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Health Economics explores the application of economic theories, tools, and concepts to the health care sector. The course examines how health care markets function, the behavior of health care providers and consumers, and the impact of government interventions on health outcomes. Topics include the demand for health and health care, health insurance markets, provider incentives, and the evaluation of public health policies. By analyzing real-world case studies and current issues, students gain a comprehensive understanding of resource allocation, efficiency, and equity in health systems, equipping them with the analytical skills needed to tackle contemporary challenges in health economics.
Recommended Textbook
Understanding the Australian Health Care System 3rd Edition by Eileen Willis
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27 Chapters
282 Verified Questions
282 Flashcards
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Q1) The purpose of interprofessional practice is to deal with:
A)interprofessional education
B)issues of acute-care length of stay
C)issues of efficiency and productivity
D)the fragmentation of how health professionals work,particularly for those patients with chronic conditions
Answer: D
Q2) In Australia,control over health professions is exercised by the government through regulation.Professional regulation is controlled by which government agency?
A)The Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency
B)The Australian Medical Association
C)The Australian Association of Health Practitioners
D)The accrediting body of each profession
Answer: A
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Q1) Elective surgery is classified as:
A)surgery that is not medically necessary
B)surgery that is not medically required in the next 7 days
C)surgery that is not medically required in the next 30 days
D)surgery that is not medically required in the next 24 hours
Answer: D
Q2) The Australian public health insurance scheme Medicare funds which of the following health care services?
A)Visits to general practitioners
B)Medical treatment received in a private hospital
C)Visits to specialist medical practitioners
D)All of the above
Answer: D
Q3) Government health expenditure in Australia has been increasing at what rate per year over the past decade?
A)2.5%
B)6%
C)3%
D)5%
Answer: D
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Q1) Which of the following reflects the proportion of admitted-patient days for Australian hospitals?
A)Public hospitals account for almost twice as many admitted-patient days compared with private hospitals
B)Private hospitals account for almost twice as many admitted-patient days compared with public hospitals
C)Private hospitals and public hospitals account for approximately equal admitted-patient days
D)Public hospitals account for approximately ten times the admitted-patient days of private hospitals
Answer: A
Q2) Which state of Australia hosts the most private day hospital facilities?
A)Queensland
B)New South Wales
C)Victoria
D)South Australia
Answer: B
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Q1) The UK National Health Service (NHS)is predominately funded through:
A)out-of-pocket expenses
B)private insurance
C)social security
D)general taxation
Q2) The building blocks of a health system include:
A)service delivery and workforce
B)information and interventions (i.e.medical products and technologies)
C)health financing,leadership and governance
D)all of the above
Q3) Health systems are shifting from:
A)models that reward activity to those that reward value and effective patient care
B)models that focus on value to those that focus on volume
C)models that focus on specialist care
D)models that reward efficiency
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Q1) What document or legislation sets out the requirements for individuals,organisations,and governments and their agencies for the control of infectious diseases,the control of a range of risks to public health,and measures that must be taken to promote and protect health?
A)Public Health Mandate
B)Public Health Act
C)Public Health Strategy
D)Public Health Policy
Q2) What percentage of the Commonwealth allocation from the health budget does public health receive?
A)Public health receives almost all of this health budget allocation (approximately 92%)
B)Public health receives about half of the health budget allocation (approximately 52%)
C)Public health receives about one-third of the health budget allocation (approximately 32%)
D)Public health receives a very small percentage of the health budget allocation (approximately 2%)
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Q1) Which of the following statements best describes primary prevention?
A)Timely treatment to prevent the exacerbation or complication of disease or illness
B)The provision of housing,social support and safe environments
C)It includes screening and brief,opportunistic health education interventions
D)Rehabilitation to restore health to the optimum possible state for that person
Q2) A model of community-based health service delivery and a philosophy about equity and fairness best describes:
A)population health care
B)public health care
C)selective health care
D)primary health care
Q3) Which of the following are initiated and operated by local Aboriginal communities expressly to deliver holistic,comprehensive and culturally appropriate health care?
A)The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
B)The Primary Health Care Access Program
C)The National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation
D)Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations
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Q1) Which group is defined as allied health professionals?
