Globalization and Culture Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
This course explores the dynamic interplay between globalization and culture, examining how increased global interconnectedness shapes cultural identities, practices, and values around the world. Students will analyze the ways in which global flows of people, goods, media, and ideas contribute to both cultural homogenization and diversification. The course covers key topics such as cultural imperialism, transnationalism, hybridity, and resistance, encouraging critical reflection on the benefits and challenges of cultural exchange in a globalized world. Through case studies and theoretical frameworks, students will develop a nuanced understanding of how globalization influences cultural expression, community, and power relations across diverse societies.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 14th Edition by Carol
R. Ember
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Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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Q1) In what way has anthropological research changed over the years?
A) Anthropologists now have more specialized areas of research.
B) Modern anthropologists are no longer trained with a holistic approach.
C) Anthropologists only work in academic settings today.
D) Anthropologists are now only interested in non-Western cultures.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following areas of study is a part of anthropology?
A) why contemporary peoples have different cultures
B) how race is linked to behavior and intelligence
C) how insect colonies are organized
D) when and how dinosaurs became extinct
Answer: A
Q3) A cultural anthropologist who spends a year or so living with, talking to, and observing people whose customs he or she is studying is known as a(n) __________.
A) ethnographer
B) archaeologist
C) ethnohistorian
D) linguistic anthropologist
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Culture and Culture Change
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true regarding ethics across cultures?
A) All cultures have ethical standards, but what they emphasize varies.
B) All cultures have similar ethical standards.
C) All cultures have identical ethical standards.
D) Some cultures have no ethical standards.
Answer: A
Q2) Compare and contrast the attitude of ethnocentrism and glorification of other cultures. How can an awareness of these conflicting attitudes lead to more reliable anthropological data?
Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. An adequate definition of ethnocentrism
2. A brief discussion or examples of when/why people might glorify other cultures
3. A clear application of these concepts to anthropological field research
Q3) What are the ultimate sources of all cultural change?
A) discovery and invention
B) diffusion and discovery
C) invention and modification
D) modification and diffusion
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Culture and the Individual
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Q1) American parents __________.
A) stress independence but often reward dependent behaviors
B) stress independence and reward independent behaviors
C) stress dependency and reward dependent behaviors
D) stress dependency but often reward independent behaviors
Answer: A
Q2) Consider these two contemporary American parenting styles. In more traditional parenting, baby is put to sleep alone in her own room, encouraged to self-soothe, and fed on a schedule. In the attachment parenting style, baby is fed on demand, sleeps in the parents' bed, and her cries are attended to quickly. Based on your understanding of the anthropology of childhood, what behaviors or values do you believe these two groups of parents wish to instill in their children? Explain your answer.
Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. A brief discussion of ethnohistories and parents' belief systems
2. Traditional parenting focus on independence and self-reliance
3. Attachment parenting approach on security and self-assurance
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Chapter 4: Understanding and Explaining Culture
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Q1) Anthropological research can be classified by its __________ and __________ scope.
A) spatial; temporal
B) temporal; ecological
C) ecological; economic
D) economic; spatial
Q2) When do you use a statistical test of significance?
A) when you need to measure the differences among variables
B) so you can definitively prove a theory
C) when you are unsure what level of importance should be attached to a theoretical construct
D) so you can determine whether your conclusion was right or wrong
Q3) From where do we derive most anthropological data?
A) participant-observation
B) accounts of early explorers
C) government censuses and reports
D) controlled studies
Q4) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of theoretical orientations in anthropology. Does adherence to a particular theoretical orientation aid or hinder anthropological research? Explain your answer.
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Chapter 5: Communication and Language
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Q1) The earliest writing systems are about __________ years old.
A) 6,000
B) 2,000
C) 3,000
D) 10,000
Q2) Why can we not use the languages of nonliterate societies to learn about the origins of language?
A) Their languages are not simpler or less developed than our own.
B) Their written histories do not go far enough back in time.
C) They were often developed more recently than written languages.
D) Languages of nonliterate societies change too quickly to be any use for study.
Q3) While English has 26 letters, it has __________ significant sounds.
A) about 40
B) only 15
C) around 100 D thousands of
Q4) How does language reflect social status? Give three specific examples in which members of different social positions use different forms of language.
Q5) Compare and contrast human and nonhuman communication.
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Chapter 6: Getting Food
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Q1) In what activity do Yanomamö participate as part of their subsistence strategy?
A) hunting monkeys with bow and arrow
B) raising cattle and sheep
C) using irrigation to control farmland
D) planting coconut and banana trees
Q2) What is the role of cotton in the agricultural communities of rural Greece?
A) It is an important cash crop.
