Graduate Seminar in Nursing Research
Final Exam
Course Introduction
This course offers an in-depth exploration of advanced methodologies and current trends in nursing research, emphasizing the development of critical appraisal skills and scholarly inquiry. Students will engage in rigorous analysis of contemporary literature, design and critique research proposals, and discuss ethical and practical considerations specific to nursing science. Through seminars and collaborative projects, participants will enhance their abilities to synthesize evidence, apply theoretical frameworks, and contribute to the evolution of nursing practice and patient care through high-quality research.
Recommended Textbook
Nursing Research 8th Edition by Geri
LoBiondoWood
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Integrating Research, Evidence-Based Practice, and Quality Improvement Processes
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Q1) The nurse is analyzing a research article. To determine if an integrative review was performed as part of the study, the nurse must understand that this type of review is what?
A) A summary of research studies on a focused topic that used a specific statistical Methodology
B) A synthesis of the research and theoretical literature on a specific area without a Statistical analysis
C) A synthesis of qualitative articles on a focused topic using a specific qualitative Methodology
D) A summary of articles in an attempt to develop a clinical practice statement or Clinical guidelines
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
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Q1) How is a hypothesis related to a theory?
A) Hypotheses can be developed in the absence of a theoretical framework.
B) Hypotheses must be consistent with an existing theoretical framework.
C) A theory can determine the validity of a hypothesis.
D) A theory can be used to evaluate the merit of a hypothesis.
Answer: B
Q2) A nurse has defined the research question as, "How does oral nutritional supplementation during dialysis treatments affect the serum albumin levels of adult patients who have chronic kidney disease Stage 5?" In this question, what is the independent variable?
A) Adult patients with chronic kidney disease Stage 5
B) Oral nutritional supplementation
C) During dialysis treatments
D) Serum albumin levels
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Gathering and Appraising the Literature
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Q1) Which is an example of a \(\bold{secondary}\) source in a literature review?
A) An oral history of a nurse researcher
B) An investigator's report of a research study
C) A summary and critique of another's scholarly work
D) An autobiography of a developer of a nursing theory
Answer: C
Q2) A nurse is encouraged to use a Boolean operator to more efficiently perform an electronic search of the literature. The nurse should understand that a Boolean operator is what?
A) A specialized reference librarian who can assist in searches of electronic medical and nursing databases
B) A software program that enables combinations of permissions and restrictions for a database search
C) A definition of the relationship between words or groups of words in a literature search such as "and"
D) A clinical query that can be performed to focus on a particular clinical issue or practice question
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Theoretical Frameworks for Research
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Q1) Which research report title suggests that theory was used as the framework for the study, rather than being generated as the outcome of the study?
A) The experiences of nurse practitioners providing health care to the homeless (Seilor, A.J. & Moss, V.A., 2012)
B) A transformative decision-making process for mammography screening among rural, low-income women (Purtzer, M.S., 2012)
C) A randomized, clinical trial of education or motivational-interviewing-based coaching compared to usual care to improve cancer pain management (Thomas, M.L., et al., 2012)
D) Older adults' perceptions of feeling safe in an intensive care unit (Lasiter, S., 2011)
Q2) In which way are theory and practice interrelated for the hospital-based nurse researcher?
A) Practice is the operational definition of theory.
B) Practice provides the opportunity to test theory.
C) Theory provides the evidence on which practice is based.
D) Theory generates questions that are used to refine practice.
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Qualitative Research
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Q1) An older adult's description of pain, including descriptors, attributed causes, and what constitutes good care during a painful episode, would be an example of which category of qualitative findings?
A) Restricted by a priori frameworks
B) Descriptive categories
C) Shared pathway or meaning
D) Depiction of experiential variation
Q2) The findings of a qualitative research study describe the main essence of an experience but also show how the experience varies, depending on the individual or context. These results fall into which of Kearney's categories of qualitative research findings?
A) Restricted by a priori frameworks
B) Descriptive categories
C) Shared pathway or meaning
D) Description of experiential variation
Q3) Which description is typical of a qualitative research study?
A) Deductive reasoning is used.
B) Truth is a subject's perception of reality.
C) Sample size is determined before the study begins.
D) One or more variables are measured in a context-free setting.
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Chapter 6: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) What criterion of scientific rigor for qualitative research is met when the research report leads the reader from the research question and raw data through the steps of analysis and interpretation of the data?
A) Confirmability
B) Auditability
C) Fittingness
D) Credibility
Q2) What similarities exist between grounded theory and ethnographic studies? (Select all that apply.)
A) Participants are observed in natural settings.
B) Researchers immerse themselves in the culture of study participants.
C) Researchers bracket their personal opinions and biases during the study.
D) Data gathering and data analysis occur simultaneously.
E) Techniques for data collection can change as the study progresses.
Q3) Which title suggests an ethnographic study?
A) The phenomenon of breast self-examination among African American women
B) The lived experience of breast cancer in postmenopausal women
C) The need for culturally sensitive cancer prevention patient education materials
D) The challenge of retaining femininity after mastectomy
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Chapter 7: Appraising Qualitative Research
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Q1) Which of the following elements would the nurse expect to see in a report of a grounded theory study? (Select all that apply).