A)Physiotherapists,dietitians,social workers,psychologists,occupational therapists
B)Gynaecological oncologists,paediatricians,psychiatrists,medical scientists
C)nurses,midwives,nursing assistants
D)General practitioners,practice nurses,nurse practitioners
Q2) While there is a shortage of some health professionals,the more pressing problem is:
A)the time it takes to train doctors for surgery
B)the limited scope of practice of nurses and physiotherapists
C)lack of Medicare reimbursement for nursing care
D)maldistribution of health professionals with lower numbers in outer metropolitan,regional and rural areas
Q3) The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW)defines the health care workforce as:
A)all those who work in the health care industry,including volunteers
B)professionals who work in the public,private and complementary health systems
C)only those who are accredited health professionals
D)only those who are registered through the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency
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Q1) The purpose of price disclosure is:
A)greater transparency through the government setting a known price for medicines to be sold by drug companies and purchased by pharmacies
B)to collect information on the price of medicines so that the government can get the best price for consumers
C)to save money - drug companies know that they have to sell cheaper medicines to pharmacies which consumers then purchase
D)to reduce drug company profits by having them charge a lower price for many previously more expensive medicines
Q2) In order to contain the cost of the PBS,the government can:
A)reduce drug prices,particularly those of generic medicines
B)reduce or alter the types of medicines prescribed by general practitioners
C)make consumers pay more for their medicines
D)all of the above
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Q1) Research suggests that user involvement and participation in decision-making promotes well-being and improves quality of life.The government has introduced a model of care promoting this,known as:
A)resident-centred care
B)home and community care
C)consumer-directed care
D)Best Care for all Australians
Q2) The experience of ageing impacts on aspects of life such as housing,income,health,relationships and social participation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Aged care reforms in the residential aged care sector in 2014 were substantial.Changes to levels of care have seen:
A)high and low care now referred to as residential aged care
B)segregation of high and low care residents
C)eradication of not-for-profit facilities
D)residential aged care being now only for the frail aged
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Q1) There are a number of dimensions that interact to facilitate access to health services.Among these dimensions,the term 'acceptability' means :
A)a service that meets the cultural and social needs of a client
B)knowing that a service is available
C)identifying that a service exists,can be used and can change health status
D)that a service is in a good geographical location
Q2) Which of the following examples of innovative Australian rural health service models is designed to meet communities' needs in diverse cultural and geographical settings?
A)e-health using telehealth systems and digital technology
B)mobile outreach services
C)integrated comprehensive primary health care services
D)all of the above
Q3) The Australian health workforce distribution:
A)is equal across Australia
B)is predominantly located in major cities
C)reflects the population distribution across Australia
D)b and c
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Q1) The key feature of Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services (ACCHSs)that ensures legal accountability is:
A)having close government scrutiny
B)being incorporated
C)having a doctor in charge
D)community control
Q2) The poor health of many Indigenous Australians today can largely be linked to:
A)a rejection of Western health care
B)the use of traditional medicines
C)the intergenerational impact of colonisation
D)not being interested in health
Q3) Apart from the health benefits of Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services (ACCHSs),they contribute significantly through:
A)providing a safe place to visit
B)taking patients from mainstream services
C)providing free transport
D)providing employment and economic benefits to Indigenous people
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Q1) Which of the following mental health policy initiatives are typical of new public management?
A)The use of private service providers
B)Competitive tendering for government funding for service delivery
C)Reliance on informal carers
D)All of the above
Q2) Which of the following factors contribute to the fragmentation of mental health services?
A)Increased use of private service providers
B)The dispersion of the population in rural and remote areas
C)Lack of cultural sensitivity by service providers
D)All of the above
Q3) 'Capacity' is one factor in the decision to commit a person to involuntary care.Capacity is best understood as the:
A)ability to make decisions regarding one's own health care
B)ability to undertake everyday tasks
C)willingness to take medications
D)potential for harm
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Q1) The National Disability Insurance Scheme aims to improve the lives of people living with disability because it:
A)reduces access to mainstream health and human services for people living with disability and promotes private services
B)discourages people living with disability from being service recipients.
C)supports mainstream health and human services to be accessible to a diverse range of people
D)gives as much control as possible over services to health and human services so that they can meet standards and manage health budgets as a priority
Q2) Interprofessional practice is a good idea in theory,but it is unlikely that having a range of health and human service providers collaborating rather than working within existing professional boundaries will alter outcomes for those needing services.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) The working environment and the injured worker's relationship with their employer are important social factors that influence recovery and return to work.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following workplace environment factors has been implicated in workers' recovery and return to work?
