Graduate Seminar in Educational Research Exam Review
Course Introduction
This course provides graduate students with an advanced exploration of contemporary issues and methodologies in educational research. Through critical reading, discussion, and evaluation of scholarly works, students will deepen their understanding of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods approaches. The seminar emphasizes the development of research questions, ethical considerations, data analysis techniques, and the dissemination of findings. Students will engage in peer review, present their own research ideas, and refine their scholarly communication skills in preparation for larger research projects or theses.
Recommended Textbook
Educational Research Competencies for Analysis and Applications Global Edition 11th Edition by
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Educational Research
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Q1) Roger is a narrative researcher who studies the steeltown communities of the 1950s. Of the following which is a data source Roger will likely use in his work?
A) A new book on the subject
B) A recording of a journalist's visit
C) A newspaper story written overseas
D) An interview with longtime residents
Answer: D
Q2) Action research is used to
A) find and solve educators' problems.
B) control independent variables.
C) promote generalization of research findings.
D) examine historical educational trends.
Answer: A
Q3) Of the following, which is a type of qualitative research?
A) Narrative
B) Causal-comparative
C) Experimental
D) Correlational
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Selecting and Defining a Research Topic
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Q1) The hypothesis statement, Children in elementary school who exercise at least 5 hours a week are more popular in school than children who do not exercise at least 5 hours a week, illustrates which type of hypothesis statement?
A) Null hypothesis
B) Nondirectional
C) Directional
D) Correlational
Answer: C
Q2) Jack just read an interesting study regarding middle school children's use of computer-animated simulations to learn introductory chemistry. Although he is a physics professor he wants to see if the benefits of simulations are also found in college physics learners. Jack's research topic is best described as a study that
A) tests theory.
B) is a replication.
C) is developed thorough library search.
D) comes from personal experiences.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Reviewing the Literature
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Q1) What is the most important advantage of using a database (e.g., ERIC) over an internet search (e.g., Google)?
A) A database is likely to return more hits.
B) A database is organized by humans using subject headings.
C) A database will only return primary sources.
D) A database will have the full text of the article.
Answer: B
Q2) Lexx needs primary sources for her research proposal. Which of the following will she likely select?
A) Educational Psychology Review
B) Journal of Experimental Education
C) Encyclopedia of Educational Research
D) A text reviewing pertinent research
Answer: B
Q3) The review of the literature includes
A) the participants included in the study.
B) the procedures for data collection.
C) the research problem of the study.
D) the discussion of the data analysis conducted.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Preparing and Evaluating a Research Plan
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Q1) Generally, as part of the research plan qualitative but not quantitative researchers include the
A) design to be used in the study.
B) means for data analysis.
C) prior fieldwork.
D) description of the sample.
Q2) Lance is studying self-esteem of low achieving children. He needs to include an operational definition of self-esteem. In what section would this information be included in his research plan?
A) Research procedures
B) Instruments
C) Method
D) Statement of the hypothesis
Q3) Sophie is preparing a qualitative research plan for her study that explores the stories of young cancer survivors. The primary data collection strategy in Sophie's study most likely includes
A) interviews.
B) questionnaires.
C) medical tests.
D) surveys.
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Chapter 5: Selecting a Sample
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Q1) All forms of random sampling include the following steps EXCEPT
A) listing all members of the population.
B) identifying the population.
C) determining sample size
D) selecting the sample.
Q2) Generally, qualitative researchers select a sample that is A) selected purposely.
B) as large as possible.
C) generalizable to a target population.
D) diverse demographically.
Q3) Missy is a key informant in Allison's study on teenage girls' study habits. Of the following, which is likely the strategy by which Missy was selected?
A) Random sampling
B) Stratified sampling
C) Criterion sampling
D) Cluster sampling
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Chapter 6: Selecting Measurement Instruments
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Q1) Which of the following is the best example of a standardized test?
A) A classroom-based teacher developed test
B) An attitude measure developed by a researcher
C) The national achievement test
D) The outcome measures of amount learned in an experimental study
Q2) The extent to which a test actually measures what it is designed to measure is referred to as ____________ validity.