A) Hypotheses
B) Independent variable
C) Themes
D) Basic social psychological process
E) Statistical procedures
F) Participant quotes
G) Purposive sample
Q2) One outcome of collecting evidence about a phenomenon of interest in a qualitative research study may be what?
A) Triangulation
B) Participant cross-checking
C) Metasynthesis
D) Instrument development
Q3) Qualitative research is designed to describe what?
A) Results of hypothesis testing
B) Definitive conclusions to research questions
C) Insiders' views of a human phenomenon
D) Findings derived from a large, randomly selected sample
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Chapter 8: Introduction to Quantitative Research
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Q1) A nursing student is reviewing a research study in which researchers used a pretest/posttest design to examine the effect of an AIDS education intervention on teenagers' knowledge about the condition over a school year. What threats to internal validity could be present? (Select all that apply.)
A) Maturation
B) Selection effects
C) Reactivity
D) Hawthorne effect
E) Testing
Q2) The nurse researcher designed a study examining anxiety among elementary school children. If a widely publicized murder of a child occurred in the city during the time frame of the study, what type of threat to internal validity would the murder represent?
A) Maturation
B) Instrumentation
C) Selection bias
D) Historical
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Chapter 9: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs
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Q1) An after-only nonequivalent control group design would be appropriate to study which of these research questions?
A) What is the effect of the cause of spousal death on widows' self-esteem?
B) What is the effect of preoperative teaching on vascular complications after orthopedic surgery?
C) What is the effect of a mentorship program on improvement of students' clinical performance in a baccalaureate nursing program?
D) What is the effect of a videotaped teaching method on knowledge of adolescent males about the warning signs of testicular cancer?
Q2) Which of these research designs could be classified as quasi-experimental? (Select all that apply.)
A) Solomon four-group design
B) After-only design
C) Nonequivalent control group design
D) After-only nonequivalent control-group design
E) One-group pretest-posttest design
F) True experimental pretest-posttest group design
G) Time series design
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Chapter 10: Nonexperimental Designs
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Q1) Why would a nurse researcher choose to use a correlational design for a nonexperimental study?
A) It represents an efficient and effective method of collecting a large amount of data about a problem.
B) Many questionnaires and instruments are already developed and have been determined to be valid and reliable.
C) Generalizability is greater than for results of studies using experimental designs.
D) It allows flexibility in the manipulation of more than one variable.
Q2) The longitudinal study and the prospective study are similar for which reason?
A) Each moves forward in time.
B) Each has an experimental focus.
C) Each is able to establish causal relationships.
D) Each selects different samples from the same population at various periods of time.
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Chapter 11: Systematic Reviews and Clinical Practice Guidelines
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Q1) ___ abstract
Q2) What terms means a summation and assessment of research studies found in the literature based on a clearly focused question?
A) Meta-analysis
B) Systematic review
C) Cochrane collaboration
D) Integrative review
Q3) ___ background of the question
Q4) ___ objectives of the search
Q5) Which are methods for searching and integrating the literature related to a specific clinical issue? (Select all that apply.)
A) Meta-analysis
B) Systematic review
C) Cochrane collaboration
D) Integrative review
Q6) ___ discussion
Q7) ___ authors and contact person
Q8) ___ type of studies reviewed
Q9) ___ search methods for finding studies Page 13
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Page 14
Chapter 12: Sampling
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Q1) A nurse researcher has made a generalization on the basis of the experience of a small number of participants. What will the result of this be?
A) The small sample will invalidate the hypotheses.
B) The researcher will be unable to eliminate his or her bias.
C) The data obtained from a small number will inadequately represent the phenomenon.
D) The small number of participants will increase the threat to internal validity influenced by history.
Q2) How should a nurse researcher expect a sample to differ from a population?
A) A sample can mean objects or events, whereas population refers to individuals or groups of people.
B) A population has a broad set of defining characteristics, and a sample has a narrow set of defining characteristics.
C) A population is a representative segment of a defined sample.
D) A sample is a representative segment of a defined population.
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15
Chapter 13: Legal and Ethical Issues
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Q1) Which statement regarding informed consent is most accurate?
A) Informed consent needs to be sought only if the risks outweigh the benefits.
B) Informed consent is required if there are physical risks but not if there are psychological risks.
C) Researchers must obtain voluntary participation of subjects after informing them of possible risks and benefits.
D) A researcher is not obligated to seek informed consent if the details of the study could upset the subject and potentially affect the study outcome.
Q2) What is the ethical principle that is violated if doctors inject aged and senile patients with their cancer cells to study their rejection responses?
A) Justice
B) Beneficence
C) Confidentiality
D) Respect for persons
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Chapter 14: Data Collection Methods
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Q1) Which data collection method is most vulnerable to researcher bias?
A) Questionnaires
B) Available data
C) Observation methods
D) Physiologic measurement
Q2) What should the nurse researcher expect to be the difference between data collection for patient care and data collection for the purposes of research?