A)Being employed in a 'blue collar' occupation
B)Short job tenure (less than 2 years)
C)the level of supervisor support
D)all of the above
Q3) Return to work practices are,in general,detrimental towards recovery following a work-related injury or illness.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Health care services have one role in workers' compensation,which is to provide diagnostic,treatment and rehabilitation services to injured workers.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) Which of the following CAM practices are eligible for private health insurance rebates?
A)Western herbal medicine
B)Naturopathic medicine
C)Homoeopathic medicine
D)All of the above
Q2) In what year were national consultation workshops conducted to discuss whether existing consumer protection adequately protected those seeking the services of unregistered practitioners?
A)2015
B)1968
C)2011
D)2002
Q3) Which of the following features are common characteristics of CAM practice?
A)Treating the patient as an individual
B)A belief in the interconnectedness of mind,body and spirit
C)Approaching each consultation as a partnership between patient and practitioner
D)All of the above
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Q1) The dental and oral health workforces comprise registered roles with the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency and non-registered roles.Which of the following roles does not require registration?
A)Oral health therapist
B)Dental hygienist
C)Dental technician
D)Dental therapist
Q2) How are the majority of dental services delivered in Australia?
A)Through private dental practices,subsidised by the Commonwealth government
B)Through public health services funded by state governments
C)Through private dental practices under self-funded or self-insured arrangements
D)Through public health services funded by the Commonwealth government
Q3) How much of Australian dental services are funded by the Commonwealth government?
A)Approximately 86%
B)Approximately 56%
C)Approximately 26%
D)Approximately 16%
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Q1) What group was established to guide the orderly development of nursing specialties in Australia?
A)The Coalition of National Nursing and Midwifery Organisations
B)The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation
C)The Australian Nursing Council
D)The Australian Primary Health Care Nurses Association
Q2) Which of the following statements about enrolled nurses (ENs)is true?
A)ENs have completed a three-year Bachelor of Nursing program
B)ENs are responsible for patient assessments and decisions regarding the delegation of care and assessment
C)ENs can supervise aged-care workers or care assistants
D)ENs are usually educated to Australian Quality Framework level 6 or 7
Q3) 'Advanced clinical activities in an area of clinical nursing specialty with limited initiation and supply of medications under protocol.' This statement describes the scope of practice of which nursing role?
A)Enrolled nurse
B)Registered nurse
C)Advanced practice nurse
D)Nurse practitioner
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Q1) The introduction of the Bachelor of Midwifery (three-year program)commenced in Australia in:
A)2000
B)2001
C)2002
D)2003
Q2) Midwives have a responsibility to provide evidence of 20 hours of continuing professional development.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The National Maternity Services Plan was developed by:
A)local governments
B)the Commonwealth government
C)state governments
D)Australian health ministers
Q4) Health care reform in midwifery in Australia has been led by:
A)the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation
B)the Australian College of Health Professionals
C)the Australian College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
D)the Australian College of Midwives

Page 20
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Q1) If not transporting a person to hospital,an ambulance crew might choose which of the following options:
A)leave the patient at home for them to follow up with their GP
B)refer them to another specialist service such as acute mental health practitioners
C)refer them to HealthDirect (telephone advisory service)
D)all of the above
Q2) In modern times,pre-hospital care and transport has developed through:
A)evidence-based practice and research
B)conflict and wars,based on the system of prioritising who received medical treatment (triage)and methods of transportation (helicopters)
C)vocational training or an apprenticeship-style system
D)Volunteer actions and experiences
Q3) The practice and workplace of paramedics is increasingly becoming more hazardous due to:
A)falls,lifting and motor vehicle accidents
B)mental stress and fatigue
C)assaults from those affected by alcohol and other drugs
D)all of the above
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Q1) Private practice is an area of growth within the dietetics profession.How much of the total Dietitians Association of Australia (DAA)membership does this sector represent?
A)Approximately 30%
B)Approximately 45%
C)Approximately 69%
D)Approximately 75%
Q2) To become an accredited practicing dietitian (APD),a person must undertake which of the following training programs?
A)A two-year associate degree in nutrition and dietetics
B)A three-year Bachelor of Dietetics degree followed by a two-year Master's program
C)A four-year accredited degree followed by an accredited postgraduate qualification in nutrition and dietetics
D)A three-year Bachelor of Dietetics degree followed by a one-year Honours program
Q3) The terms 'nutritionist' and 'dietitian' can be used interchangeably.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) Physiotherapists are able to perform acupuncture and dry needling,which involves the penetration of the skin with a needle.They are not,however,able to administer medications via needles.The primary reason why physiotherapists are not allowed to perform this role is due to:
A)insufficient training in the use and administration of medications
B)state-based legislation that clearly states this is not a role physiotherapists are able to undertake
C)the lack of a community need as there are sufficient nurses and doctors available to perform this role
D)all of the above
Q2) An extended-scope physiotherapist (ESP)role is most definitively defined by which of the following?