A) content
B) criterion-related
C) construct
D) consequential
Q3) Stephenie recently took an interest inventory to determine which career might be good for her. She answered 'strongly interested' to almost every question. The career counselor suggested a different strategy because her results were not informative. What is most likely the reason for Stephenie's answers?
A) Bias
B) Validity
C) Reliability
D) Response set
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Survey Research
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Q1) Pam conducted a survey study and received an initial response rate of approximately 34%. She sent a second mailing and obtained an additional 6%. What do you suggest for Pam now?
A) Her response rate is adequate. Analyze her data and report her findings.
B) Her response rate is low. Send a third mailing.
C) Her response rate is low. Redesign the survey.
D) Her response rate is low. Try to determine if there is a systematic reason why.
Q2) As a researcher you are interested in self-reported changes in interest in music in the senior population. You will collect data at the time of retirement and select a new sample of individuals at the time of retirement each year for five years. This type of research can be classified best as a(n)
A) trend survey.
B) panel poll.
C) cohort survey.
D) follow-up survey.
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9
Chapter 8: Correlational Research
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Q1) Correlational studies are used primarily to
A) examine relationships among quantifiable variables.
B) examine if differences between groups exist.
C) determine causal relationships.
D) determine if experimental treatments work.
Q2) Laura is designing a study of the extent to which standardized achievement test scores in high school predict college GPA using a large dataset of 50,000 students. Which of the following potential problems is most important to consider?
A) The sample size may be too small to detect a correlation.
B) The sample size may result in a correlation that is practically unimportant.
C) The variables require the use of a phi coefficient.
D) The sample size may require factor analysis.
Q3) Kevin's analysis indicated that in his dataset SES was correlated r = .25 with absenteeism. This indicates that
A) as SES increases there is a corresponding increase in absenteeism.
B) SES is moderately correlated with absenteeism.
C) SES is weakly correlated with absenteeism.
D) absenteeism is strongly correlated with SES.
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Chapter 9: Causal-Comparative Research
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Q1) All of the following are relative weaknesses of causal-comparative research when compared with other forms of quantitative research EXCEPT
A) lack of randomization.
B) manipulation of independent variables.
C) time to conduct the study.
D) control of research variables
Q2) Which of the following is most likely a dependent variable in a causal-comparative study?
A) Gender
B) Ethnicity
C) Achievement
D) Grade level
Q3) One similarity between causal-comparative and correlational research is that both A) can determine causal events.
B) can be treated as a type of descriptive research.
C) attempt to establish causes.
D) rely on the same research procedures.
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Chapter 10: Experimental Research
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Q1) Jack wants to test whether runners on his cross-country team improve with his new training regimen. He measures their run times at the beginning of the season and again at the end of the season. Runners in Jack's study improving their times due to running generally and not necessarily due to the new regimen is an example of which of the following threats?
A) Selection
B) Maturation
C) History
D) Instrumentation
Q2) Which of the following is the primary drawback of the posttest-only control group design?
A) History
B) Selection-treatment interaction
C) Mortality
D) Maturation
Q3) In experimental studies, but NOT in other studies,
A) the researcher manipulates the dependent variables.
B) the researcher manipulates the independent variables.
C) the researcher tries to eliminate the effects of extraneous variables.
D) the researcher examines a priori differences between groups.
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Chapter 11: Single-Subject Experimental Research
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Q1) The single-variable rule suggests that single-subject designs
A) should only have one participant at a time.
B) should add or withdraw one variable during any study phase.
C) should only conducted by a single researcher and not teams of researchers
D) Should be generalizable to only one participant at a time.
Q2) Ike would like to implement a single subject design to test interventions for several behaviors of her student Mildred. She would like to target hitting behavior and yelling in class. Of the following, which single subject design would be most appropriate?
A) Alternating treatments design
B) Multiple-baseline design
C) A-B-A Changing criterion design
D) A-B-A-B Design
Q3) Another name for the simultaneous treatment design is the ________________ design.
A) alternating treatment
B) experimenter manipulated
C) multiple baseline
D) return to baseline
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13
Chapter 12: Narrative Research
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Q1) As identified in your text, which of the following is a trend that has influenced the development of narrative research?