B) It is used to make warm clothing for the cold Greek nights.
C) Cotton is the major food for the communities' sheep.
D) Cotton is traded in an informal barter system with neighboring communities.
Q3) Why are intensive agriculturalists more likely to face food shortages than horticultural societies?
A) Intensive agriculturalists often produce crops for market.
B) Horticulture is usually more productive than intensive agriculture.
C) Horticulture involves more complex and reliable technology.
D) Intensive agriculturalists usually live in more challenging environments than horticulturalists.
Q4) What social characteristics are associated with foragers and complex foragers?
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Economic Systems
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Q1) What is the difference between market exchange (when money is not involved) and balanced reciprocity?
A) In market exchange, supply and demand determine the price.
B) In balanced reciprocity, supply and demand determine the price.
C) In market exchange, the person giving is of a higher social status than the person receiving.
D) In balanced reciprocity, the person giving is of higher social status than the person receiving.
Q2) What happens to generalized reciprocity in times of scarcity?
A) Sharing tends to increase during times of food shortage, but not famine.
B) Sharing tends to increase during times of famine, but not food shortage.
C) Sharing tends to increase during both food shortage and famine.
D) Sharing tends to decrease during both food shortage and famine.
Q3) On what does the form of reciprocity used between people usually depend?
A) kinship distance
B) social status
C) wealth of the individual
D) gender roles
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Chapter 8: Social Stratification: Class, Ethnicity, and Racism
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Q1) Discuss the differences in caste and open class systems. How are each assigned? How are they maintained? What level of social mobility is involved with each?
Q2) What is the difference between race and ethnicity? How are each of these classifications related to social inequality?
Q3) The Mbuti have no social groups with greater or lesser access to economic resources, power, or prestige. What type of society do they represent?
A) egalitarian B) ranked
C) a class society
D) a caste society
Q4) Slavery is defined as a condition in which people do not own their own labor. In what types of societies is slavery likely to develop? How prevalent is it today?
Q5) Slavery in the United States constituted a caste because __________.
A) the status of slavery was determined by birth
B) there was no way to obtain freedom from slavery
C) slaves could only marry and have children with other slaves
D) slaves were primarily obtained from conquered enemies
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Sex and Gender
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Q1) In a study of the Kayapo, which women were found to have less influence in community decision-making?
A) those with heavy child-care burdens
B) women of low-ranking clans
C) barren and post-menopausal women
D) mothers of shaman
Q2) Because the Navajo recognize four distinct genders, they consider homosexual sex to be __________.
A) between two people of the same gender
B) between two people of the same sex
C) generally acceptable
D) unheard of
Q3) In societies where females contribute a high degree to primary subsistence, infants are fed solid foods __________, and baby girls are __________ valued.
A) earlier; more
B) earlier; less
C) later; more
D) later; less
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11
Chapter 10: Marriage and the Family
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Q1) Which of the following is the most common economic marriage transaction cross-culturally?
A) bride price
B) bride service
C) indirect dowry
D) gift exchange
Q2) Which of the following explanations for the universality of marriage has the most support from the ethnographic record and comparative animal studies?
A) postpartum requirements
B) prolonged infant dependency
C) sexual competition
D) gender division of labor
Q3) Which condition predicts a discouragement of romantic love as a basis for marriage?
A) the husband and wife live in an extended-family household
B) there is relatively little sexual freedom for either spouse
C) both partners are needed to make significant contributions to primary subsistence
D) one of the primary goals of marriage is to produce children
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Chapter 11: Marital Residence and Kinship
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Q1) What sort of residence pattern is usually seen in societies whose warfare is purely external?
A) matrilocal
B) patrilocal
C) bilocal
D) neolocal
Q2) In general, the incest taboo in unilineal societies is __________.
A) extended to all presumed unilineal relatives
B) limited to parallel cousins
C) extended to all cross and parallel cousins
D) limited to the nuclear family
Q3) Which of the following rights may be afforded to the headman or the elders of a clan?
A) to assign land for use by a clan member
B) to charge someone a fine for breaking a law
C) to force a settlement between two arguing parties
D) to restrict access to wealth and prestige to certain groups
Q4) How is a culture's kinship terminology related to other aspects of social life? Connect kinship terminology to residence and descent patterns.
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Chapter 12: Associations and Interest Groups
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Q1) As societies grow in size and complexity, the trend is for more __________ organizations to be replaced by more __________ organizations.
A) broadly based; narrowly based
B) voluntary; nonvoluntary
C) broadly based; nonvoluntary
D) voluntary; narrowly based
Q2) A Karimojong age-set comprises all of the men who __________.
