Health and Human Development Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Health and Human Development explores the dynamic relationship between individual health and broader societal factors influencing wellbeing across the lifespan. The course examines physiological, psychological, and social dimensions of health, considering factors such as nutrition, lifestyle, community resources, and government policies. Students gain an understanding of how diverse environments, cultural practices, and healthcare systems affect human development from infancy through adulthood. Ethical considerations, challenges in public health, disease prevention, and contemporary issues such as mental health and global health trends are also analyzed, equipping students with the knowledge to critically assess and promote health at both personal and community levels.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Human Development A Life Span View 2nd Edition by Robert V. Kail
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Chapter 1: The Study of Human Development
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Q1) Which of the following are the two general designs used by human development researchers?
A) experimental studies and quasi-experimental studies
B) observational studies and self-report studies
C) case studies and self-report studies
D) correlational studies and experimental studies
Answer: D
Q2) When people in the United States watch television programs about children in other cultures, they are often surprised to find out that children from other countries often have very different skills and abilities than their own kids, even though they are the same age. This difference demonstrates the concept of
A) context-specific development.
B) universal development.
C) nomothetic development.
D) nature-based development.
Answer: A
Q3) A(n) _______________ variable in an experiment is the condition that is manipulated by the researcher.
Answer: independent
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Biological Foundations: Heredity, Prenatal
Development, and Birth
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Q1) Which of the following appears to be the most important in enhancing long-term outcomes for a small-for-date baby?
A) having a supportive and stimulating home environment
B) minimizing his/her exposure to environmental allergens
C) delaying vaccinations until after the child is two years of age
D) making sure that the child spends at least three weeks in an incubator
Answer: A
Q2) Which maternal characteristic is most strongly associated with giving birth to a baby with Down syndrome?
A) elevated lead in the mother's breast milk
B) consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
C) higher maternal age
D) maternal exposure to mercury by the baby immediately after birth
Answer: C
Q3) Genotype is to phenotype as
A) homozygous is to heterozygous.
B) nurture is to nature.
C) DNA is to RNA.
D) genetic pattern is to physical, behavioral, and psychological features.
Answer: D
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Tools for Exploring the World: Physical,
Perceptual, and Motor Development in Infancy and Early Childhood
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Q1) Conway is an angry, fearful, and shy infant and is not easily soothed. Conway would score high on Rothbart's ____ dimension of temperament.
A) effortful control
B) surgency/extroversion
C) introversion
D) negative affect
Answer: D
Q2) Wendell can tell that the trees on the mountain are very far away, because rather than being able to see individual trees and the spaces between them, he just perceives a big green patch. Which depth cue best describes this?
A) linear perspective
B) visual expansion
C) texture gradient
D) motion parallax
Answer: C
Q3) In experience-_______________ growth, the wiring of the brain is organized by experiences that are common to most humans.
Answer: expectant
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Chapter 4: The Emergence of Thought and Language:
Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood
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Q1) Collette is sitting with her young son Jim, and has placed five jellybeans in front of him. Jim starts to count the beans, and as he points to the beans says, "one, two, three!" He then looks up at Collette and smiles. Jim has not yet mastered the
A) stable-order principle.
B) one-to-one principle.
C) cardinality principle.
D) universality principle.
Q2) _______________ speech involves comments that are not intended for others but are designed to help children regulate their own behavior.
Q3) When a child, usually around six months of age, produces vowel-consonant combinations that approximate real speech, she is ____.
A) babbling
B) telegraphing
C) holophrasing
D) cooing
Q4) Parents are more effective than videos in teaching new words to their children.
A)True
B)False
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Entering the Social World: Socioemotional
Development in Infancy and Early Childhood
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Q1) Results from the Family Lifestyles Project indicate that children raised by counterculture parents are different from children raised by parents with more traditional values in that
A) they have few stereotypes regarding occupations.
B) they tend to have opposite-sex friends.
C) the boys enjoy reading and drawing.
D) the girls enjoy physical play.
Q2) At what age do children begin to understand that maleness and femaleness do not change over situations or according to personal wishes?
A) 3 years old
B) 5 years old
C) 7 years old
D) 9 years old
Q3) A full understanding of gender begins by understanding that gender does not change over time.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Joy, anger, fear, interest, disgust, distress, sadness, and surprise are considered to be _______________ emotions.