A) Increased emphasis on teacher accountability
B) Increased emphasis on student learning
C) Increased emphasis on teacher reflection
D) Increased emphasis on student self-regulation
Q2) Which of the following research topics is most conducive to narrative research?
A) Differences in mathematics interest among middle school students who were taught with either manipulatives or via a traditional curriculum in the primary grades
B) The effects of ability grouping in primary grades on standardized test scores
C) The experiences of women from co-educational high schools now enrolled in women's colleges
D) The relationship between number of hours of television viewing and electronic gaming with obesity in children
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14
Chapter 13: Ethnographic Research
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Q1) Those interested in school violence are concerned with alienated middle school children. Eada, an ethnographic researcher, wants to explore the experiences of these children in more depth. Which of the following is the most likely research strategy for Eada?
A) Eada will assess alienated children from several schools with Likert scales that address violent tendencies.
B) Eada will observe, question, and study a subset of alienated children in one middle school over the course of a semester.
C) Eada will provide a questionnaire to a single alienated child in a middle school and follow up with counseling.
D) Eada will observe, question, and study a subset of alienated children in one middle school for an entire day.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ethnographic research?
A) Prolonged time in the research setting
B) Multiple data collection techniques
C) A deductive approach to data collection
D) Discerning patterns and regularities of human behavior
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Chapter 14: Case Study Research
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Q1) George is employing a case study methodology to examine the role of principals in increasing inter-staff communication. As he starts to work with his case study participants, he realizes two of the three are unwilling to talk to him about the principal. Which of the following strategies might George have employed to combat this situation?
A) Pilot testing
B) Screening
C) Sifting
D) Fact checking
Q2) Of the following, which is the most accurate statement regarding sample selection in case study research?
A) The available sample defines the unit of analysis.
B) The researcher selects the unit of analysis.
C) The client defines the unit of analysis.
D) The unit of analysis is determined by the context.
Q3) Which of the following is a strategy for cross-site analysis?
A) Coordinate concept matrix
B) Cross-site analytic matrix
C) Unordered meta-matrix
D) Multi-dimensional site matrix
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Mixed Methods Research
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Q1) Of the following, which is a characteristic of qualitative research methods?
A) Qualitative researchers employ deductive approach.
B) Qualitative researchers describe relationships.
C) Qualitative researchers focus on cause-effect relationships.
D) Qualitative researchers identify hypothesis to test.
Q2) The following are good places to look to identify a mixed methods study except
A) the study title.
B) the literature review.
C) the purpose statement.
D) the method section.
Q3) Tacita is interested in how teachers' classroom management practices change over time. She conducts observations of eight teachers' classrooms over the course of five years. She interviews the teachers and follows up with counts of referral data, disciplinary notes in children's files, and number of notes home per teacher per year. Tacita's design can best be described as a __________ mixed methods design.
A) convergent parallel
B) social justice
C) exploratory sequential
D) explanatory sequential
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Action Research
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Q1) Alex is a middle school teacher concerned with social rejection of second language learners at her school. She questions whether the practice of pulling children out of the regular classroom for enhanced English instruction is contributing to this rejection and decides to do an action research project to address the issue. Alex's research study is best described as a(n) ____________ action research study.
A) influential
B) reflective
C) practical
D) critical
Q2) Takota works in a school with racial and ethnic conflict among the students. He questions whether implementing a peer tutoring program could reduce tensions and is interested in conducting an action research project on the topic. When Takota collects data he should consider collecting data that has which of the following characteristics?
A) The data should be objective.
B) The data should be persuasive.
C) The data should be quantitative.
D) The data should be causal.
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18
Chapter 17: Descriptive Statistics
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Q1) Kari's research study measured the effects of cooperative learning on learners' ability to solve complex problems. After scoring the problems and entering the data, her advisor told her she must have another researcher score the problems. Interestingly, the scores she gave the participants did not match the scores that the other researcher gave. Kari's scoring problem is indicative of a problem with
A) internal consistency reliability.