A) were initiated into manhood within the same five- to six-year span
B) were born in the same month
C) fought together in the most recent territorial dispute
D) progressed through their adolescent training together
Q3) American society has an abundance of __________ that display the general characteristics of an association.
A) interest groups
B) community circles
C) neighborhoods
D) fraternities
Q4) Distinguish between age-set and age-grade associations, providing an example for each.
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Chapter 13: Political Life: Social Order and Disorder
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Q1) Complementary opposition is typical of which kind of group?
A) segmentary lineages
B) age-sets
C) clans
D) secret societies
Q2) What factors are associated with a culture's degree of individual political participation?
Q3) The Karimojong of northeast Uganda use what type of system as the basis of their political organization?
A) age-set association
B) ethnic association
C) regional organization
D) unisex organization
Q4) Some anthropologists suggest that __________, rather than increasing production and population size, is the driving factor behind political integration.
A) competition between groups
B) changing gender roles
C) dietary changes
D) economic hardship
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Chapter 14: Religion and Magic
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Q1) Which of these faiths shows the greatest interest in obtaining converts?
A) Islam
B) Judaism
C) Buddhism
D) Hinduism
Q2) Why does Marvin Harris suggest that the Hindu belief in the sacred cow is adaptive?
A) It is economically wiser to use the labor and products of the cows than to eat them.
B) The cows carry a dangerous parasite that makes their meat unsafe for consumption.
C) Seeing the sacred cows every day serves as a reminder to follow the teachings of their faith.
D) Not everyone can afford to eat meat, so it reduces inequality if the cows are forbidden to everyone.
Q3) Edward Tylor hypothesized that religion grew out of __________.
A) people's speculation about dreams, trances, and death
B) pure anxiety about death
C) animistic beliefs and practices
D) childhood anxieties and beliefs that were carried into adulthood
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Chapter 15: The Arts
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Q1) What does the empty space in an egalitarian society's design most likely represent?
A) the society's relative isolation
B) the vast, open underworld
C) the social opportunities awarded to individuals
D) the variation in social status within the group
Q2) Preserving ancient rock art is an example of what type of anthropological work?
A) applied anthropology
B) ethnology
C) biological anthropology
D) ethnohistory
Q3) John Fischer argues that in a stable society artists will respond to those conditions in a society that __________.
A) bring security or pleasure
B) represent cultural values
C) create fear or disgust
D) are taboo
Q4) What information about a society is reflected in its folklore? Give specific examples.
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Chapter 16: Practicing and Applying Anthropology
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Q1) Why have the Kayapo been so successful in gaining international attention for their interests?
A) They have been able to present themselves as guardians of the rain forest.
B) They are far more assimilated into Western culture than other indigenous groups.
C) They have a large and ethnically diverse population.
D) They are able to communicate in Spanish and English, unlike other Amazonian groups.
Q2) At which stage in an environmental study would anthropological expertise be most useful?
A) finding out how land is used now and in the past
B) collecting satellite data for the region
C) fund-raising for the environmental study
D) researching previous studies on land use and environmental problems
Q3) What factor contributed to the success of Anita Spring's agricultural development program in Malawi?
A) Malawi's willingness to implement change
B) Spring's exceptionally large budget
C) the influence of young Malawian men
D) the fact that Spring was native to the region
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Health and Illness
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Q1) What is a culture-bound syndrome? Identify three illnesses common to your own culture that may be viewed as culture-bound syndromes. Explain why other cultures may not recognize these illnesses.
Q2) Which of the following must be balanced in the ethnomedicine of many Latin American and Caribbean cultures?
A) hot and cold
B) good and evil
C) male and female
D) light and dark
Q3) In societies with occupational specialization, __________ may be asked to convey messages or requests for healing to higher powers.
A) priests
B) shamans
C) physicians
D) sorcerers
Q4) Distinguish between medicine's biomedical paradigm and medical anthropology's emphasis on a biocultural synthesis.
Q5) Compare and contrast the methods used by physicians and shamans.
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Chapter 18: Global Problems
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Q1) The homicide rate is usually related to what social factor?
A) income inequality
B) high divorce rate
C) low literacy rate
D) economic downturn
Q2) Which of the following is true about the residents of squatter settlements?
A) Most are employed and hope to get ahead.
B) Residents live on benefits provided by the state.
C) The majority are drug addicts or alcoholics.
D) Only the very poor live there.
Q3) The contrast between homelessness in the United States and Australia makes it clear that the cause of homelessness is __________.
A) social policy
B) poverty
C) disability
D) mental illness
Q4) Consider the many global problems discussed in this chapter. Of these, on which do you feel applied anthropologists can make the biggest impact? Explain your answer.
Q5) What social factors are associated with famines?
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