A) For patient care, data are obtained from the patient and medical record; for research, data are obtained only from the patient.
B) Data collection for research may include direct patient quotations; in patient care, recording of direct quotations is avoided.
C) During research data collection, there is no direct interaction between the nurse and the patient.
D) Data collection for research purposes must be objective and systematic.
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Chapter 15: Reliability and Validity
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Q1) What is the significance of concurrent validity to a nurse researcher?
A) The degree of correlation between the measure of the concept and some future measure of the same concept
B) The degree of correlation of two measures of the same concept administered at the same time
C) The extent to which a test measures a theoretical construct or trait
D) The representativeness of the items to measure a specific concept
Q2) Which measures used to test reliability are specific for equivalence? (Select all that apply.)
A) Test-retest reliability
B) Item-to-total correlation
C) Parallel or alternate form
D) Split-half reliability
E) Kuder-Richardson coefficient
F) Cronbach's alpha
G) Interrater reliability
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18
Chapter 16: Data Analysis: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
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Q1) The nurse researcher is interested in having the greatest flexibility possible in choosing statistical procedures. The level of measurement used to achieve this is what?
A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio
Q2) Which characteristic is an essential criterion for categorizing an object, event, or fact as nominal level data? (Select all that apply.)
A) The degree of the characteristic must be positively related to the number assigned.
B) Rank orders must be calculated for meaningful interpretation.
C) Categories must be mutually exclusive.
D) Category ranges cannot overlap.
Q3) Which term represents the most frequent score in a frequency distribution?
A) Mean
B) Mode
C) Median
D) Percentile
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Page 19
Chapter 17: Understanding Research Findings
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Q1) Which section of the report allows the nurse researcher to determine if data collection was consistent?
A) Results
B) Discussion
C) Literature review
D) Methods
Q2) Which section of the report allows a nurse researcher to review the descriptive and inferential statistics for each hypothesis or research question?
A) Results
B) Discussion
C) Literature review
D) Methods
Q3) In which section of the report does the nurse researcher address supported and unsupported data?
A) Results
B) Discussion
C) Literature review
D) Methods
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Chapter 18: Appraising Quantitative Research
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Q1) A nursing student is critiquing a research study on the effects of test anxiety reduction and a review course on National Council Licensure Examination-Registered Nurse (NCLEX-RN) success rates of graduate nurses. The student notes several threats to internal validity. These threats affect the accuracy of which variables? (Select all that apply.)
A) NCLEX success rates
B) Test anxiety reduction
C) Graduate nurses
D) Review course
E) Type of nursing program
Q2) A nurse researcher is critically appraising a research report and asks the question "What provision is made for maintaining accuracy of the instrument and its use, if any?" Which data-collection methods and procedures would this question evaluate?
A) Physiologic measurement
B) Questionnaires
C) Available data records
D) Observation
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Chapter 19: Strategies and Tools for Developing an
Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) A nurse researcher critiquing a research study notes that a confidence interval (CI) is too large for a new therapy to be clinically meaningful. What likely contributed to this statistical outcome?
A) Strong power level
B) Quantitative experimental design
C) Statistical analysis
D) Too small a sample
Q2) From top to bottom, what are the study designs associated with the strongest level of evidence base? (Select all that apply.)
A) Randomized controlled trial
B) Quasi-experimental
C) Correlational
D) Descriptive study
E) Phenomenal
Q3) The vertical line in a graphic of a systematic review represents what?
A) An odds ratio of 1
B) The 95% CI
C) The findings from an individual study
D) The amount of information in an individual study
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Chapter 20: Developing an Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) The nurse researcher is reading theoretical and clinical articles to have a broad view of the topic and related concepts before reviewing existing EBP guidelines. The nurse researcher begins the process of reading the articles by doing what?
A) Reading evidence-based guidelines and evidence reports
B) Reading systematic review articles and synthesis reports
C) Reading theory articles to understand theoretical perspectives in critiquing studies
D) Reading research articles including meta-analyses
Q2) ___ determine baseline and follow-up sample sizes
Q3) Which is an electronic database for clinical problems and evidence-based research?
A) Health and Psychosocial Instruments File
B) Cochrane
C) National Clearinghouse
D) Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Index
Q4) Steps of Evaluation for Evidence-Based Projects
Q5) ___ identify process and outcome variables of interest
Q6) ___ use data to assist staff in modifying or integrating the evidence-based practice change
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Chapter 21: Quality Improvement
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Q1) To effectively influence improvements in the work setting and ensure that all patients consistently receive excellent care, it is important to do what? (Select all that apply.)
A) Align national, organizational, and unit level goals for QI
B) Recognize external drivers of quality
C) Develop skills to apply QI models and tools
D) Review previous attainment of predetermined standards
Q2) Activities are evaluated, aligned, and implemented in a unified way
A)Customer focus/patient focus
B)Leadership
C)Involvement of people
D)Process approach
E)System approach to management
F)Continual improvement
G)Factual approach to decision making
H)Mutually beneficial supplier relationships
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