B) inter-rater reliability.
C) content validity.
D) consequential validity.
Q2) Claus received a raw score of 86. Given that the test had a mean of 88, and a standard deviation of 4. What is Claus's approximate T score?
A) 0
B) 45
C) 75
D) 90
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Chapter 18: Inferential Statistics
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Q1) The test of significance that determines if two group means differ more than would be expected by chance is the
A) t test.
B) chi square.
C) multiple regression.
D) analysis of gain scores.
Q2) In her study of student athlete's achievement motivation, Katie administers a self-report achievement motivation scale before she starts a new motivation enhancement intervention. After the intervention, Katie again assesses students' achievement motivation. She set her alpha at p = .05, and reported that there were no significant findings in her study. Which statistical analysis was appropriate for Katie to use to determine if there were treatment differences in her study?
A) Pearson r
B) ANOVA
C) Spearman rho
D) t test
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20
Chapter 19: Qualitative Data Collection
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Q1) Keb is convinced that teachers provide more praise to their students while he is observing in their classrooms than they do otherwise. Of the following the most appropriate way to decrease Keb's concerns and increase validity of his data is A) to tell teachers he is interested in something unrelated to praise.
B) to focus on a smaller number of teachers.
C) increase the amount of time he spends in the classrooms.
D) observe the classes covertly.
Q2) Jeb studies the motivation of young environmentalists. He wants to understand more about the ways in which these children think about environmental issues and how their ideas have developed. He identifies participants through a local 'green kids' group and goes to their next meeting. He selects several of the children through convenience, and asks them open-ended questions that he has written down in advance. He records their responses as they answer the questions. Jeb is best displaying which of the following types of interviews?
A) Unstructured and informal
B) Unstructured and formal
C) Structured and informal
D) Structured and formal
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Chapter 20: Qualitative Data Analysis and Interpretation
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Q1) Making sense of what data mean is termed _______________.
A) interpretation
B) analysis
C) examination
D) classifying
Q2) Karobi wants to assure he has credible qualitative data for his study on violent and aggressive student behaviors during lunch sessions. Which of the following questions might he ask himself regarding the data?
A) Does my study lend itself to generalization?
B) Do the findings inform policy?
C) What biases might have influenced my observation?
D) What competing hypothesis might I test?
Q3) Margarita is cautious about her analysis. She wants to leave some of the interpretation to others and asks questions of the data instead of drawing conclusions. Margarita is employing which of the following data analysis strategies?
A) Connect findings with personal experiences
B) Extend the analysis
C) Contextualize findings in the literature
D) Turn to theory
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Page 22
Chapter 21: Preparing a Research Report
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Q1) An abstract of a thesis or dissertation is generally found
A) in the appendixes.
B) after the discussion.
C) in the literature review.
D) in the preliminary
Q2) Which of the following example sentences is an appropriate presentation of numbers in a research report?
A) 17 children and their parents participated in the study.
B) 8 children were in the control group while 11 were in the treatment condition.
C) The control group included 6 children from a similar child care setting.
D) The study included 240 children from a large school in the Midwest.
Q3) One benefit of Zotero over other reference management systems is that Zotero
A) can be used with references that are not in English and other systems cannot.
B) has the ability to handle more citations than does any other system.
C) can be used for both Mac and any other computer systems.
D) is free while other management systems are commercially available.
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Chapter 22: Evaluating a Research Report
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Q1) Brandon is confused. He just read a study where the research questions examined gender differences and the analysis used was Spearman's rho. It Appears that there is a flaw in which section of the research report?
A) results
B) discussion
C) method
D) introduction
Q2) Of the following, which is a concern for correlational studies in particular?
A) Is the method used to record responses described?
B) Is the rationale for variable selection described?
C) Is a rationale for the design selection given?
D) Is the method for group formation described?
Q3) Of the following, which question is relevant when critiquing a narrative study?
A) Are the characteristics that differentiate the groups clearly defined or described?
B) Are sources of invalidity associated with the design identified and discussed?
C) Are generalizations consistent with the results?
D) Is there a rationale for the choice of individual to study the chose phenomenon?
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