Group Dynamics
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Group Dynamics explores the psychological and social processes that occur within and between groups. The course examines theories and concepts related to group formation, structure, roles, communication, leadership, decision-making, conformity, cooperation, and conflict. Students will analyze how group membership influences individual behavior and attitudes, and develop skills for effective participation and facilitation of group activities in various professional and social contexts. Through experiential exercises, case studies, and research-based discussions, participants will gain a deeper understanding of how groups function and how to enhance group effectiveness.
Recommended Textbook
Social Psychology 9th Edition by Elliot Aronson
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Chapter 1: Introducing Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Amber and Jules are friends but differ in how neat they keep their rooms.According to personality psychologists, the distinction between the friends can be referred to as a(n)
A) hypothesis.
B) social influence.
C) direct persuasion attempt.
D) individual difference.
Answer: D
Q2) Jordan's lover of four years just left him.He is hurt, angry, and confused, and says to himself, "He never did understand my need for independence." This explanation for the break-up best reflects which human motive?
A) protecting one's self-esteem
B) sacrificing happiness in the interest of accuracy
C) deserting reality under stress
D) justifying our suffering
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) How is a field experiment similar to a lab experiment? Both involve A) random selection.
B) high internal validity.
C) manipulation of an independent variable.
D) control of extraneous variables.
Answer: C
Q2) A cover story is
A) the result of experimental findings of interest to the media.
B) a "false" description of the purposes of a study.
C) an explanation provided to participants when the study is over.
D) a way to make sure that an experiment is ethical.
Answer: B
Q3) All of the following are limits on observational research except A) the coding of the data by judges is always low in reliability.
B) many behaviors of interest occur only in private.
C) researchers using archival data are dependent on the original creators of the archive.
D) the sample being observed tends to be limited to just one group of people, one activity, and one setting.
Answer: A
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Social Cognition: How We Think About the Social World
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Sample Questions
Q1) The self-fulfilling prophecy occurs because we often A) work to revise our schemas when necessary.
B) act based on our schemas.
C) distort our perception of reality to support our schemas.
D) abandon our schemas when we're under pressure.
Answer: B
Q2) You were supposed to make an important presentation at work, but you overslept, the bus was late, and you missed the meeting.If you are able to generate many ways in which to "undo" this terrible outcome, you will experience ________ emotional reaction.
A) no
B) a mild
C) a strong
D) an unclear
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Social Perception: How We Come to Understand
Other People
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Q1) On a visit to Australia, then-president George H.W.Bush offended the Australians when he flashed the two-fingered "peace sign" to a crowd.This is an example of how the use of ________, which vary from culture to culture, may lead to confusion or conflict if used outside of the user's culture.
A) emblems
B) display rules
C) political gaffe
D) paralanguage
Q2) Recall that Roesch and Amirkham (1997) studied attributions for success and failure in athletes.Based on their findings, which of the following athletes would be most likely to make an external attribution for losing?
A) John, a tennis player new to the professional circuit
B) Joe, a ten-year veteran of the San Francisco 49ers football team
C) Karim, a rookie (i.e., new player) on an NBA basketball team
D) Wayne, a hockey player whose skills have deteriorated due to injuries
Q3) Recall the cross-cultural differences in the self-serving bias between Eastern and Western cultures.Describe the differences, and provide an example of how someone in China might attribute a failure compared to someone from Canada.
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Chapter 5: The Self: Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context
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Sample Questions
Q1) Researchers briefly anesthetized chimpanzees and painted an odorless red dye on their heads.When they awoke and looked in the mirror, the chimps immediately reached to touch their brows and ears where the dye was.These findings suggest that chimps
A) develop a sense of self-recognition comparable to that of two-year-old humans.
B) have a complex, multifaceted sense of self.
C) are capable of developing a sense of self-esteem.
D) possess a self-concept much like a human's.
Q2) Charles is motivated to see himself accurately.What kind of social comparison is he most likely to make?
A)He will make an upward comparison.
B)He will make a downward comparison.
C)He will compare himself to people with a similar background to his own.
D)He will not use social comparison; rather, he will use introspection.
Q3) There is evidence that suggests that there are cultural differences in how people view themselves.Describe, using an example, how people from collectivist cultures tend to view themselves, and how people from individualist cultures tend to view themselves.
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Chapter 6: The Need to Justify Our Actions: the Costs and
Benefits of Dissonance Reduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mariah has had a hard semester, and her grades have suffered.She really needs a good grade in psychology to get off academic probation and stay in school.On the next psychology exam, Mariah is sorely tempted to cheat, but she decides not to.Which of the following pairs of cognitions best reflects the source of any dissonance Mariah might experience while deciding not to cheat?
