Guidance and Counseling in Schools
Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
This course explores the fundamental principles and practices of guidance and counseling within school settings, emphasizing their critical role in supporting student development and well-being. Students will examine theories of guidance, counseling techniques, and the ethical responsibilities of school counselors. The course covers strategies for addressing academic, career, personal, and social challenges among diverse populations, as well as methods for designing and implementing effective guidance programs. Through case studies and practical exercises, learners will develop skills in communication, assessment, and intervention, preparing them to foster positive educational environments and support holistic student growth.
Recommended Textbook
Career Counseling A Holistic Approach 9th Edition by Vernon G. Zunker
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789 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: Historical Development and Some Basic Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) The smallest proportion of factory workers in all developed nations describes:
A)Germany
B)England
C)United States
D)China
Answer: C
Q2) Peter Drucker (2002) has given what term to the type of worker that will dominate the next society?
A)Consultants
B)High-tech experts
C)Knowledge workers
D)Knowledge outsourcers
Answer: C
Q3) Parson's outstanding contribution to the career counseling movement was his:
A)Conceptual framework for helping an individual select a career
B)Speech at the first national conference on vocational guidance
C)Method of measuring aptitudes for immigrants
D)Research on career development of children
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Theories of Career Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the advantages and disadvantages associated with the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling?
Answer: Major Points Advantages
Straightforward, easy for a counselor to explain and client to understand.It is the basis for many current theories.It provides an integrated role for assessment and counseling.Success and abilities are often related.Disadvantages It does not explore how the past has contributed to the present.It is too simplistic for current complex problems.It does not focus enough on other variables such as values, personality, and goals.
Q2) What is the centerpiece of Super's approach to vocational behavior?
A)Stages and Tasks theory
B)Self-concept theory
C)Performance model theory
D)Choice model theory
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: Career Counseling Models
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which one of the aforementioned models specifically mentions the use of job clubs as a part of job search strategies?
A)Developmental
B)A Learning Theory of Career Counseling
C)Cognitive Information Processing Model
D)A Multicultural Career Counseling Model for Ethnic Women
Answer: C
Q2) The assessment of human traits is a vital part of each career counseling model discussed in this chapter.Which career counseling model is considered to be the one that has influenced this trend?
A)Developmental
B)A Learning Theory of Career Counseling
C)Cognitive Information Processing Model
D)A Multicultural Career Counseling Model for Ethnic Women
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Integrating Career and Personal Counseling
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Sample Questions
Q1) The four domains within which the interrelationships of a client may be conceptualized or observed are:
A)career, biological, affective cognitive.
B)career, social, behavioral and affective.
C)career, affective, cognitive-behavioral and cultural.
D)career, cognitive, social and biological.
Q2) Describe the biopsychosocial model.
Q3) A recently widowed homemaker has come to your office to help her identify what career paths she should consider.She states that she needs to find a job that makes enough money to support herself and her two children.Identify questions, hypotheses and strategies for addressing this client from a "whole person" perspective.
Q4) The name of the model of development viewing behavior as being influenced by multidimensional forces is:
A)biopsychosocial model.
B)biophysic model.
C)sociocultural model.
D)psychosocial model.
Q5) Identify potential presenting problems that might emerge from career concerns.
Q6) Define the holistic approach and its rationale.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Career Counseling Intake Interview
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Sample Questions
Q1) Counselors are to clarify client problems by:
A)Not specifying the conclusions but stating them in general terms
B)Specific concrete terms
C)Delaying the discussion of intervention strategies
D)Several possibilities of the problems and needs
Q2) Somatization disorders are characterized by:
A)the individual believes that he or she has a physical defect that is apparent to everyone.
B)anxiety about a preoccupation with an imagined illness or serious physical condition that is nonexistent.
C)the client has a serious physical problem such as blindness or paralysis, but there is no apparent physical cause.
D)persistent complaints of multiple physical conditions that have no medical basis.
Q3) In what way may an "open" person be viewed by some cultures?
A)Being direct is always considered to be positive
B)Weak, untrustworthy and incapable of appropriate restraint
C)Always viewed as strong and trustworthy
D)Capable of restraint
Q4) Discuss the life roles to be examined in the career intake interview.
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Chapter 6: Using Standardized Tests and Self-Assessment in Career Counseling
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Sample Questions
Q1) When are assessments generally performed?
A)Mid-way during the counseling sessions
B)At the intake interview only
C)At the intake interview or follow-up
D)Only during the follow-up session
Q2) What reason is given for exercising caution when using standardized tests in America today?
A)Cultural diversity
B)Cultural homogeneity
C)Finances
D)Increase in population
Q3) What type of assessment has steadily increased during the last three decades?
