Health Sciences Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Health Sciences is an interdisciplinary field focused on the study of human health, illness, and the healthcare system. This course explores the biological, environmental, social, and behavioral factors that influence health and disease across populations. Students will examine core topics such as anatomy, physiology, epidemiology, nutrition, public health, healthcare ethics, and preventive medicine. Emphasis is placed on understanding the integration of scientific research with clinical practice, as well as the development and implementation of health policies and programs aimed at improving health outcomes. The course also addresses contemporary health challenges and prepares students for various careers and further studies in medical, research, or public health fields.
Recommended Textbook
Anatomy Physiology The Unity of Form and Function 7th Edition by Saladin
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30 Chapters
2046 Verified Questions
2046 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology
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75 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cells were first named by microscopist Robert Hooke.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) _____________ is the view that not everything about an organism can be understood or predicted from the knowledge of its components; that is,the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
A)Naturalism
B)Reductionism
C)Holism
D)Materialism
E)Science
Answer: C
Q3) The plural of axilla (armpit)is ____________,whereas the plural of appendix is
A)axillae; appendices
B)axillides; appendages
C)axillies; appendi
D)axilli; appendices
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) The vibration of an ear drum is an example of __________ energy.
A)kinetic
B)potential
C)elastic
D)radiant
Answer: A
Q2) What type of bond attracts one water molecule to another?
A)An ionic bond
B)A peptide bond
C)A hydrogen bond
D)A covalent bond
E)A hydrolytic bond
Answer: C
Q3) Potassium,sodium,and chlorine are trace elements.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Cellular Form and Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) The fuzzy coat of carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane that functions in cell identification is called the __________.
A)brush border
B)glycocalyx
C)cholesterol coat
D)phospholipid bilayer
E)cell-adhesion molecule
Answer: B
Q2) If a cell doubled in diameter,it would have twice as much cytoplasm to maintain.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup> ATPase is a countertransport antiport carrier,which always requires energy.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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5
Chapter 4: Genetics of Cellular Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) There are three codons that do not code for any amino acid.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In familial hypercholesterolemia,individuals with two abnormal alleles die of heart attacks in childhood,those with only one abnormal allele typically die as young adults,and those with two normal alleles have normal life expectancies.This exemplifies
A)penetrance
B)codominance
C)pleiotropy
D)complete dominance
E)incomplete dominance
Q3) A cell starting prophase has 92 molecules of DNA in its nucleus.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Mitosis is responsible for embryonic development and tissue growth.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Histology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The clear gel inside a cell is called __________.
A)matrix
B)ground substance
C)interstitial fluid
D)cytosol
E)tissue fluid
Q2) __________ epithelium is associated with rapid transport of substances through a membrane,whereas __________ epithelium is associated with resistance to abrasion.
A)Simple columnar; transitional
B)Simple squamous; stratified squamous
C)Simple cuboidal; pseudostratified
D)Pseudostratified; simple squamous
E)Pseudostratified; simple cuboidal
Q3) Fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Smooth and cardiac muscles are under involuntary control.
A)True
B)False
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Integumentary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The skin discoloration most likely to suggest physical abuse is __________.
A)pallor
B)albinism
C)erythema
D)hematoma
E)jaundice
Q2) Which two strata of the epidermis are most susceptible to cancer?
A)Stratum corneum and stratum lucidum
B)Stratum basale and stratum corneum
C)Stratum spinosum and stratum basale
D)Stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum
E)Stratum lucidum and stratum granulosum
Q3) Variations in hair color arise from differing amounts of __________.
A)collagen and elastic filaments
B)keratin and melanin
C)carotene and hemoglobin
D)carotene and collagen
E)eumelanin and pheomelanin
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Chapter 7: Bone Tissue
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Sample Questions
Q1) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)binds to receptors on osteoblasts.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A soft callus forms during ___________.
A)endochondral ossification
B)intramembranous ossification
C)bone growth at the metaphysis
D)the remodeling of bone
E)the healing of a fracture
Q3) Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except __________.
A)muscle contraction
B)exocytosis
C)blood clotting
D)DNA synthesis
E)communication among neurons
Q4) A radiograph (X-ray)of a child's hand will show epiphyseal lines.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: The Skeletal System
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Sample Questions
Q1) A newborn passes through the__________ of its mother during birth.
A)obturator foramen
B)pelvic inlet
C)pelvic outlet
D)acetabulum
E)false pelvis
Q2) All of these contribute to the wall of the orbit except the __________ bone.
A)sphenoid
B)frontal
C)maxillary
D)zygomatic
E)nasal
Q3) The average number of bones in the adult skeleton is __________.