7
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Chapter 6: Off to School: Cognitive and Physical Development in Middle Childhood
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Q1) The National Association for Sport and Physical Fitness recommends that physical education classes focus on activities that can be sustained through adulthood, such as A) dodge ball.
B) pull-ups.
C) touch football.
D) walking.
Q2) Which statement about youth sports is true?
A) Participating in sports seems to significantly decrease involvement in delinquent behaviors.
B) When teens find a sport "stressful," they tend to compensate with greater effort.
C) The greatest benefit of involvement is found with coaches who rely heavily on criticism and punishment.
D) Sports involvement can provide children with the opportunity to improve social skills.
Q3) What used to be referred to as "mental retardation" is now more properly called ________________, and is marked by a deficit in intelligence quotient and problems adapting to one's environment.
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Chapter 7: Expanding Social Horizons: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood
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Q1) Young Matthew is growing up in a neighborhood where most of the families are similar to himself-white, Jewish, and middle class. His parents are happy that he has such exposure to others who share their religious and cultural backgrounds, but they are concerned that he will develop prejudice toward people who are different than himself. Which of the following tips would you give them to reduce this concern?
A) When it is time for him to go to school, consider schools where there is more diversity among the children. Exposure to others who are different tends to reduce prejudice.
B) Children do best when they are surrounded by people who are "like them," so that in the future they can better distinguish themselves from others and find their sense of belonging in their world.
C) Prejudice in children is a rarely-seen event, unless it is directly instructed by the parents. As long as you are not showing him prejudice, he won't learn it.
D) All children naturally develop prejudice, and they all naturally grow out of it. It doesn't have any negative outcomes, so relax.
Q2) _______________ instruction involves telling a child what to do, when to do it, and why it should be done.
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Chapter 8: Rites of Passage: Physical and Cognitive
Development in Adolescence
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Q1) Young Tiffany is just starting puberty, and there are several changes occurring in her body. Which of the following would be an example of change in a secondary sexual characteristic?
A) development of her ovaries
B) development of her breasts
C) development of her vagina
D) development of her uterus
Q2) Childhood and adolescent obesity is associated with a number of outcomes, including ____.
A) paradoxically improved fitness as an adult
B) increased risk of hypertension and diabetes
C) increased popularity
D) higher grade point averages
Q3) Anorexia _______________ and bulimia _______________ are both eating disorders that affect females quite a bit more often than males.
Q4) Anabolic steroids are chemically similar to the male hormone testosterone. A)True
B)False
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Q5) Children often rely on _______________, or "rules of thumb" to solve problems.
Chapter 9: Moving into the Adult Social World:
Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT identified by your authors as being a factor that is associated with an increased likelihood of drinking among teenagers?
A) having parents who have an occasional drink on holidays
B) having parents who drink as an important part of their social lives
C) having parents who are relatively uninvolved in their lives
D) having parents who set unreasonable or arbitrary standards for their teens
Q2) Who among the following would you most expect to become pregnant as an adolescent?
A) Tiara, an African American teen who has never had sex education
B) Thao, an Asian American teen who received comprehensive sex education
C) Myra, a European-American teen who has been trained as a peer sex-educator
D) Clair, a Hispanic teen who received comprehensive sex education
Q3) Adolescents with better _______________ functioning generally delay sexual activity until older ages.
Q4) The self-absorption that marks the teenage search for identity is referred to as adolescent _______________.
Q5) Adolescent females are more likely to describe their first sexual relationship as being with someone they _______________.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Becoming an Adult: Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development in Young Adulthood
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Q1) Which best describes the relationship between LDLs and HDLs?
A) LDLs break down HDLs
B) HDLs break down LDLs
C) LDLs transform into HDLs
D) HDLs transform into LDLs
Q2) If you want to have the best cholesterol levels, you should have a higher level of LDLs and a lower level of HDLs.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The average age at which a person gets married in the United States has ____ since 1970.
A) increased by almost seven years
B) decreased by four years
C) increased by five years
D) decreased by two years
Q4) Colleges define returning adult students as individuals over the age of 35 who attend college.
A)True
B)False
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Q5) Describe the concept of personal control beliefs, both primary and secondary.
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Chapter 11: Being With Others: Forming Relationships in Young and Middle Adulthood
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Q1) Why do your authors suggest that younger divorced people are less likely to remarry than older divorced people?
A) Because society has grown more accepting of cohabitation, so a second marriage may not feel necessary.
