Course Introduction
Global Climate Change
Final Exam Questions
Global Climate Change examines the scientific principles underlying climate systems, the evidence for contemporary climate change, and the societal and ecological impacts resulting from these shifts. The course explores natural and anthropogenic factors influencing climate, historical climate variability, and the role of greenhouse gases. Students will analyze climate models, projections of future climate scenarios, and the socio-economic and policy responses to climate change at local, national, and global levels. Emphasis is placed on critical thinking and informed debate about mitigation, adaptation strategies, and ethical considerations surrounding climate action.
Recommended Textbook Essentials Of Oceanography 11th Edition by
Alan P. Trujillo
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Planet Earth
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Q1) Explain why the presence of free oxygen in our atmosphere marks an important step in the evolution of life on Earth.
Answer: The presence of free oxygen in our atmosphere marks an important step in the evolution of life on Earth because it allowed for the development of aerobic respiration. Before the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere, early life forms relied on anaerobic respiration, which is less efficient in producing energy. With the presence of oxygen, more complex organisms were able to evolve and thrive, as aerobic respiration provided a more efficient way to extract energy from food. This led to the diversification and expansion of life forms on Earth. Additionally, the presence of oxygen also allowed for the formation of the ozone layer, which protected life on Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation, further contributing to the evolution and sustainability of life on our planet. Therefore, the presence of free oxygen in our atmosphere was a crucial factor in the evolution of life on Earth.
Q2) Differentiate between a hypothesis and a theory.
Answer: A hypothesis is a stated relationship between observed phenomena that can be tested; in other words, it is a tentative explanation. A theory is a relationship between observed phenomena (variables)that has withstood repeated independent testing over time and has broad explanatory power for an observed pattern or process.
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor
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Q1) Coral reefs:
A)are most common in the tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean basin.
B)can be found at latitudes above 60°.
C)form when underwater volcanoes are thrust upward during a tectonic event.
D)include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs.
E)were first described by Christopher Columbus during his voyage to the Caribbean Island of Hispaniola.
Answer: D
Q2) The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was:
A)Harry Hess.
B)Frederick Vine.
C)Alfred Wegener.
D)Drummond Matthews.
E)John Tuzo Wilson.
Answer: C
Q3) A rift valley may be associated with divergent plate boundaries.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Marine Provinces
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Q1) Passive continental margins are characterized by all of the following except:
A)broad continental shelves.
B)deep-sea trenches.
C)shallow coastal waters.
D)thick sediment accumulation.
E)very little volcanic and earthquake activity.
Answer: B
Q2) The method that used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is:
A)direct observation.
B)drilling.
C)light waves.
D)satellite observation.
E)sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).
Answer: E
Q3) Hydrothermal vents are seafloor cold seeps with high concentrations of sulfur and salts.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Marine Sediments
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Q1) siliceous ooze
A)cosmogenous sediment
B)hydrogenous sediment
C)lithogenous (terrigenous)sediment
D)biogenous sediment
Q2) manganese nodules
A)cosmogenous sediment
B)hydrogenous sediment
C)lithogenous (terrigenous)sediment
D)biogenous sediment
Q3) Macroscopic biogenous sediment is the most abundant biogenous sediment in the marine environment.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Sediments derived from weathered rock and volcanic activities are called biogenous sediments.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss the sources of biogenous sediments.
Q6) Compare and contrast how neritic and pelagic sediment deposits are distributed.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Water and Seawater
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Q1) The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree C is the definition of:
A)boiling point elevation.
B)calorie.
C)latent heat of condensation.
D)latent heat of evaporation.
E)thermal capacity.
Q2) Discuss how latitude and climatological processes affect seawater salinity.
Q3) Discuss the relationship between seawater density and water temperature.
Q4) change in state from liquid to gas
A)evaporation
B)halocline
C)isocline
D)sublimation
E)thermocline
F)deposition
G)pycnocline
H)condensation
Q5) Describe the various methods used to desalinate seawater.
Q6) Describe what condition exists in water molecules to make then dipolar.
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Chapter 6: Air-Sea Interaction
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Q1) Near the poles, more energy is reflected back into space than is absorbed.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Earth's axis of rotation is tilted at an angle of: A)0°.
B)23.5°.
C)180°.
D)90°.
E)none of the above is correct.
Q3) The intensity of solar radiation received at lower latitudes (near the equator)compared to higher latitudes (near the poles)is:
A)the same.
B)lower.
C)greater.
D)none of the above.
Q4) The angle at which direct sunlight strikes the ocean's surface is important in determining the amount of solar energy that is absorbed.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Ocean Circulation
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Q1) The circular movement of surface water currents driven by the major wind belts are called gyres.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Sources of deep water in the ocean include all of the following except:
A)southern subpolar latitudes.
B)northern subpolar latitudes.
C)subtropical convergences.
D)Arctic convergence.
E)Antarctic convergence.
Q3) Which of the following is not an eastern boundary current?
A)California Current
B)Canary Current
C)Gulf Stream
D)Peru Current
E)W) Australian Current
Q4) Describe the location of the western boundary and eastern boundary current within a gyre. How is the direction of these currents related to heat distribution of the Earth's oceans?
Q5) Describe the circulation of deep ocean water.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Waves and Water Dynamics
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Q1) Rogue waves tend to occur:
A)in areas where wind belts converge.
B)in coastal areas with weak sea breezes.