A)56
B)106
C)156
D)206
E)256
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10
Chapter 9: Joints
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Sample Questions
Q1) Raising an arm to one side of the body to stop a taxi,is an example of __________ of the shoulder.
A)abduction
B)adduction
C)circumduction
D)rotation
E)protraction
Q2) The proximal radioulnar joint is a __________ joint.
A)ball-and-socket
B)saddle
C)hinge
D)pivot
E)condylar
Q3) Unlike other joints,a __________ does not join two bones to one another.
A)suture
B)syndesmosis
C)gomphosis
D)cartilaginous joint
E)bony joint
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Chapter 10: The Muscular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following muscles of facial expression is not innervated by the facial nerve?
A)Orbicularis oculi
B)Zygomaticus major
C)Corrugator supercilii
D)Levator palpebrae superioris
E)Buccinator
Q2) The semitendinosus is an example of what muscle shape?
A)Triangular
B)Fusiform
C)Sphincter
D)Convergent
E)Pennate
Q3) Which one of these muscles helps to open the mouth (depress the mandible)?
A)Zygomaticus major
B)Digastric
C)Sternohyoid
D)Depressor anguli oris
E)Hyoglossus
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Muscular Tissue
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Sample Questions
Q1) The protein that acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle is __________.
A)F actin
B)tropomyosin
C)troponin
D)titin
E)dystrophin
Q2) Some smooth muscle is autorhythmic.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following systems would provide energy for a racquetball player,while playing a point?
A)The respiratory system
B)The glycolysis system
C)The phosphagen system
D)The anaerobic system
E)The glycogen-lactic acid system
Q4) The sliding filament theory of muscle contraction has emerged from research only in the last 10 to 15 years.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which neurotransmitter excites skeletal muscle and inhibits cardiac muscle?
A)Norepinephrine
B)Dopamine
C)Histamine
D)Acetylcholine
E)\(\beta\)-endorphin
Q2) In which part of a neuron is the postsynaptic membrane usually found?
A)Synaptic knob
B)Axon
C)Dendrite
D)Perikaryon
E)Axon collateral
Q3) Which of these is an example of an EPSP in a typical neuron?
A)A voltage change from 0 mV to +0.35 mV
B)A voltage change from -70 mV to -69.5 mV
C)A voltage change from -69.5 mV to -70 mV
D)A voltage change from +35 mV to 0 mV
E)A voltage change from -70 mV to -70.5 mV
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Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord, spinal Nerves, and Somatic Reflexes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Somatic reflexes are responses of skeletal,smooth,and cardiac muscles.
A)True
B)False
Q2) You go to the movies after a long day and you begin to nod off as soon as the movie starts.Your head starts to lower a little,but a reflex causes your head to rise.This is called the __________ reflex.
A)tendon
B)crossed extension
C)withdrawal
D)stretch (myotatic)
E)flexor (withdrawal)
Q3) Each portion of the spinal cord,from which a spinal nerve emerges,is called a "segment" of the cord.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Most nerves are motor nerves.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which cranial nerve innervates most of the viscera in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
A)Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
B)Accessory nerve (XI)
C)Trochlear nerve (IV)
D)Abducens nerve (VI)
E)Vagus nerve (X)
Q2) __________ show more lateralization than __________.
A)Adult males; adult females
B)Young children; adults
C)Young children; elders
D)Adult females; adult males
E)Young male children; adult males
Q3) The cerebellum is __________ to the cerebrum.
A)superficial
B)deep
C)caudal
D)rostral
E)medial
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Page 16
Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral
Reflexes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sympathetic nerve fibers are not associated with situations involving __________.
A)anger
B)digestion
C)exercise
D)stress
E)arousal
Q2) Atropine is sometimes used to dilate the pupil for an eye examination.Which receptor would atropine block?
A)Alpha 1 adrenergic receptor
B)Nicotinic receptor
C)Muscarinic receptor
D)Alpha 2 adrenergic receptor
E)Beta receptor
Q3) The autonomic effect on a target cell depends only on the neurotransmitter reaching that target cell.
A)True
B)False
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Sense Organs
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why do cones exhibit less neuronal convergence than rods?
A)Rods cannot distinguish different colors from each other.
B)Rods do not function in bright light.
C)No images are perceived within the optic disc.
D)Cones do not detect black and white.
E)Photopic vision has higher resolution than scotopic vision.
Q2) The initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory receptor is a local electrical change specifically called a(an)__________.
A)action potential
B)graded potential
C)local potential
D)sensory potential
E)receptor potential
Q3) Half of the fibers of each optic nerve decussate at the __________.
