Global Environmental Change
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Global Environmental Change explores the complex interactions between natural systems and human society as they relate to changes in the Earths environment. The course examines key drivers of environmental change, such as climate change, deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and pollution, and analyzes their ecological, social, economic, and political impacts at local, regional, and global scales. Students will learn about the scientific principles underlying environmental processes, the historical context of major environmental shifts, and contemporary challenges in managing and mitigating environmental risks. Through case studies and critical discussions, the course also considers pathways to sustainability and the roles of policy, technology, and individual action in addressing global environmental challenges.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Oceanography 10th Edition by Alan P. Trujillo
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16 Chapters
1029 Verified Questions
1029 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Planet Earth
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62 Verified Questions
62 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Heterotrophic organisms can make their own food from inorganic carbon sources.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Radioactive isotopes can sometimes be used to determine the:
A) absolute age of the rock.
B) chemical composition of the rock.
C) formation method.
D) metamorphism.
E) relative age of the rock.
Answer: A
Q3) The Ming Dynasty ships used magnetic compasses similar to those used today.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) The mantle could not have produced enough water to fill the oceans.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor
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59 Verified Questions
59 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
A)Aleutian Islands
B)Canary Islands
C)Galapagos Islands
D)Hawaiian Islands
E)Iceland
Answer: A
Q2) All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along:
A) contours at around 2000 meters in depth.
B) current shorelines.
C) edge of the continental shelf.
D) edges of the deep sea floor.
E) oceanic trenches in subduction zones.
Answer: A
Q3) Water depth decreases as you move away from the mid-ocean ridge.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Marine Provinces
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53 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is:
A) associated with turbidity currents.
B) in the same direction as the plates are spreading.
C) in the same direction as the ridge offset.
D) influenced by underwater boundary currents.
E) perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.
Answer: B
Q2) Abyssal plains are more extensive on the floor of the Atlantic as compared to those on the floor of the Pacific.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Mid-ocean ridges are rises that occupy a small portion of the deep ocean basin, only around 10%.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Marine Sediments
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Sample Questions
Q1) Calcareous ooze is found in cooler waters at depth around the world.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
A)abyssal clay
B)calcareous ooze
C)coarse lithogenic sediment
D)manganese nodule
E)siliceous ooze
Q3) Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
A)halides
B)manganese nodules
C)metal sulfides
D)phosphates
E)tektites
Q4) Compare and contrast marine environments that favor the deposition of siliceous and calcareous oozes.
Q5) Tektites are glassy rock fragments of cosmic origin.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Water and Seawater
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57 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some insects can glide across the surface of water due to water's:
A) capillarity.
B) hydrogen bonds.
C) polarity.
D) surface tension.
E) viscosity.
Q2) Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
A)carbonate ion
B)bicarbonate ion
C)chloride ion
D)hydrogen ion
E)hydroxide ion
Q3) Halite, sodium chloride, is the most abundant salt in seawater.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain how the pH of seawater remains constant.
Q5) Describe various methods used to desalinate seawater.
Q6) What is the origin of the salt ions in seawater?
Q7) List the major seawater constituents in decreasing concentration.
Q8) How does the ocean's salinity vary with depth?
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Chapter 6: Air-Sea Interface
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Sample Questions
Q1) Distinguish between<b> weather</b> and <b>climate</b>.
Q2) The doldrums can be found at the Equator.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Sound travels more slowly in the SOFAR channel than in the areas of the ocean immediately above and below it.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A maritime tropical air mass is likely to be:
A) dry and cold.
B) dry and warm.
C) wet and cold.
D) wet and the same temperature.
E) wet and warm.
Q5) The jet stream is a fast moving easterly flowing air mass.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Discuss uneven solar heating as a function of latitude and how this contributes to the formation of global wind belts.
Q7) Discuss the formation of land breezes and sea breezes.
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Chapter 7: Ocean Circulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The source of some deep ocean water masses can be identified by the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water mass.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In the southern hemisphere, the direction of Ekman transport is:
A) at a 45º angle from the wind direction.
B) perpendicular to the wind direction.
C) to the east of the wind direction.
D) to the left of the wind direction.
E) to the right of the wind direction.
Q3) Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
A)Gulf Stream
B)Kuroshio Current
C)North Equatorial Current
D)Peru Current
E)Somali Current
Q4) The Mediterranean Sea has little influence on the water of the Atlantic Ocean.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the circulation of deep ocean water.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Waves and Water Dynamics
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72 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ratio of wave height to wavelength is called the:
A) frequency.
B) period.
C) wave height.
D) wavelength.
E) wave steepness.
Q2) capillary wave
A)density
B)wind
C)constructive interference
D)gravitational forces
E)tectonic activity
F)refraction
G)destructive interference
H)reflection
Q3) Distinguish between wave <b>reflection, refraction,</b> and <b>diffraction</b>.
Q4) Wave energy is focused on headlands due to wave refraction.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the formation of water waves from a still ocean surface.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Tides
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Sample Questions
Q1) Distinguish between <b>spring tides</b> and <b>neap tides</b>.
Q2) Tides are much greater during apogee than during perigee.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Spring tide occurs about:
A) once per month.
B) once per season.
C) once per year.
D) twice per month.
E) twice per year.