C)in upwelling zones.
D)only in the southern ocean below 60°S latitude.
E)where storm waves move against strong surface currents.
Q2) An internal wave might form:
A)at a density boundary within the ocean.
B)at the boundary between the atmosphere and the ocean.
C)at the boundary between the ocean and the seafloor.
D)close to shore as it moves into shallow water.
E)only as a result of tidal activity.
Q3) Deep-water waves move faster than shallow water waves because they are not slowed by friction with the ocean bottom.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Compare and contrast wind-generated waves and internal waves. Include in your answer a discussion of the forces that generate each wave type and the properties of each wave type such as size, wavelength, and period.
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Chapter 9: Tides
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Q1) Tidal ranges will be greatest when the Earth and the Moon are at:
A)apogee.
B)aphelion.
C)perigee.
D)perihelion.
E)proxigean.
Q2) In the United States semidiurnal tides commonly occur along the:
A)Atlantic coast.
B)Gulf of Alaska.
C)Gulf of Mexico coast.
D)Florida Keys.
E)Pacific coast.
Q3) If the side of the Earth that faces the moon experiences a high tide, then the side of the Earth that is opposite from the moon will have a/an:
A)high tide.
B)low tide.
C)neap tide.
D)proxigean tide.
E)spring tide.
Q4) Distinguish between spring tides and neap tides.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: The Coast: Beaches and Shoreline Processes
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Q1) Alternatives to hard stabilization to protect coastlines from erosion including construction restrictions, relocation of structures, and construction of seawalls.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The longshore current is caused by waves striking the beach at an angle.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
A) barrier flat
B) beach face
C) berm
D) longshore bar
E) trough
Q4) Compare and contrast erosional coasts and depositional coasts.
Q5) The nearshore is equivalent to the intertidal zone.
A)True
B)False
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Page 12
Chapter 11: The Coastal Ocean
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Q1) DDT
A)persistent organic pollutants
B)toxic metals
C)sewage sludge
D)hydrocarbons
Q2) Estuarine circulation associated with a deep, high river volume system where no horizontal salinity gradient exists at the surface is called a:
A)bar-built estuary.
B)highly stratified estuary.
C)salt wedge estuary.
D)slightly stratified estuary.
E)vertically mixed estuary.
Q3) An estuary produced by faulting or folding of rocks that creates a dropped-down section into which a river flows is called a:
A)bar-built estuary.
B)coastal plain estuary.
C)fjord.
D)salt wedge estuary.
E)tectonic estuary.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Marine Life and the Marine Environment
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Q1) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
A) littoral
B) sublittoral
C) subneritic
D) suboceanic
E) supralittoral
Q2) Plankton includes all organisms such as bacteria, algae, and animals that actively swim independently of ocean currents.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following word pairs correctly link a descriptor with the way in which the organism lives in the ocean?
A)benthos-drift
B)benthos-swim
C)nekton-bottom-dwelling
D)nekton-swim
E)plankton-bottom-dwelling
Q4) Distinguish between plankton, nekton, and benthos and give an example of each.
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Chapter 13: Biological Productivity and Energy Transfer
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Q1) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
A) autotrophic
B) carnivorous feeding
C) deposit feeding
D) filter feeding
E) suspension feeding
Q2) dolphin
A)decomposer
B)detritivore
C)herbivore
D)autotroph
E)omnivore
F)carnivore
Q3) flounder
A)decomposer
B)consumer
C)producer
Q4) Why do algal blooms frequently occur during spring and fall in temperate oceans?
Q5) Why are upwelling zones generally more productive than coastal oceans?
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Chapter 14: Animals of the Pelagic Environment
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Q1) Photophores are cells found in bioluminescent organisms that may contain bioluminescent bacteria and the pigment luciferin.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
A) anal
B) caudal
C) dorsal
D) pelvic
E) ventral
Q3) Briefly describe the taxonomic groups of marine mammals. List the characteristics of each group and name an organism that belongs to each taxonomic group.
Q4) Pick the pair which does not fit the pattern:
A)clown fish-anemone
B)isopod-fish
C)krill-whale
D)remora-shark
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Chapter 15: Animals of the Benthic Environment
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Q1) The most successful adaptation for living on a sediment-covered shore is:
A)attachment to the substrate.
B)burrowing into the sediment.
C)flattened body shape.
D)sessile lifestyle.
E)swimming.
Q2) The temperature of the ocean water has a significant effect on species diversity of benthic communities.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The relationship between the protistan zooxanthellae and the polyps of reef-building corals is best described as a/an:
A)facultative ectoparasitism.
B)facultative commensalism.
C)obligate endoparasitism.
D)mutualistic symbiosis.
E)obligate commensalism.
Q4) Coral reefs contain more algal biomass than animal biomass.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: The Oceans and Climate Change
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Q1) Climate is the short-term, day-to-day variations in the condition of the atmosphere such as temperature, precipitation, and wind.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Changes in the Earth's orbit can impact climate by increasing or decreasing solar input.
A)True
B)False
Q3) There is a significant positive correlation between sunspot activity and recent changes in mean global temperature.
A)True
B)False
Q4) List and define the five components of Earth's climate system.
Q5) Dissolved carbon dioxide and pH in the oceans are inversely related.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What is the Kyoto Protocol? How has this accord impacted worldwide policies regarding greenhouse gas emissions?
Q7) Describe the role of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Page 18
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