A)superior colliculus
B)optic chiasm
C)lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
D)optic foramen
E)midbrain
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Page 18
Chapter 17: The Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The absence of iodine in the diet leads to __________.
A)hypoparathyroidism
B)hypothyroidism
C)hypocalcemia
D)hypoglycemia
E)hypoxemia
Q2) Many hours after a meal,alpha (\(\alpha\))cells in the pancreatic islets secrete _________,which _________ blood glucose.
A)glucagon; lowers
B)glucagon; raises
C)insulin; lowers D)insulin; raises
E)glucocorticoids; raises
Q3) Of the following hormones,which has more target cells in the body than the others?
A)Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B)Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
C)Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
D)Growth hormone (GH)
E)Oxytocin (OT)
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Page 19
Chapter 18: The Circulatory System: Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most oxygen is transported in the blood bound to __________.
A)the plasma membrane of erythrocytes
B)alpha chains in hemoglobin
C)beta chains in hemoglobin
D)delta chains in hemoglobin
E)heme groups in hemoglobin
Q2) After a wound is sealed,tissue repair is followed by fibrinolysis.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An increased erythropoietin (EPO)output by the kidneys would lead to all of the following except __________.
A)increased hypoxemia
B)increased blood osmolarity
C)increased RBC production
D)increased blood viscosity
E)increased hematocrit
Q4) Incompatibility of one person's blood with another results from the action of plasma antibodies against the RBCs' antigens.
A)True
B)False
Page 20
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Chapter 19: The Circulatory System: Heart
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hypercapnia and acidosis have positive chronotropic effects.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is not a feature of cardiac muscle?
A)They depend almost exclusively on aerobic respiration.
B)They are rich in glycogen.
C)They have larger than average mitochondria.
D)They are very rich in myoglobin.
E)They have about the same endurance as skeletal muscle fibers.
Q3) The fibrous skeleton of the heart serves as electrical insulation between the atria and the ventricles.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Parasympathetic stimulation reduces heart rate.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Ventricular pressure increases the fastest during ventricular filling.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 20: The Circulatory System: Blood Vessels and Circulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lung tissue receives nourishment and waste removal from the pulmonary circuit.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In people who stand for long periods,blood tends to pool in the lower limbs and this may result in varicose veins.What causes the varicose veins?
A)An aneurysm or weak point in an artery
B)An aneurysm or weak point in a vein
C)Failure of the venous valves
D)Failure of the lymphatic valves
E)A ruptured aneurysm in a vein
Q3) Which of the following are powerful vasoconstrictors?
A)Norepinephrine and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B)Norepinephrine and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
C)Epinephrine and angiotensin II
D)Epinephrine and aldosterone
E)Epinephrine and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Q4) Most tissue fluid is reabsorbed by the lymphatic system.
A)True
B)False
Page 22
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Chapter 21: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pyrogens act by increasing the set point for body temperature in the thalamus.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following does(do)not belong to the second line of defense?
A)The macrophage system
B)Natural killer cells
C)Inflammation
D)The gastric juices
E)Interferon and the complement system
Q3) Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens to T cells in the _____________.
A)blood plasma
B)lymph nodes
C)thymus
D)red bone marrow
E)liver
Q4) Cytotoxic T cells respond only to antigens bound to MHC-I proteins.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 22: The Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Each alveolus is surrounded by a web of blood capillaries supplied by the
A)aorta
B)pulmonary artery
C)pulmonary vein
D)inferior vena cava
E)superior vena cava
Q2) Nitrogen bubbles can form in the blood and other tissues when a scuba diver ascends too rapidly,producing a syndrome called _________.
A)decompression sickness
B)hyperbaric disease
C)cerebral embolism
D)pulmonary barotrauma
E)pulmonary edema
Q3) During exercise,which of the following directly increases respiratory rate?
A)Increased H<sup>+</sup> level in the blood
B)The Bohr effect
C)Reduced blood pH
D)Reduced oxyhemoglobin
E)Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle
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Chapter 23: The Urinary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Creatinine has a renal clearance of 140 mL/min.Why is this?
A)It is absorbed by the nephron loop.
B)It is secreted by the glomerulus.
C)It is absorbed by the renal tubules.
D)It is secreted by the renal tubules.
E)It is produced in the pulmonary tissue.
Q2) Total saturation of protein transporters for a given solute in the renal tubules would result in __________.
A)reabsorption of all the solute
B)a renal clearance of zero
C)a net filtration pressure of 1.0
D)appearance of that solute in the urine
E)absence of that solute from the urine
Q3) Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone?