Q4) Grunion depend upon the pattern of erosion and deposition of sand for the survival of their eggs.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The sun and the moon have relatively equal tide-generating forces on earth.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Differentiate between <b>apogee</b> and<b> perigee</b> and discuss the effect on tidal height when perigee coincides with spring tide.
Q7) Describe tides in an open ocean basin.
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Chapter 10: The Coast: Beaches and Shoreline Processes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following pairs does not belong together?
A) Atlantic-type: thick sediment wedge
B) emergent: drowned beaches
C) Pacific-type: earthquake activity
D) secondary coast: mangroves
E) submergent: submerged dune topography
Q2) Isostatic movement of a coastline might occur due to:
A) additional seawater.
B) changes in the rate of seafloor spreading.
C) the removal of a large glacier that rested in that area.
D) underwater landslides.
E) uplift related to earthquake activity.
Q3) The coastal area affected by surf is referred to as the beach.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Groins are constructed for the purpose of maintaining or widening beaches that are losing sand.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss the seasonal migration of sand on a beach.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: The Coastal Oceans
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65 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Secondary sewage treatment is distinguished form primary sewage treatment by the:
A) addition of bacteria to process organic contaminants.
B) aeration of liquid effluent following chlorination.
C) chlorination of the liquid effluent.
D) removal of inorganic nutrients from the liquid effluent.
E) separation of the suspended solids from the liquid effluent.
Q2) The two most significant sources of oil pollution in the marine environment are:
A) blow out accidents and urban run-off.
B) natural seeps and urban run-off.
C) normal oil tanker/shipping operations and urban run-off.
D) oil tanker and blowout accidents in marine coastal waters.
E) tar balls and oil tanker accidents.
Q3) Lagoons that form behind barrier islands are examples of:
A) bar-built estuaries.
B) coastal plain estuaries.
C) fjords.
D) salt wedge estuaries.
E) tectonic estuaries.
Q4) What is the Eastern Pacific Garbage Patch and why did it form?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Marine Life and the Marine Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Coastal waters that are highly productive tend to be:
A) brown in color.
B) colorless.
C) deep blue in color.
D) green in color.
E) light blue in color.
Q2) Which marine environment exhibits the greatest species diversity?
A) bathypelagic zone
B) epipelagic zone
C) hadal zone
D) littoral zone
E) neritic province
Q3) Phytoplankton are small in size as a result of predation pressure.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Epifauna live deep within benthic sediments.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain why the majority of marine organisms are benthic.
Q6) Discuss osmotic balance in freshwater and saltwater fishes.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Biological Productivity and Energy Transfer
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68 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In temperate oceans during the winter months:
A) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is low, and water temperatures decrease.
B) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is high, and water temperatures decrease.
C) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is high, and water temperatures increase.
D) nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is high, and water temperatures decrease.
E) nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is low, and water temperatures decrease.
Q2) The efficiency of trophic transfers in ecosystems is on average around:
A) 75%.
B) 50%.
C) 30%.
D) 10%.
E) 5%.
Q3) Discuss the feeding strategies employed by marine organisms including: suspension feeding (filter feeding), deposit feeding, and carnivorous feeding.
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15
Chapter 14: Animals of the Pelagic Environment
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57 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An example of a "cruiser" is a:
A) flounder.
B) grouper.
C) mackerel.
D) shark.
E) tuna.
Q2) One adaptation for deep diving is an increase in heart rate during the dive.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Compare and contrast adaptations of marine mammals and fish to life in the pelagic zone.
Q4) Muscles segments used in locomotion and found along the sides of fish are called myomeres.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Strategies for staying afloat in pelagic environments include air bladder, increased body fat, and increased density.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Discuss why schooling behavior is adaptive to fishes.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Animals of the Benthic Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) One characteristic of hydrothermal vent communities is unusually large organisms such as tubeworms and clams.
A)True
B)False
Q2) All of the following are adaptations to life in the intertidal zone <b>except</b>:
A) ability to withdraw into their shells.
B) holdfasts for attachment to rock surfaces.
C) schooling to avoid predators.
D) shell to cover soft body parts for protection from predators and desiccation.
E) use of biological glue and protein threads for attachment.
Q3) All of the following are examples of strategies employed by organisms to reduce wave shock in the rocky intertidal zone <b>except</b>:
A) byssal threads.
B) flexible stems and blades.
C) holdfasts.
D) motile larvae.
E) the use of suction to attach to rocks.
Q4) Discuss the conditions that limit the distribution of corals worldwide.
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Chapter 16: The Oceans and Climate Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) The fourth IPCC report on international climate change confirmed that human activity has produced climate change beginning in the mid-20 century.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The atmospheric component that contributes to the majority of greenhouse warming on Earth is:
A) carbon dioxide.
B) methane.
C) nitrous oxide.
D) ozone.
E) water vapor.
Q3) The world's oceans play a role in reducing global warming by:
A) absorbing surplus heat.
B) increasing oceanic primary productivity.
C) moving carbon dioxide and nutrients from the deep ocean to the surface ocean.
D) removing CO and sequestering CO in ocean sediments.
E) trapping CO in sea ice.
Q4) Discuss the sources of information used by scientists to reconstruct climatic data prior to the era of modern climate records.
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