A) "My school life could be over"; "I just gave up a chance to help myself."
B) "I'm basically a decent, honest person"; "These exam questions are ambiguous and tricky."
C) "I'm a basically an honest person"; "I've never seen any of my friends cheat."
D) "So much is riding on this exam"; "I just know that if I try it, I'll get caught."
Q2) ________ is to dissonance-induced attitude change as ________ is to no attitude change.
A) Counterattitudinal advocacy; internal justification
B) External justification; internal justification
C) Internal justification; counterattitudinal advocacy
D) Internal justification; external justification.
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Chapter 7: Attitudes and Attitude Change: Influencing
Thoughts and Feelings
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Q1) Based on research by Briñol and Petty (2003) in which participants were presented strong or weak arguments on an issue while they were either shaking their heads or nodding their heads, which of the following people would be most persuaded by an argument?
A) Jack, who hears a weak argument
B) Sam, who hears a strong argument
C) Nick, who is very confident in the argument
D) Al, who is not very confident in the argument he hears
Q2) Researchers provided participants with audiotapes that contained subliminal messages to improve memory or to raise self-esteem.After participants had listened to the tapes, the researchers assessed their memory or self-esteem.Greenwald and his colleagues found that the subliminal messages
A) worked, and people correctly thought that they did.
B) worked, but people were skeptical about their success.
C) did not work, but people thought that they did.
D) did not work, and people were correctly skeptical.
Q3) In general, what is an attitude? Provide an example of an attitude toward some person or thing, and identify the affective, cognitive, and behavioral components of that attitude.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Conformity: Influencing Behavior
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Q1) Solomon Asch (1951, 1956) embarked on a series of studies in which participants were asked to estimate the lengths of lines that clearly differed in length.Asch originally undertook these experiments to
A) systematically replicate the earlier "autokinetic effect" studies of Muzafer Sherif, using different ambiguous stimuli.
B) demonstrate that in ambiguous situations, people would rather be "liked" than "right."
C) show that in unambiguous situations, people will behave in reasonable, rational ways. D) challenge the prevailing view that humans are inherently motivated to be accurate in their perceptions.
Q2) If you wanted to resist an influence attempt, social impact theory (Latané, 1981) suggests that you should
A) increase the distance between yourself and the group.
B) repeatedly think about how important the group is to your life.
C) spend as much time as possible with the group.
D) ensure that the group is unanimous.
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Chapter 9: Group Processes: Influence in Social Groups
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Q1) A(n) ________ leader is primarily concerned with workers' feelings and relationships with one another.
A) collectivistic
B) contingency
C) emotion-oriented
D) relationship-oriented
Q2) All things being equal, ________ from ________ cultures would be most likely to engage in social loafing.
A) women; Western
B) men; Western
C) women; Asian
D) men; Asian
Q3) The idea that people have an innate need to belong to groups is consistent with the finding that people in all cultures
A) spend 90 percent of their time with other people.
B) spend more time thinking about others than themselves.
C) are motivated to form relationships with others.
D) seek to include everyone they meet.
Q4) Compare and contrast deindividuation and social loafing.
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Chapter 10: Interpersonal Attraction: From First Impressions to Close Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ainsworth and her colleagues (1978) identified three basic attachment styles, which they termed
A) anxious/ambivalent; avoidant; insecure.
B) anxious; avoidant; ambivalent.
C) secure; ambivalent; anxious/avoidant.
D) secure; avoidant; anxious/ambivalent.
Q2) Researchers (Kubitscheck & Hallinan, 1998) studied the influence of tracking (grouping students by academic ability) on friendship formation.They discovered that tracking fostered ________, which in turn increased the ________ of students "tracked" together.
A) communication; equity
B) propinquity; similarity
C) reciprocal liking; propinquity
D) social exchange; reciprocal liking
Q3) When people are asked to rate the attractiveness of faces, the faces that they most prefer
A) have the fewest blemishes.
B) most resemble those of their current romantic partners.
C) most differ from their own.
D) most resemble their own.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help
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Sample Questions
Q1) A woman has just been in a car accident and needs someone to get her out of her car.A man has AIDS and needs someone to take him to the hospital for ongoing treatments.According to the research on gender differences in prosocial behavior, which of the following is most likely to be true?
A) John is more likely to help the woman; Karen is more likely to help the man.
B) John is more likely to help the man; Karen is more likely to help the woman.
C) John is more likely to help both the man and the woman.
D) John and Karen are equally likely to help both the woman and the man.
Q2) If you were an employer who wanted to increase volunteerism among your employees, what strategy would you employ in order to increase the chances that the employees would continue to volunteer in the future?