A)Computer-assisted personal programs (CAPP)
B)Computer-assisted career guidance (CACG)
C)Independent career testing (ICT)
D)Interpretative instrumental testing (IIT)
Q4) Compare and contrast the purpose of content and criterion validity.
Q5) Briefly discuss why and how counselors use self-assessment procedures.
Page 8
Q6) List the types of achievement tests and discuss how each type may be used in career counseling.
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Page 9
Chapter 7: The Impact of New Technology on Work, Career Development, and Learning Platforms
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Sample Questions
Q1) A major concern of using the Internet as a counseling tool is:
A)Training of providers
B)Follow-up programs
C)Accessibility
D)Cost
Q2) Which center provides continuing support for the improved professional use of computer applications in counseling and career guidance?
A)The Center for the Study of Technology in Counseling and Career Development at Florida State University
B)The Center for the Study of Technology in Counseling and Career Development in New York
C)American College Testing Center
D)The Center of Computer-Assisted Career Guidance Systems
Q3) Kivlighan, Johnston, Hogan & Mauer (1994) used vocational identity to evaluate the effects of SIGI PLUS.Briefly discuss the findings in their study and what the relationship with CACGS is.
Q4) Briefly discuss the advantages of organizing career information and establishing a career resource center.
Q5) Discuss the implications of using computers in career counseling.
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Chapter 8: On Being an Ethical Career Counselor
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which association is cited as developing ethical issues, principles and standards (1997) pertinent to the career counselor?
A)National Career Guidance Association (NCGA)
B)National Career Development Association (NCDA)
C)American Psychological Association (APA)
D)American Counseling Association (ACA)
Q2) What are some suggestions by NCDA for using the Internet to provide career information?
Q3) Who has developed ethical codes that foster the use of assessment results?
A)ACA
B)NCA
C)APA
D)NCDA
Q4) Who suggested (2002) that in career counseling programs that use peer counselors, clients are to be informed of issues of confidentiality?
A)Brown
B)Welfel
C)Lenz
D)Zunker
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Chapter 9: Career Counseling for Multicultural Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare and contrast the difference between the terms etic and emic.
Q2) Which of the following statements about anxiety reactions is correct?
A)Anxiety symptoms are similar across cultures, but the expression of anxiety is culture-specific
B)Anxiety symptoms and expressions are significantly different across cultures
C)Anxiety symptoms are much more severe in Asian cultures
D)Anxiety symptoms are less severe in most cultures studied than they are in North America
Q3) What common background variable is given for Hispanic American women, even though they have migrated from many different countries?
A)Religion preference
B)Health
C)Skills
D)Education
Q4) Briefly discuss the significance of five skill areas developed for cultural competence counseling skills as listed: awareness and acceptance; self-awareness; dynamics of differences; knowledge of the client's culture; and adaptation of skills.
Q5) Briefly discuss the significance of worldviews in multicultural counseling.
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Chapter 10: Gender Issues and Dual Careers
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Sample Questions
Q1) Choose the correct statement.
A)Most researchers seem to agree that gender development is a continuing process during the life span
B)Gender development stops when you graduate from high school, tech school or college or even when and if you get married
C)Gender development is a continual process in which behavior is modified and reinforced by contextual and situational factors one experiences D)Both A and C
Q2) Flexible work policies designed to help parents include which of the following?
A)Telephone access is an organization's policy that permits parents to make personal calls to their children or receive them
B)Flexitime permits parents to choose arrival and departure times within a set range
C)Flexible work arrangements permit part-time work, job sharing, flex-place work (part of the day at home and part at the office), or telecommuting (work from home or satellite office)
D)All of the above
Q3) How does fear of femininity impact men's career development?
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Chapter 11: Career Counseling for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Clients
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement does not characterize sexual minority identity development?
A)Gradual process of discovery rather than a sudden awakening during childhood
B)Children sensing a feeling of being different
C)Periods of confusion might be followed by anxiety that usually takes years to resolve
D)Progress from one stage to another is usually orderly
Q2) How do attitudes toward sexual minorities generally differ between Asian and North American cultures?
A)American culture is more homophobic
B)Asian culture is more accepting of sexual minorities
C)American culture has mixed feelings about their rights
D)Asian culture is more homophobic
Q3) The onset of attraction to the same sex usually occurs during:
A)Early 20s
B)Adolescence
C)Mid 40s
D)Early childhood
Q4) Briefly describe examples of discrimination sexual minorities may experience in the workplace.
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Chapter 12: Career Counseling for Individuals With Disabilities
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Sample Questions
Q1) An Individualized Plan of Employment (IPE) contains aspects of action, excluding which of the following?
A)Vocational rehabilitation services
B)The counselor's employment dates
C)Objective criteria, evaluation procedures and schedules for determining whether the rehabilitation goal and intermediate objectives are being achieved
D)The rehabilitation goal and immediate rehabilitation objectives
Q2) Choose the correct statement.
