Health Psychology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Health Psychology is the scientific study of how biological, psychological, and social factors influence health, illness, and healthcare. This course explores the ways in which behaviors, emotions, personality, and cognition impact physical well-being, the development of health problems, and the management of chronic illness. Students will examine theories of health behavior change, stress and coping mechanisms, the interplay of mind and body, and approaches to health promotion and disease prevention. The course also discusses patient-practitioner communication, adherence to medical advice, and the psychological aspects of living with illness, with a strong emphasis on evidence-based interventions and current research in the field.
Recommended Textbook
Stress Health and Well Being Thriving in the 21st Century 1st Edition by Rick Harrington
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15 Chapters
750 Verified Questions
750 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Stress and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) During the fight-or-flight response, how do the adrenal glands prepare us to better handle a dangerous situation?
Answer: During the fight-or-flight response,the adrenal glands release glucocorticoids such as cortisol that help us rapidly facilitate the conversion of food stores such as proteins and fats in the body to glucose for ready energy.In a primitive state of nature,this has adaptive value in that it helps protect us from danger by making energy stores immediately available and ready where and when needed most.
Q2) If we want to live the good life, we also want to build on our ____ and our sense of well-being.
A) sense of coherence
B) mindfulness
C) management skills
D) good feelings
Answer: D
Q3) What changes occur in the dermal system during the fight-or-flight response?
Answer: The dermal system is one of several primary physiological systems that is activated during a fight-or-flight response.During a fight-or-flight response,the skin perspires to cool down the body and prevent overheating during action.
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Positive Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sarah Schneider makes the case that ____, a form of optimism that does not "involve self-deception, or convincing oneself of desired beliefs without appropriate reality checks," is the preferred form.
A) stalwart optimism
B) realistic optimism
C) pre-surgery optimism
D) dispositional optimism
Answer: B
Q2) What is the divine command theory of happiness?
Answer: Western ideas related to today's positive psychology have deep roots.Many of the philosophical underpinnings of these ideas can be traced to the ancient Hebrews and Greeks around 2500 years ago.The Hebrews and,later,many Christians followed what we now call the divine command theory of happiness that states that the path to happiness is to follow the commands of a supreme being.If one lives in accordance with divine laws and morals then one lives the good life.Today this influence is studied through research in religiosity,meaning,and spirituality and how these factors influence well-being.
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Chapter 3: Stress and the Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does a traumatic stressor affect one's world view? Give an example from your own life or from someone else's you know well.
Answer: An encounter with traumatic stressors often poses a serious challenge to one's world view.A person's world view is a collection of assumptions and beliefs about oneself,others,and the world.Tedeschi and Calhoun liken an encounter with a traumatic stressor to an encounter with an earthquake in which "a psychologically seismic event can severely shake,threaten,or reduce to rubble many of the schematic structures that have guided understanding,decision making,and meaningfulness." Assumptions regarding safety and security are likely to be seriously disturbed or undermined and may result in a shattering or shakeup of a survivor's pre-trauma world view.How a person adapts to these challenges determines how transient or chronic the trauma reactions and symptoms may be.
Q2) All pre-ganglionic neurons use ____ as their neurotransmitter as do the post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic branch.
A) dopamine
B) epinephrine
C) acetylcholine
D) norepinephrine
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Stress, Illness, and the Immune System
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you want to measure the effects of stress on illness, what would be the independent variable? What would be the dependent variable?
Q2) ____ are the most common white blood cells (i.e., leukocytes)constituting over 50% of the total number.
A) Monocytes
B) Basophils
C) Neutrophils
D) Eosinophils
Q3) Whereas internal validity refers to how well the study establishes causal relationships, external validity refers to ____.
A) how well the study establishes integrity
B) how well the study establishes statistical significance
C) the generalizability of the results
D) how well the study establishes non-causal relationships
Q4) What is the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)? In particular, how are life change units (LCUs)used in this scale?
Q5) Describe Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients.
Q6) Explain experimental studies in terms of the variables involved.
Q7) Explain monocytes and macrophages.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: The Impact of Stress on Health Conditions
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Q1) What, if any, is the relationship between stress and cancer?
Q2) Which of the following is thought to be most linked to stress?
A) Crohn's disease (CD)
B) peptic ulcers
C) irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
D) coronary heart disease (CHD)
Q3) ____ is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation of and sometimes damage to the joints and surrounding tissues.
