in cell regions subject to mechanical stress.
C) comprise cilia.
D) comprise flagella.
E) form the basal bodies.
Answer: B
Q3) Comprises intermediate filaments.
A)dynamin
B)tubulin
C)kinesin
D)actin
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: The Plasma Membrane and Membrane
Potential
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214 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The three characteristics that determine the kind and amount of material that can be moved across a membrane by carrier-mediated transport are ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.
Answer: specificity, saturation, competition
Q2) Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup> pump for K<sup>+</sup>
A)Ion tends to be moved into the cell by this force.
B)Ion tends to be moved out of the cell by this force.
Answer: A
Q3) The large, negatively charged intracellular proteins (A<sup>-</sup>) cannot permeate the cell membrane because
A) they are greater than 0.8 nm in diameter and are not lipid soluble.
B) there are no carriers for them.
C) no concentration or electrical gradient exists for them.
D) two of these answers.
E) all of these answers.
Answer: D
Q4) If red blood cells are placed in a(n) ____________________ solution, water enters causing them to swell.
Answer: hypotonic
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Chapter 4: Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication
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230 Verified Questions
230 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) After hyperpolarization phase
Q2) Slow depolarization to threshold due to stimulus
Q3) In the second-messenger
A) a small amount of one hormone (the second messenger) is required to release another.
B) a tropic hormone (the first messenger) stimulates secretion of another hormone (the second messenger).
C) the hormone first binds to a specific surface receptor, whereupon the hormone-receptor complex moves into the cell to combine with a specific intracellular receptor.
D) releasing hormones (the first messenger) from the hypothalamus regulate many anterior pituitary hormones (the second messenger).
E) a hormone (the first messenger) binds to surface receptors activating adenylate cyclase, catalyzing cAMP formation.
Q4) The hormones influence adjustments that require duration rather than speed, whereas the rapid coordination of the body are controlled by the nervous system.
A)True
B)False
Page 6
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Chapter 5: The Central Nervous System
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250 Verified Questions
250 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sleep-wake cycle is controlled by interactions among how many neural systems?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5
Q2) Damage to this structure is associated with a resting tremor.
A)cerebellum
B)hypothalamus
C)brain stem
D)basal nuclei
E)cerebral cortex
Q3) takes longer to retrieve information from this store
A)short-term memory
B)long-term memory
Q4) The motor cortex on the frontal lobe is not the only brain region involved in motor control.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division and Special Senses
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244 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the proper sequence of retinal processing?
A) rods and cones-ganglion cells-bipolar cells.
B) rods and cones-bipolar cells-ganglion cells.
C) ganglion cells-bipolar cells-rods and cones.
D) ganglion cells-rods and cones-bipolar cells.
E) bipolar cells-ganglion cells-rods and cones.
Q2) Receptors transduce one form of energy into electrical energy.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When an individual sees pure red, only the red cones are stimulated.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Uses substance P as its neurotransmitter
A)pain
B)vision
C)hearing
D)motion/equilibrium
E)taste
F)smell
Q5) optic nerve
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Chapter 7: The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division
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150 Verified Questions
150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Botulism is caused by a toxin from the bacterium of the group (genus)
A) Clostridium.
B) Escherichia.
C) Salmonella.
D) Staphylococcus.
E) Streptococcus.
Q2) Sympathetic postganglionic fibers secrete the neurotransmitter ____________________, whereas parasympathetic postganglionic fibers secrete the neurotransmitter ____________________.
Q3) A(n) ____________________ neuron sends impulses away from the CNS.
Q4) Considered adrenergic.
A)sympathetic nervous system
B)parasympathetic nervous system
C)both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
D)somatic system
Q5) Compare and contrast the divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
Q6) The sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system has its cells of origin in the brain stem as well as the spinal cord.
A)True
B)False
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Muscle Physiology
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333 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Posses cross bridges.