A) Make volunteerism of some sort a requirement for promotion.
B) Make volunteerism to a specific organization required.
C) Encourage volunteerism while preserving employees' free choice to volunteer or not.
D) Make no mention of the value of volunteerism whatsoever.
Q3) How do evolutionary psychologists use the concepts of kin selection and the reciprocity norm to explain human prosocial behavior?
Q4) Discuss the role of media in helping.
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Chapter 12: Aggression: Why Do We Hurt Other People Can
We Prevent It
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Q1) Anger control through "active enabling" might involve which of the following?
A) pounding on pillows to let off steam
B) taking a deep breath and counting to ten
C) watching a boxing match
D) playing a "target practice" video game
Q2) Citizens are outraged at an unpopular government policy, and in many parts of the country they have taken to the streets to protest.Results of research on the "long, hot summer" would lead you to predict that in the ________ would be LEAST likely to fill the streets in protest.
A) winter, residents of Minneapolis, Minnesota
B) fall, residents of Houston, Texas
C) summer, residents of Chicago, Illinois
D) winter, residents of Atlanta, Georgia
Q3) Based on research on the idea of catharsis, what is the bottom line-does catharsis work to reduce aggression?
A)Yes, it is the most effective means of reducing aggression.
B)Yes, it can reduce aggression.
C)No, it does not reduce aggression in children, only adults.
D)No, it actually makes people more aggressive.
Q4) Explain the nature of the gender differences in aggression in humans.
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Chapter 13: Prejudice: Causes Consequences and Cures
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Sample Questions
Q1) When we have unwittingly caused our stereotypic expectations to be confirmed by an out-group member's behavior, we have actually created a(n)
A) self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) minimal group bias.
D) expectations relapse.
Q2) Although psychologists usually refer to stereotypes only in a ________ sense, it is possible for a person to have a ________ stereotype about a particular group.
A) benign; destructive
B) positive; negative
C) negative; positive
D) specific; diffuse
Q3) The idea that prejudice can be reduced by interacting with members of an out-group is called the
A) interactional theory.
B) mere exposure paradigm.
C) contact hypothesis.
D) interpersonal model.
Q4) What is stereotype threat, why does it arise, and what are the consequences?
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Chapter 14: Making a Difference With Social Psychology: Attaining a Sustainable Future
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Q1) What are the two reasons your text discusses as to why working toward a goal makes people happier? Working toward a goal
A) can lead to flow and make it difficult to think of anything but the goal.
B) is often related to making more money and attracting more friends.
C) usually pays off monetarily and earns a person more prestige.
D) challenges a person to think critically and usually leads to monetary gains.
Q2) Recall that Kurt Lewin (1947) asserted that the best way to ensure large, widespread social change is to remove small barriers.How has this idea been used to encourage recycling?
Q3) Describe the three controllable things in a person's life that can lead to greater happiness and explain why these things lead to greater happiness.
Q4) Based on what the authors of your text report, what is something to strive for in the future that would increase your happiness?
A) a higher-paying job
B) a new BMW
C) a physically attractive spouse/romantic partner
D) satisfying social relationships
Q5) What is the role of money in determining how happy a person will be?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Social Psychology and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research summarized in your textbook suggests that a sense of control is more valued in ________ cultures.
A) Western
B) collectivist
C) East Asian
D) industrialized
Q2) Recall that a nursing home director in Connecticut cooperated with researchers Langer and Rodin (1976).To some residents he gave a speech that included such statements as "You have the responsibility of caring for yourselves, of deciding whether or not you want to make this a home...." and "You should be deciding how you want your rooms to be arranged...how you want to spend your time...." To others he said that there would be movie nights and plants for them that the nurses would care for.The researchers then kept track of health problems and deaths of all the residents.What was the independent variable of this research?
A) the health of the residents
B) the control they were given
C) the nurses who took care of the plants
D) the movies that residents attended
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Chapter 16: Social Psychology and the Law
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Sample Questions
Q1) The own-race bias refers to the finding that
A) jurors are unlikely to convict a member of their own race.
B) people are better at recognizing faces from members of their own race.
C) crime rates are lower in neighborhoods in which same-race police patrol.
D) lawyers are more successful in defending people of their own race.
Q2) When a crime happens quickly and under poor viewing conditions, what stage of memory processing is most likely to be hindered?
A) acquisition
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) reconstruction
Q3) Arla is a 30-something, white female who works in an office downtown.She saw a pizza delivery person being beaten for his pizza and cash.Based on the own-race bias, she will be most accurate in recognizing the culprit if the suspect is A) Hispanic.
B) African American.
C) female.
D) 30-something.
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