Group Processes Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Group Processes explores the psychological and social dynamics that emerge when individuals interact in groups. The course examines theories and research related to topics such as group formation, cohesion, roles, decision-making, leadership, conflict, and cooperation. Students will analyze how groups influence individual behavior and how factors like conformity, communication patterns, and groupthink shape outcomes in various settings, from workplaces to social movements. Through case studies and experiential activities, the course aims to develop a deeper understanding of the challenges and benefits of working in groups and strategies for effective group functioning.
Recommended Textbook Group Dynamics 7th Edition by
Donelson R. Forsyth
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17 Chapters
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Chapter 1: An Introduction to Group Dynamics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Although there is a minimum group size (four people),there is no limit to the maximum number within a group.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Entitativity is a group's perceived cohesiveness.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) In McGrath's theory of group tasks,a group of electricians installing the wiring of building under construction is engaged in a(n)___ task.
A)discussion
B)generating
C)choosing
D)negotiating
E)executing
Answer: E
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Studying Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is the best example of a multi-level analysis?
A)Studying not only the members of the group but also the group's leader.
B)Examining how different roles in the groups affect performance.
C)Studying how a norm influences the group as well as each member.
D)Studying how a group can function at an efficient level,but then move to an inefficient level.
E)A study that examines an individual's thoughts,feelings,and actions.
Answer: C
Q2) William Foote Whyte used covert observational measures to study corner gangs.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Hawthorne effects are less likely when researchers use covert observational methods.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Inclusion and Identity
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Q1) According to the sociometer model,self-esteem indicates the extent to which a person feels he or she is a person of worth.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) When individuals play the Ultimatum Game,they tend to keep 90% of the money and offer about 10% to their partners.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Communal relationships are typified by a concern for the group rather than personal gain.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) According to Leary,the opposite of maximum inclusion is total ambivalence.
A)True
B)False Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Formation
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Sample Questions
Q1) How are the needs for affiliation,intimacy,and power similar to-and different from-needs for inclusion,control and affection?
Q2) Groups provide emotional,technical,and approval support but are unable to provide instrumental support.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How does engaging in social comparison affect motivation and self-esteem? Provide examples for both upward and downward social comparison.
Q4) Gale prides herself on her athletic skills more so than her academic skills.According to self-evaluation maintenance theory,she will prefer to associate with A)athletes who are superior to her in terms of athletic ability.
B)physically attractive people.
C)students who get better grades than she does.
D)athletes who are better than she is both athletically and academically.
Q5) Homophily is a debilitating mental disorder that prevents individuals from joining or desiring to join groups.
A)True B)False
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Cohesion and Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following fits least well with the others?
A)collective effervescence
B)morale
C)esprit de corps
D)positive affective tone
E)collective efficacy
Q2) Which of the following statements is most accurate?
A)Cohesive groups do not perform any better than low cohesion groups.
B)The causal impact of cohesion on performance is greater than the causal impact of performance on cohesion.
C)The more interdependence required by a group task,the more cohesion increases productivity.
D)Cohesion tends to increase the variability of group members' productivity.
Q3) Open groups tend to be more cohesive than closed groups.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Why do many military groups spend time marching in formation?
Q5) Apply the multi-component concept of cohesion to these three types of groups: a group of friends,a family,and a sports team.
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Chapter 6: Structure
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Sample Questions
Q1) How could you use your knowledge of norms to reduce the amount of alcohol students consume on your campus?
Q2) Compare the roles typically seen in a small family (mother,father,son,daughter)to the roles often seen in small groups.
Q3) SYMLOG offers a comprehensive analysis of group structure based on variations in roles,status,and attraction.
A)True
B)False
Q4) ___ norms describe what people typically do;___ norms state what people should do.
A)Descriptive;expectational
B)Descriptive;injunctive
C)Prescriptive;proscriptive
D)Behavioral;preferential
E)Ought;should
Q5) In Benne and Sheat's typology, opinion giver,elaborator,and energizer are all examples of task roles.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Influence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which key ingredient to minority influence did the single holdout in the 12 Angry Men jury NOT demonstrate?
A)The juror consistently argued his position.
B)He offered strong evidence that supported his position.