A)Requires a formal training pathway
B)Requires a competency framework defined by the local health authority
C)Requires a change of legislation
D)Requires registration with the Australian Physiotherapy Association (APA)
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Q1) A six-year-old child has been living for the past four years in a refugee camp in Somalia.The camp has no schools or play equipment and she has few toys or possessions.The housing is a cramped single room with six family members sharing the space.These conditions are likely to contribute to:
A)occupational alienation
B)occupational deprivation
C)occupational justice
D)occupational science
Q2) Occupational rights include the right to:
A)experience meaning and enrichment in one's occupations
B)make choices and share decision-making in daily life
C)participate in a range of occupations for health,development and social inclusion
D)all the above
Q3) The first formal occupational therapy educational programs emerged around:
A)1855
B)1893
C)1914
D)1942
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Q1) In 2006,accredited exercise physiologists were approved to provide clinical exercise services for people with chronic medical conditions under which scheme?
A)Medicare Australia
B)Department of Veteran Affairs Support
C)Commonwealth Rehabilitation Service
D)Private Health Insurance Rebate Scheme
Q2) Accredited exercise physiologists (AEPs):
A)perform physiotherapy treatment on athletes and clinical populations
B)provide exercise interventions for individuals with chronic disease,disability or injury
C)diagnose musculoskeletal injury and then provide exercise rehabilitation
D)utilise manual therapy and electrostimulation in their practice
Q3) Optimal patient outcomes are likely to be best achieved through:
A)one allied health domain only
B)patients deciding on the best treatment
C)a multidisciplinary approach
D)general practitioner providing a complete service
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Q1) What are the potential implications of a speech and/or language impairment in a young child if the condition continues?
A)Impaired learning of spoken language
B)Impaired development of reading and writing
C)Impaired social relationships
D)All of the above
Q2) Limited access to primary health care has its greatest effects on which group in the community?
A)Urban communities
B)Remote Indigenous communities
C)People with hearing loss
D)Children
Q3) You see a two-year-old child who is understanding instructions and conversation.His speech is clear but he is only using a few single words to express himself.What is the most likely type of communication impairment he is experiencing?
A)receptive language impairment
B)expressive language impairment
C)speech impairment
D)all of the above
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Q1) The term used for the ways in which individuals and groups within an organisation get and use power or influence is:
A)political impact
B)political management
C)managerial politics
D)organisational politics
Q2) There are two major professional associations in Australia for health care managers.These are:
A)The Australian Medical Management Association and the Australasian College of Health Service Management
B)The Australasian College of Health Service Management and the Royal Australasian College of Medical Administrators
C)The Royal Australasian College of Medical Administrators and Health Care Management Services Australia
D)Health Care Management Services Australia and the Australian Medical Management Association
Q3) Ethical practice is the ability to correctly see a situation.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) Consider that a pharmacist notices that Rachel is not regularly collecting her prescribed medicines.Rachel explains that she wants to take them,but often forgets because there are so many to take and they need to be taken at different times.Which of the following strategies is most likely to help this patient to adhere to her medicines?
A)Explaining to her the benefits of taking each of the medicines
B)Reassuring her that her medicines are quite safe
C)Pointing out that lots of your patients take similar medicines
D)Providing her with a dose administration aid (DAA)
Q2) Medicines which must be sold within a pharmacy and supplied with the active participation of a pharmacist belong to which Schedule?
A)Schedule 2
B)Schedule 3
C)Schedule 4
D)Schedule 8
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Q1) In the 1950s,which organisation represented medical practitioners in Australia?
A)Medical Board of Australia
B)American Medical Association
C)British Medical Association
D)Australian Medical Association
Q2) What is the ratio of physicians to population in Australia?
A)1 per 1 000
B)3 per 1 000
C)6 per 1 000
D)10 per 1 000
Q3) Which of the following is not a role of the Medical Board of Australia?
A)To develop standards,codes and guidelines for the medical profession
B)To investigate notifications and complaints
C)To assess international medical graduates who wish to practise in Australia
D)Accreditation of medical schools
Q4) In Australia,a medical practitioner is defined as a person who has completed a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery.
A)True
B)False
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