A)Counselors may help clients with job interview preparation but do not help clients once they have entered the workplace
B)Counselors do not help clients with placement in the job market and are not involved with assisting in aspects of job interview preparation
C)Counselors do not engage in postemployment services by following clients' entry in the workplace
D)Counselors may help clients both with job placement and preparation, as well as offering postemployment services by following their work adjustment for a period of time
Q3) Identify and briefly discuss common problems of people with disabilities.
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Page 15
Chapter 13: Job Loss and Transitions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The CTI is an instrument used to evaluate dysfunctional thinking and is interpreted using what scales?
A)Verbal reasoning, numerical reasoning and space relations
B)Decision-making confusion, commitment anxiety and external conflict plus a total score
C)External conflict plus a total score only
D)Decision-making confusion only
Q2) What technique options are available for value needs clarification?
A)Assessment of values and needs through standardized inventories
B)Values clarification exercises, which may be accomplished in groups as well as in individual counseling programs
C)Self-estimates
D)Both A and B
Q3) Briefly describe the coping skills that clients may find helpful in addressing career transitions.
Q4) Briefly discuss procedures for assisting a client in developing a lifelong learning philosophy.
Q5) Describe and justify outplacement counseling programs by organizations.
Q6) Describe how some psychological effects of job loss can be very troublesome.
Page 16
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Chapter 14: Career Development and Transitions of Working Adults
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Q1) EPM is the abbreviation for what new innovation that is used by management to evaluate the productivity of workers online?
A)Electric performance management
B)Electric performance magnet
C)Electric performance monitoring
D)Easy performance monitoring
Q2) Compare the typical self concerns of workers during early, middle, and late career.
Q3) Describe the late career process.
Q4) Currently, training for skill and knowledge development is being advanced as self-directed continual learning development, through which of the following?
A)In-house computer-generated instruction
B)Coaching and mentoring
C)Internet-based delivery of self-managed resources
D)All of the above
Q5) Compare the typical concerns of people about self at early, middle, and late career stages.
Q6) Define bridge employment and discuss how it deals with older workers.
Q7) Briefly discuss and identify knowledge workers.
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Chapter 15: Career-Related Programs for Career
Development in Elementary Schools
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who stands out as pioneers in directing considerable attention to the developmental period of early childhood in their study of parent-child relations?
A)Roe and Roe and Lunneborg
B)Rowland and Shaffer
C)Goldenberg and Goldenberg
D)Mitchell and Krumboltz
Q2) A sample exercise whereby students identify one type of skill necessary for good schoolwork and then identify a job that requires a specific school subject is an example illustrating what process?
A)The stage prior to thinking logically or abstractly
B)Cultivating "schemes" through senses and motor activities
C)Making consistent generalizations
D)Encouraging and directing concrete experiences to promote increasingly abstract conceptual operations
Q3) Briefly discuss how the elementary school counselor focuses on the development of basic skills and their interrelationships with career development.
Q4) Discuss the implications for career guidance at the elementary level.
Q5) Briefly discuss the stages of observational learning.
Page 18
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Chapter 16: Career- Related Programs for Career Development in Middle School
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Sample Questions
Q1) One's ability to process career information during adolescence is characterized as:
A)Greatly improved but not near adult levels
B)Similar to adult-like levels
C)Somewhat improved
D)Not very different from that of elementary students
Q2) Define career infusion and give some specific examples.
Q3) Discuss the positive factors of resiliency in middle school.
Q4) According to the latest research on identity development of middle school students, it can be suggested that:
A)Changes in identity will be permanent when in high school
B)Identity is permanently established for the remainder of one's life span
C)There is little change in identity during adolescence
D)Identity involves a continuing process over the life span
Q5) The suggestion is made that counselors need to evaluate personal problems carefully in terms of what criteria?
A)Short-term consequences
B)Medium-term consequences
C)Long-term consequences
D)None of the above
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Chapter 17: Career-Related Programs for Career
Development in High School and Beyond
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Sample Questions
Q1) Through what means are counselors provided with goals and competencies from which they can develop group and individual counseling strategies for high school students?
A)National standards for school counselors developed by the ASCA (2003)
B)Standards set by the counselors themselves
C)Standards set by the individual schools
D)National standards compiled by students
Q2) The American School Counselor Association standards contain an overriding goal attached to employment readiness of high school graduates that is designed to prepare them for all of the following.Select the overriding goal.
A)Understanding the importance of accepting responsibility
B)Preparing a résumé to present to prospect employers
C)Understanding the employer's responsibility to workers
D)Learning how to act during an interview for a prospective job
Q3) High school is the time when students are to:
A)Take more independent actions
B)Choose work after graduation
C)Delay decision-making
D)Rely on the counselor to decide for them
Q4) Compare goals and related activities of intern and extern programs.
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