C)He first conformed to the group before expressing his view (idiosyncrasy credits).
D)The juror managed to convert another group member early in the deliberations.
Q2) In the Asch experiment
A)subjects were seated in individual cubicles.
B)confederates conformed by giving the wrong answers on some trials.
C)the problems the group worked on had no one "right" answer.
D)subjects made their judgments anonymously.
Q3) If Bob decides to conform after seeing the group react negatively to another member diverging from the norm,Bob has succumbed to informational influence. A)True
B)False
Q4) Which source of group influence explains why we do not cut in line,interrupt others,or invade people's personal space? In what ways does this source of influence differ from the others?
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) A loud voice,interrupting others,and sitting at the head of the table are all examples of ____ behavior.
A)unfriendly
B)dominance
C)emotional
D)feminine
E)ineffective
Q2) Differences in power result when a person's experience of positive and negative outcomes depends on another who is not similarly dependent.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Milgram recorded the least obedience when
A)he replicated the study away from Yale (in downtown Bridgeport).
B)the shocks were being given to the experimenter who insisted he be released.
C)part of a group that refused to continue.
D)when the authority left the room.
E)when the victim complained of a heart condition.
Q4) Is there any truth to the expression "Power corrupts"?
Q5) Critique the Milgram studies on scientific and on ethical grounds.
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Chapter 9: Leadership
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Sample Questions
Q1) Because of the solo effect,single representatives of minority groups tend to be selected as group leaders.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The babble effect is the tendency to make simple ideas too complicated.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The theory of "leadership substitutes" argues that A)in some cases,leadership is unnecessary and/or unlikely. B)the need for a leader is influenced only by members' basic needs. C)groups should be organized so that leaders are unnecessary. D)groups work best when each member substitutes as the leader.
Q4) You want to become the leader of a group.Draw on research on leadership emergence to identify a set of strategies that you could use to increase your influence in a group.
Q5) Situational leadership theory incorporates the group's stage of development.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What conclusions can be drawn from Lewin,Lippitt,and White's study of directive,participatory,and laissez-faire leaders.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Performance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which conceptual distinction is most relevant to understanding social facilitation?
A)task vs.socioemotional
B)dominant vs.nondominant
C)internal vs.external
D)unitary vs.discretionary
Q2) Which of the following is NOT consistent with the collective effort model (CEM)of social loafing?
A)People will loaf less if they believe that can reach their goal.
B)People loaf less when they work on easy,unchallenging tasks.
C)If people believe that a poor performance will affect them personally,they don't loaf.
D)People who are committed to their group and its goals loaf less than people are more interested in pursuing individualistic goals.
Q3) Because of process loss,actual output rarely equals potential output.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Compare social compensation effects,as described by Karau and Williams in their studies of the collective effort model,to the Kohler effect.
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Chapter 11: Teams
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A)Quality circles declined in popularity because they were not properly designed and lacked institutional support.
B)Many problems with teams could be eliminated if members received proper training in working in teams.
C)According to Hackman,the only criterion that matters when evaluating teams is their overall productivity.
D)Several groups that are called "teams" do not qualify as true teams,so their failure is not an indication of the limitations of team approaches.
E)Training that focuses on improved coordination tends to be more effective than training that concentrates on improving communication among members.
Q2) According to the "romance of teams" concept,people prefer teams because they often trigger the development of romantic relationships among members.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Are men's teams more cohesive,and therefore stronger teams,than women's teams?
Q4) Compare a cross-functional team to a multiteam system.
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13
Chapter 12: Decision Making
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Sample Questions
Q1) Databases,search engines,communication tools,shared writing,and shared documents are tools used in ___ to help groups make better decisions.
A)electronic brainstorming (EBS)
B)group bulletin boards (GBBS)
C)social decision schemes (SDS)
D)computer aided decision making (CADM)
E)group decision support systems (GDSS)
Q2) You want your group to work harder toward its goals.Draw on Coch and French's (1948)research to describe how you will improve the group's work ethic and performance.
Q3) Cognitive representations pertaining to members,tasks,and procedures that members of a group have in common is the group's shared mental model.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Janis argues that groupthink occurs when
A)the leader fails to give sufficient guidance.