A)actin only
B)myosin only
C)actin and myosin
D)troponin-tropomyosin complex
E)actin, troponin, and tropomyosin
F)actin, myosin, troponin, and tropomyosin
Q2) During the ____________________ stroke, cross bridges of myosin pull the actin filaments in the sarcomere.
Q3) Maintains a constant resting membrane potential unless stimulated.
A)skeletal muscle only
B)single-unit smooth muscle only
C)cardiac muscle only
D)skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle
E)skeletal muscle and single-unit smooth muscle
F)single-unit smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
G)skeletal, single-unit smooth, and cardiac muscles
Q4) The source of calcium in smooth muscle is the ____________________.
Q5) The immediate source of additional ATP in muscle fibers is ____________________.
Q6) Compare and contrast isotonic versus isometric contractions.
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Chapter 9: Cardiac Physiology
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284 Verified Questions
284 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The fastest rate of autorhythmicity is normally carried out by the
A) AV bundle.
B) AV node.
C) bundle of His.
D) Purkinje fibers.
E) SA node.
Q2) The first heart sound
A) occurs when the AV valves close.
B) occurs when the semilunar valves close.
C) signals the onset of ventricular systole.
D) occurs when the AV valves close and signals the onset of ventricular systole.
E) occurs when the semilunar valves close and signals the onset of ventricular systole.
Q3) Sympathetic stimulation decrease calcium influx resulting in a stronger contraction.
A)True
B)False
Q4) An increase in the length of the cardiac muscle fibers prior to contraction ____________________ the stroke volume.
Q5) aorta
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Chapter 10: The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure
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204 Verified Questions
204 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The pressure that is the difference between ventricular contraction and relaxation is:
A) systolic pressure.
B) diastolic pressure.
C) pulse pressure.
D) mean pressure.
E) none of these answers.
Q2) Caused by histamine
Q3) Increased venous return leads to increased cardiac output because of the increase in end-systolic volume.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which is not true of blood pressure:
A) its maximal during ventricular systole.
B) it decreases the farther away from the heart.
C) it increases with increasing resistance.
D) it decreases with increasing vessel diameter.
E) it can be increased by direct parasympathetic activity.
Q5) The skeletal muscle pump changes venous return by ____________________ it.
Q6) Relate changes in bulk flow forces to edema.
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Chapter 11: The Blood and Body Defenses
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247 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) collagen
A)converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
B)when platelets come into contact with this substance in an injured vessel wall, it causes them to adhere and aggregate.
C)when activated, this substance digests the fibrin threads, causing dissolution of the clot.
D)necessary for liver production of clotting factors
E)first step in hemostasis
F)forms the meshwork of the clot.
G)a plasma protein activated by factor X.
H)second step in hemostasis.
I)released from injured tissues; activates extrinsic clotting pathway.
J)third step in hemostasis.
Q2) Are called regulatory T cells.
A)applies to cytotoxic T cells
B)applies to helper T cells
C)applies to regulatory T cells
D)applies to both helper T and regulatory T cells
E)applies to all three types of T cells
Q3) phagocytic secretions
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Chapter 12: The Respiratory System
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203 Verified Questions
203 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pneumothorax develops from the accumulation of fluid in the alveoli.
A)True
B)False
Q2) volume of air in the respiratory airways
A)vital capacity
B)respiratory rate
C)FEV1
D)tidal volume
E)residual volume
F)total lung capacity
G)functional residual capacity
H)alveolar ventilation
I)pulmonary ventilation
J)inspiratory reserve volume
K)expiratory reserve volume
L)inspiratory capacity
M)anatomic dead space volume
Q3) ____________________ shifts into the red blood cells to maintain electric neutrality when HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> moves out of the cells down its concentration gradient.
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Chapter 13: The Urinary System
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258 Verified Questions
258 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tubular secretion
A) involves transepithelial transport.
B) is the movement of a substance from the peritubular capillary blood into the tubular fluid.
C) always occurs by active transport.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) both (b) and (c) above.
Q2) ____________________ renal failure has a rapid onset but may be reversible; ____________________ renal failure is slow, progressive, and irreversible.