B) Because the "once bitten, twice shy" effect is more salient for younger people who have more to lose if a second marriage fails.
C) Because divorce usually leaves people financially devastated, and younger people may not be financially able to remarry anytime soon.
D) Because young people usually do not have children when they divorce, and thus they are more "embracing" of their recaptured freedom after a divorce.
Q2) Ole and Lena are a cohabitating couple in Norway, while Jack and Diane are a cohabitating couple in the United States. Cross-cultural research would predict that
A) Jack and Diane will be unlikely to ever marry.
B) Ole and Lena will believe that they are living in sin.
C) Ole and Lena will only marry if they have children.
D) Jack and Diane will be at significantly less risk for divorce should they marry.
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Chapter 12: Work: Occupational and Lifestyle Issues in Young and Middle Adulthood
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Q1) Charlie learns that her company is downsizing, and immediately becomes terribly worried that she is going to lose her job. In order to cope with this fear, she tells herself, "Well I've been thinking of having another child anyway, so if I lose my job it will really be okay." Charlie is using ____-focused coping to deal with her employment uncertainty. A) emotion
B) problem
C) solution
D) structure
Q2) Why is it that obsessive passion leads to difficulties in one's relationships?
A) Because it leads others in the person's life to feel continually criticized.
B) Because obsessive passion interferes with the mentor/protégé relationship.
C) Because the individual cannot disengage fully from thoughts about the specific activity for which they have the passion.
D) Because such passion prevents burnout, which in turn leads to very little "mental energy" being left for others in the person's life.
Q3) In 2009, the Lilly Ledbetter _______________ Act was signed into law to address the inequity between the salaries of women and men.
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Chapter 13: Making It in Midlife: The Unique Challenges of Middle Adulthood
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Q1) Darrelle knows that male pattern baldness runs in his family, and he watches his own hair closely for any signs of thinning. If he is going to start developing this condition, where should he expect to see the earliest signs of hair loss?
A) the sides of his head
B) the front of his head
C) the back of his head
D) the top of his head
Q2) _______________ intelligence refers to the broad range of skills related to how individuals shape, select, and adapt to their physical and social environments.
Q3) Middle-aged adults who are simultaneously responsible for caring for their elder parents and their younger children are sometimes referred to as the ____ generation.
A) helicopter
B) squeeze
C) sandwich
D) in-between
Q4) One function that grandparents serve relates to the _______________ dimension, which involves passing on family history to grandchildren.
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Chapter 14: The Personal Context of Later Life: Physical, Cognitive, and Mental Health Issues
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Q1) The most frequently used interventions to remediate the kinds of memory problems that older adults face are _____ interventions.
A) implicit-internal
B) explicit-external
C) explicit-internal
D) implicit-external
Q2) Because neurons do not physically touch each other, they must use ____ in order to communicate.
A) neurofibrillary tangles
B) neurotransmitters
C) telomeres
D) radicals
Q3) It is estimated that by the year 2030, 85% of older adults in the United States of America will have earned a high school diploma.
A)True
B)False
Q4) By the year 2040, it is expected that there will be over 300 million people over the age of 60 living in _______________.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Social Aspects of Later Life: Psychosocial,
Retirement, Relationship, and Societal Issues
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Q1) A(n) ________ living facility is a supportive living arrangement for people who need aid with their activities of daily living or instrumental activities of daily living, but who are not so impaired that they require 24-hour support and care.
A) senior
B) convalescent
C) supplemental
D) assisted
Q2) How many activities of daily living does a person have to need help with to be considered frail?
A) two or more
B) at least three
C) only two
D) only one
Q3) Describe the different types of elder abuse and neglect that are identified in the text.
Q4) Continuity represents an evolution, not a complete break with the past.
A)True
B)False
Q5) ________ is the most commonly reported form of elder abuse.
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Chapter 16: The Final Passage: Dying and Bereavement
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Q1) Harold has decided that he does not want to have his life prolonged by life-support machines should he ever become so injured or ill that he needs them. He decides to create a document where his wishes about life support and other treatments will be clearly stated. Harold is going to write a what is best described as a ____.
A) living will
B) fiscal proxy
C) Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) order
D) writ of habeas corpus
Q2) Grief is a passive process that one must simply wait to overcome.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ____ concerns the way in which we express the feelings that we have following a loss.
A) Grief
B) Mourning
C) Bereavement
D) Empathy
Q4) _______________ refers to the ways in which we express our grief following a loss.
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