A)Decreased urine volume
B)Decreased urine molarity
C)Increased urine volume
D)Increased urine salinity
E)Increased urine acidity
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Page 25
Chapter 24: Water,Electrolyte,and Acid-Base Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hypernatremia is a plasma __________ concentration above normal.
A)Ca<sup>2+</sup>
B)Na<sup>+</sup>
C)K<sup>+</sup>
D)Cl<sup>-</sup>
E)P<sub>i</sub>
Q2) A buffer system converts a weak acid or base into a strong one.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?
A)It stimulates angiotensin II secretion.
B)It promotes water conservation.
C)It stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors.
D)It inhibits salivation and thirst.
E)It targets the cerebral cortex.
Q4) Chloride homeostasis is regulated as a side effect of sodium homeostasis.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 25: The Digestive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Defecation is stimulated by __________.
A)the chemical composition of the feces
B)bacterial flora in the feces
C)water content of the feces
D)lipid content in the feces
E)stretching of the rectum
Q2) The liver is the body's largest gland.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The large intestine is longer than the small intestine.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The enterogastric reflex serves to __________.
A)relax the stomach in preparation for swallowed food
B)stimulate acid and enzyme secretion when food enters the stomach
C)stimulate intestinal motility when there is food in the stomach
D)inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine
E)relax the ileocecal valve when chyme is on its way to the colon
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Chapter 26: Nutrition and Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following does not explain why people on weight-loss diets often lose weight quickly at first,but then more slowly over time?
A)Water is lost quickly but other weight is harder to lose.
B)The initial weight loss is mostly fat.
C)As a diet progresses, the body produces more fat even with the same caloric intake.
D)The body lowers its metabolic rate when it loses weight.
E)Will power often weakens as the diet progresses.
Q2) A nude body at a room temperature of 21<sup>\(\circ\)</sup>C (70<sup>\(\circ\)</sup>F)loses most of its heat by which process?
A)Evaporation
B)Conduction
C)Convection
D)Radiation
E)Forced convection
Q3) Both glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis are examples of catabolic reactions.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 27: The Male Reproductive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sperm make up just 10% of semen volume.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When do the testes start secreting testosterone?
A)In the first trimester of fetal development
B)In the first trimester after birth
C)In the first three years after birth
D)In the first three years of adolescence
E)After the first ejaculation
Q3) The __________ is the small,bilateral organ found lateral to the membranous urethra.
A)seminal vesicle
B)urethra
C)bulbourethral gland
D)prostate gland
E)ejaculatory duct
Q4) At early puberty,follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)and luteinizing hormone
(LH)stimulate enlargement of the testes.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 28: The Female Reproductive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) During the plateau phase of the sexual response,the glans and clitoris swell as the deep arteries dilate and the __________ engorge with blood.
A)uterine walls
B)vaginal walls
C)corpora cavernosa
D)corpus spongiosum
E)vestibular glands
Q2) How is colostrum different than breast milk?
A)It has one-third less protein.
B)It has one-third less lactose.
C)It has one-third less fat.
D)It has one-third the number of immunoglobulins.
Q3) Milk ejection occurs as a result of stimulation of nerve endings in the ___________,which leads to the release of ___________ from the pituitary.
A)mammary acini; oxytocin
B)mammary acini; prolactin
C)nipple and areola; oxytocin
D)nipple and areola; prolactin
E)nipple and areola; progesterone
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Page 30
Chapter 29: Human Development and Aging
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Sample Questions
Q1) By the time the conceptus arrives in the uterus,it consists of at least __________ or more cells.
A)2
B)4
C)8
D)16
E)32
Q2) In fetal circulation,the __________ bypasses the liver and the __________ bypasses the lungs.
A)ligamentum venosum; ligamentum arteriosum
B)foramen ovale; ductus venosus
C)ductus arteriosus; ductus venosus
D)ductus venosus; ductus arteriosus
E)ligamentum arteriosum; foramen ovale
Q3) The embryonic stage extends from 16 days through the end of week 8.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Teratogens usually do not cause congenital anomalies.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 30: General Orientation to Human Anatomy
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Q1) The fatty membrane that hangs like an apron from the inferolateral margin of the stomach and overlies the small intestine is called the __________.
A)greater omentum
B)mesentery
C)mesocolon
D)lesser omentum
E)mediastinum
Q2) The image of a typical chest X-ray shows a __________ view of the thoracic region.
A)sagittal
B)frontal
C)transverse
D)oblique
E)lateral
Q3) Peritonitis,a life-threatening condition,can be caused by a _____________.
A)head injury
B)heart attack
C)ruptured appendix
D)punctured lung
E)verterbral fracture
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 32