A) Rheumatoid arthritis
B) Inflammatory joint disease
C) Systemic autoimmune disorder
D) Systemic lupus erythematosus
Q4) According to the American Heart Association, ____% of cardiovascular disease deaths are from coronary heart disease, ____% from stroke, ____% from heart failure, ____% from high blood pressure, and other causes constitute the remainder.
A) 7, 7, 17, 51
B) 7, 51, 7, 15
C) 51, 7, 17, 7
D) 51, 17, 7, 7
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Chapter 6: Personality and Stress
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Q1) What trait is linked to the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)?
Q2) Describe factor analysis.
Q3) Johan Denollet and his associates introduced ____ and defined it as a personality type that has high negative affectivity (NA)and high social inhibition (SI). A ____ person is similar to an introverted neurotic.
A) Type A
B) Type B
C) Type C
D) Type D
Q4) It is no surprise that many studies have associated high scores on neuroticism with a greater likelihood of developing a(n)____ such as a mood disorder (e.g., major depression)or an anxiety disorder (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder).
A) neurotic disorder
B) personality disorder
C) externalizing disorder
D) internalizing disorder
Q5) What is the most favorable pattern for intimate partner relationship satisfaction in the Malouff 2010 study?
Q6) What is the Type A behavior pattern and how is it measured?
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Chapter 7: Anxiety, Anger, and Depression
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Q1) Define errors of thinking.
Q2) ____ boost(s)serotonin levels in the brain which then often results in lowered anxiety and depression levels.
A) Norepinephrine
B) GABA
C) SSRIs
D) Dopamine
Q3) Describe existential anxiety. Provide examples. What events may trigger existential anxiety?
Q4) The ____ refer(s)to a tendency among depressed people to view in a negative light (1)the self (e.g., "I am worthless"), (2)the world ("This situation is impossible"), and (3)the future ("I'll never be successful").
A) maladaptive attitudes
B) errors of thinking
C) automatic negative thoughts
D) negative cognitive triad
Q5) How does engaging in aerobic exercise work as a strategy for dealing with depression?
Q6) Describe interoceptive sensitivity
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Chapter 8: Interpersonal Stress
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Q1) According to Shelly Taylor and her colleagues, why is the behavioral tendency toward affiliation stronger in females than males?
Q2) In their book entitled, Couple Skills: Making Your Relationship Work, the authors McKay, Fanning, and Paleg (2006, pp. 57-61)list the "Ten Commandments of Clean Communication." Describe the commandment "Use clear messages."
Q3) Describe the process of triangulation.
Q4) ____ suggests readiness for flight, so the person may lean away, avoid eye contact, shuffle the feet, fidget, or in some other way indicate a readiness to flee.
A) Nervousness
B) Anger
C) Sadness
D) Gladness
Q5) According to Clark et al., why is measuring perceived racism important to understanding the psychological and physiological consequences of the phenomenon?
Q6) Describe the immunological evidence showing that social strain can produce physiological conditions that increase the risk for adverse health.
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Chapter 9: Job Stress
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Q1) One of the ten major elements of the job environment that determine well-being at work is ____ --- this includes aspects of self-determination theory such as autonomy, freedom of choice, and the ability to make decisions about how to conduct one's work.
A) "externally generated goals"
B) "variety"
C) "opportunity for skill use"
D) "opportunity for personal control"
Q2) Define the stressor workplace harassment.
Q3) List the forms of gender-based harrasment.
Q4) Describe the level of intervention called secondary prevention.
Q5) Define workplace discrimination as a stressor.
Q6) People who ____ may experience concentration difficulties or physical fatigue as the worries and pressures of unfinished tasks mount from their tendency to spread themselves thin.
A) procrastinate
B) are perfectionists
C) have too many goals
D) lack goals
Q7) Describe burnout's role in the development of Type 2 diabetes.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Cognitive and Behavioral Approaches
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Q1) In general, which coping strategies discussed are the most effective overall for managing stress?
Q2) Planning that uses mentally oriented problem-focused coping is a form of ____ coping.
A) active cognitive
B) active behavioral
C) avoidance
D) meaning-making
Q3) ____ is a distorted thinking category in which one uses negative labels about oneself or others rather than describing the event. "If I wasn't such a weak person, I would have stood up to her."
A) Blame
B) Emotional reasoning
C) Discounting the positives
D) Labeling
Q4) Define cognitive restructuring.