B)groups are highly cohesive.
C)the group is working on uninvolving tasks.
D)there is little or no pressure to produce a good solution.
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Chapter 13: Conflict
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare the negative effects of task and process conflict to the negative effects of personal conflict.
Q2) The group is discussing an important issue,and must choose between option A or option B.Which situation is the most likely to create the greatest level of conflict (hostility)in the group?
A)Bob and Ed like each other,but Bob prefers option A and Ed prefers option B.
B)Bob and Ed dislike each other,but both Bob and Ed prefer option B.
C)Bob and Ed dislike each other,and Bob prefers option A and Ed prefers option B.
D)Bob and Ed like each other,and both prefer option A.
Q3) Studies of students in ___ classrooms found that students worked harder,achieved higher grades,and communicated more frequently.
A)autocratic
B)individualistic
C)democratic
D)competitive
E)cooperative
Q4) Summarize the methods used and results obtained by Deutsch and Krauss in their "trucking game" experiment.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Intergroup Relations
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Sample Questions
Q1) The extended contact hypothesis argues conflict will be reduced only if the contact conditions last for a prolonged period.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Superordinate goals are goals designed by one group to dominate or exclude an outgroup.
A)True B)False
Q3) Which of the following statements is true?
A)Anthropologists have been unable to identify any tribes or societies that do not engage in intergroup conflict.
B)Fossil evidence indicates ancient human groups (tribes)cooperated with each other;conflict between groups was rare.
C)Conflict with outgroups is usually socially condemned,but considered a necessary evil.
D)The Yanomano were a uniquely violent culture.
E)Intergroup conflict,although not a human universal,is common across societies and eras.
Q4) Briefly describe the jigsaw technique.
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Chapter 15: Groups in Context
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Q1) Studies of the impact of noise on people indicate that
A)only very loud,punishing noise leads to any ill-effects.
B)people can cope with noise,but in time they begin to display ill-effects.
C)people are distracted by the noise,but it leads to no long term effects.
D)individuals seek out environments that are somewhat noisy,but not too noisy.
Q2) Compare and contrast personal space,group space,and territoriality.
Q3) The idea "the more,the merrier," is consistent with the ___ theory of crowding.
A)overload
B)stress-arousal
C)control
D)density-intensity
E)staffing
Q4) According to equilibrium theory,eye contact,topic intimacy,smiling must all be considered when making predictions about personal space needs.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Use the concept of ambience to describe your affective reaction to a classroom and describe how the features of the physical environment influence classroom dynamics.
Q6) Compare the concept of density to the concept of crowding.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Growth and Change
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Q1) Group interventions for disasters and traumas,such as process debriefings,are NOT always beneficial,particularly when they
A)are implemented immediately following the incident.
B)stress the disclosure of emotional reactions.
C)use standardized methods that ignore the unique characteristics of the affected individuals.
D)focus on providing information about available support services.
E)are conducted by mental health professionals.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of most support groups?
A)problem specific
B)emphasis on providing social,informational,and emotional support to fellow sufferers
C)autonomous and relatively independent
D)based on set of orienting principles that are endorsed by most members
E)members have little experience with the problem they face
Q3) Use Alcoholics Anonymous to illustrate the basic characteristics of a support group.
Q4) If you have a psychological problem,would you seek a group approach to treatment? Drawing on the empirical literature,explain why or why not.
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Chapter 17: Crowds and Collectives
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare and contrast the "crowd-as-mad" and "crowd-as-group" interpretations of crowd behavior.
Q2) Collectives tend to
A)be small,with less than 20 members.
B)form slowly rather than rapidly.
C)exist outside of traditional groups and social structures.
D)adopt norms that restrict members' behaviors.
E)clearly define who is in the group and who is not.
Q3) Individuals who join social movements are more likely experiencing fraternal deprivation rather than egoistic deprivation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the difference between a collective movement (such as a fad or trend)and a social movement?
Q5) Riots tend to be examples of intergroup behavior rather than just group behavior. A)True
B)False
Q6) List and briefly describe the defining features of collectives.
Q7) Compare Le Bon's contagion theory to a convergence theory of crowds.
Page 19
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