Q3) Explain the significance of sodium reabsorption across the different portion of the nephron.
Q4) The ascending limb of the loop of Henle of a juxtamedullary nephron
A) actively transports NaCl out of the lumen into the interstitial fluid.
B) is highly impermeable to H<sub>2</sub>O.
C) is always impermeable to H<sub>2</sub>O.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) both (a) and (c) above.
Q5) ACE inhibitor drugs block the action of _____________.
Q6) On passing through the ___________ angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Fluid and Acid-Base Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Diabetes insipidus develops in the body from a deficiency of insulin.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The kidney tubular cells secrete NH<sub>3</sub>
A) when the urinary pH becomes too high.
B) when the body is in a state of alkalosis.
C) to buffer the acid phosphate excreted in the urine.
D) when there is excess NH<sub>3</sub> in the body fluid.
E) to enable further renal secretion of H<sup>+</sup>.
Q3) In a normal, healthy person, H<sub>2</sub>O intake equals H<sub>2</sub>O output.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of water than a hypertonic solution.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A pH of less than 6.8 or greater than 8.0 is not compatible with life.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe how the body responds to a substantial drop in ECF pH.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: The Digestive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) induces bicarbonate secretion.
A)gastrin
B)secretin
C)CCK
D)gastric inhibitory peptide
E)histamine
Q2) Which of the following is entirely under nervous control and has no hormonal regulatory component?
A) salivary secretion.
B) gastric secretion.
C) pancreatic secretion.
D) liver secretion.
E) all of these answers have a hormonal regulatory component.
Q3) The major metabolic waste product eliminated in the feces is bilirubin.
A)True
B)False
Q4) ____________________ are the microscopic projections of the absorptive cells of the small intestine.
Q5) Describe the defecation reflex.
Q6) Compare peristalsis and segmentation.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Endogenous ________ raises the set point of the hypothalamic thermostat during fever
Q2) The major means of decreasing heat loss in response to a cold environmental temperature is
A) skin vasoconstriction.
B) skin vasodilation.
C) increasing the temperature gradient between the skin and environment.
D) formation of "goose bumps."
E) shivering.
Q3) When a negative energy balance exists,
A) the body must make use of stored energy reserves.
B) the caloric content of the food ingested is less than the energy output.
C) the caloric content of the food ingested exceeds the energy lost due to heat or work.
D) energy has been destroyed by catabolic processes within the body.
E) both (a) and (b) above.
Q4) The most important factor determining the extent of evaporation of sweat is the ____________________ of the air.
Q5) We lose or gain heat through ____________________ to the layer of air in direct contact with our bodies.
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Chapter 17: The Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
A) carries anterior pituitary hormones from the anterior pituitary gland to the hypothalamus to regulate the release of hypophysiotropic hormones.
B) diverts blood directly to the pituitary, completely bypassing the hypothalamus.
C) carries hypophysiotropic hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary to regulate anterior pituitary hormone secretion.
D) carries the anterior pituitary hormones into the general systemic circulation. E) connects the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary.
Q2) Which of the following is not an outcome of insulin secretion?
A) increases GLUT-4 mobilization.
B) promotes glucose uptake by neural tissue.
C) inhibits lipolysis.
D) promotes glycogenesis.
E) encourages protein synthesis.
Q3) Calcitonin is produced by the ____________________ of the ____________________.
Q4) Describe the production and secretion of thyroid hormones.
Q5) ____________________ is primarily controlled by the release of renin.
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Chapter 18: The Reproductive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a sexually mature individual, pulses of GnRH are secreted once a day.
A)True
B)False
Q2) LH stimulates which cells to synthesize androgens?
A) sperm
B) spermatogonia
C) theca
D) granulosa
E) Sertoli
Q3) The Sertoli cells are located in the testis.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which stage is associated with progesterone release?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 7
D) 12
Q5) During the ovarian cycle, the corpus luteum converts into a follicle.
A)True
B)False
Page 20
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