Q5) Researchers studying religious-based coping note that it is important to distinguish this specific subset of religiosity from general religiosity. Why?
Q6) What is global meaning?
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Chapter 11: Physical Activity and Exercise
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is cardiorespiratory fitness?
Q2) It appears as though exercisers must maintain a ____ threshold of activity to see ____ effects.
A) minimum, superficial
B) minimum, beneficial
C) maximum, beneficial
D) maximum, superficial
Q3) Is there a dose effect for exercise and depression as well as for well-being?
Q4) How do we know if we are engaging in moderate intensity activity? We know when we are able to talk during the activity but cannot ____.
A) speak for more than several minutes
B) listen
C) think clearly
D) sing
Q5) What are the keys to maintaining an exercise program?
Q6) What is the social interaction hypothesis?
Q7) Describe visceral fat and how it is dangerous.
Q8) What do the Canadian government and Warbuton and his colleagues recommend in terms of physical exercise?
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Chapter 12: Nutrition
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Sample Questions
Q1) Name and describe the two subtypes of nutrients.
Q2) The primary polyphenols found in green tea are flavonols otherwise known as ____. A) catechins
B) epicatechins
C) epigallocatchins
D) gallates
Q3) In the Western world, we consume ____ times more omega-6 than omega-3, yet some experts argue that our human evolutionary history along with studies of mammals in nature suggest we should be consuming a ____ to ____ ratio for good health.
A) 5, 1, 2
B) 10, 3, 1
C) 14, 5, 1
D) 16, 1, 1
Q4) What is fiber and why is it important?
Q5) Is alcohol consumption more healthy for certain people and in different amounts? How might you explain these differences using a visual diagram or representation?
Q6) What are functional foods?
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Self-Regulation Relaxation Strategies
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Q1) ____ awareness is the ability to differentiate a tense muscle from a relaxed one.
A) Muscle sense
B) Kinesthetic sense
C) Imaginal muscle sense
D) Autogenic sense
Q2) Like progressive muscle relaxation training, autogenic training may be introduced in abbreviated or modified forms. Provide two examples of modifications.
Q3) Are all guided imagery scenarios solitary experiences?
Q4) What does one do with unwanted thoughts or images when listening to a guided imagery recording or reading?
Q5) How is guided imagery used in behavioral medicine applications? Provide an example from the research literature.
Q6) Describe the first systematic desensitization session of working with a therapist.
Q7) Describe a research study suggesting that guided imagery with relaxation can be applied to medical patients with pain conditions to potentially improve their health-related quality of life. Include in your description the limitations in the study.
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Chapter 14: Meditation, Yoga, and Biofeedback
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Q1) As the walls of the waking self or ego become more permeable during meditation, unconscious thoughts may enter into consciousness. The result is ____ suggestions from the inner unconscious self.
A) distorted
B) corrupt
C) enhanced receptivity to
D) dissolution of
Q2) Describe a theory of why time distortion occurs during meditation.
Q3) Jean Kristeller (2007)suggests that the practice of mindfulness meditation can be divided into three aspects. Describe the second aspect, open awareness.
Q4) Defusion involves the ____ process where we maintain separateness from unhelpful or disturbing thoughts rather than fusing with them. It refers to how we interact with these thoughts.
A) decentering
B) acceptance
C) engaging
D) disengaging
Q5) What is mindfulness meditation?
Q6) Describe the cerebral hemisphere balance theory.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Guidelines for Stress Management and Well
Being Enhancement
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Sample Questions
Q1) List four empirically documented healthy eating plans.
Q2) Consume a "rainbow diet" of multicolored fruits and vegetables to increase your fiber, beneficial phytochemicals, and ____.
A) amino acids
B) antioxidants
C) LDL
D) fats
Q3) Describe the process of using minimally effective responses.
Q4) How can one start a 10,000 step program?
Q5) What are some of the potential risks involved when undertaking altruistic behavior? Provide evidence from research studies. Are these risks sufficient to discourage one from any form of altruism?
Q6) What are the benefits of altruism?
Q7) What is a whole clear message?
Q8) What does positive psychology expert Michael Fordyce suggest we do to enhance our happiness and well-being?
Q10) What is health-conscious living? What does it involve? Page 17
Q9) According to Walsh (2011), what does recreation involve?
Q11) List the benefits of practicing forgiveness.
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