Global Aging Systems
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Course Introduction
Global Aging Systems examines the demographic, social, economic, and policy challenges associated with aging populations around the world. The course explores how different countries structure their health care, social security, and senior services, comparing approaches to eldercare, pension systems, and active aging promotion. Students analyze the implications of global aging trends on labor markets, intergenerational relationships, and public policy, with an emphasis on sustainable and equitable solutions. Through case studies and international perspectives, the course equips learners to critically evaluate and contribute to the development of aging-friendly societies.
Recommended Textbook
Social Gerontology A Multidisciplinary Perspective 9th Edition by Nancy R. Hooyman
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Chapter 1: The Growth of Social Gerontology
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Q1) Genetics appears to be a primary factor in living to be 100+ years old.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The oldest-old subgroup:
A) is the slowest growing segment of the U.S. population.
B) has about as much education as younger groups.
C) has the same income as younger groups.
D) is the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population.
Answer: D
Q3) Life expectancy refers to the average years of life one can expect to live, whereas maximum life span refers to the maximum number of years a given species is expected to live.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) The study of aging is primarily a study of diseases.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Aging in Other Countries and Across Cultures in
the United States
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Q1) The poverty rate for older non-citizens is approximately twice that of older U.S. citizens.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Explain Japan's aging crisis.
Answer: Japan is experiencing the most rapid rate of population aging in the world.By 2050,the 65 and older group will comprise 30% of the country's population.Resistance to immigration,which would bring in younger workers,is contributing to the need of economic support of retirees.
Q3) The diverse cultures around the world illustrate that:
A) there is a general need to achieve balance between elders' contributions to society and costs of supporting them.
B) population aging is occurring at the same rate in developing and developed countries.
C) there is a movement from low fertility urban societies to higher fertility rural societies.
D) families no longer play a major role in supporting their elderly members.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: The Social Consequences of Physical Aging
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Q1) What has been learned about vital capacity by studying master athletes?
Answer: Researchers have learned that the maximum volume of oxygen declined by 5.5 percent in master athletes (older people who maintain vigorous exercise programs) and the maximum volume of oxygen declined in sedentary men by 12 percent.Thus,aging plays only a small role in the decline of the respiratory system.
Q2) Contrary to earlier studies of taste and aging, recent researchers have found little evidence of taste bud loss with aging.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Changes in circadian rhythms with aging appear to be associated with changes in core body temperatures.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) One true disorder of sleep that occurs with normal aging is ________, which is defined as a 5 - to 10-second cessation of breathing.
Answer: sleep apnea
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Chapter 4: Managing Chronic Diseases and Promoting Well
Being in Old Age
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Q1) Discuss the potential reasons for higher rates of accidents among older drivers.
Q2) Older people with diabetes are more likely than elders without diabetes to:
A) be Caucasian.
B) be underweight.
C) have a longer life expectancy.
D) report ADL limitations.
Q3) Approximately what percent of newly diagnosed people with HIV are over age 50?
A) 15%
B) 25%
C) 35%
D) 48%
Q4) COPD is 3-4 times more common among older men than in older women.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which of the following represents the most common IADL limitation for older adults?
A) home management
B) money management
C) meal preparation
D) grocery shopping
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Cognitive Changes With Aging
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Q1) Remembering where one saw or heard a new piece of information is called:
A) episodic memory.
B) flashbulb memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) source memory.
Q2) Older people have more problems with spatial memory than do younger people.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Measures of fluid intelligence include:
A) spatial orientation.
B) verbal comprehension.
C) social judgment.
D) word association.
Q4) The "Classic Aging Pattern" on the WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) refers to:
A) decline in the performance sub-tests beyond age 65.
B) decline in the verbal sub-tests beyond age 65.
C) improvement in mathematical reasoning with aging.
D) improvement in tests of spatial reasoning.
Q5) Discuss how older adults can use memory mediators to improve their memory.
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Chapter 6: Personality and Mental Health in Old Age
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Q1) Which of the following is true regarding Alzheimer's disease?
A) It is estimated to affect 14% of all Americans aged 65 and older.
B) Ginkgo biloba can help in advanced dementia.
C) There are currently a variety of treatments that can cure Alzheimer's disease.
D) Behavioral therapy is effective for moderate dementia.
Q2) ________ is defined as a combination of physical and functional health, high cognitive functioning, and active involvement with society.
Q3) Erikson's stages of ego development and Levinson's concept of "life structures" have similar meanings.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The underlying characteristics of a person's life at a particular period of time are known as ________.
Q5) A majority of those with Alzheimer's disease are cared for in long-term care settings, such as nursing homes.
A)True
B)False
Q6) White men aged 85 and older are at greatest risk for ________.
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Chapter 7: Love Intimacy and Sexuality in Old Age
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Q1) Older lesbians today:
A) are more open about their sexuality than gay men.
B) have generally practiced serial monogamy.
C) are more depressed and isolated than heterosexual women.
D) are more concerned about loss of attractiveness with aging.
Q2) The following is true about the sexuality of older men:
A) erectile dysfunction is rarely treatable.
B) approximately 60-80 percent who use Viagra seem to benefit from it.
C) the male climacteric begins about 10 years earlier than menopause in women.
D) sexual enjoyment and desire normally decline dramatically.
Q3) Which of the following changes regarding sexuality is normal for men?
A) It takes longer to achieve orgasm.
B) Older men cannot achieve an erection.
C) Orgasm is experienced more rapidly.
D) The refractory period is shorter for older men.
Q4) Viropause is also known as ________.
Q5) The majority of older women experience and enjoy orgasms.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The three phases of the climacteric are perimenopause, menopause, and ________.
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Chapter 8: Social Theories of Aging
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Q1) Which theory is centered on an intent to describe the changing world, not in an idealized way, but as it appears today?
A) symbolic interactionism
B) age stratification
C) social exchange
D) post modernism
Q2) In contrast to other theories, the best method for testing empirically a concept in social phenomenology is to use:
A) standardized psychological tests.
B) qualitative or ethnographic methods.
C) observation checklists.
D) clinical assessments by geriatricians.
Q3) Identify the four goals of a critical gerontology approach.
Q4) Early classic theories are still supported by empirical evidence.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Disengagement theory has been supported by recent empirical research. A)True
B)False
Q6) Contrast disengagement theory and activity theory.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: The Importance of Social Supports-Family,
Friends, and Neighbors
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Q1) The primary factor that affects the frequency of visiting between grandparents and grandchildren is:
A) geographic proximity.
B) the gender of the grandparent and grandchild.
C) family size.
D) divorce.
Q2) The changing demographic patterns of the United States have also affected the grandparenting role, such that:
A) older adults today have more grandchildren than earlier cohorts.
B) more older persons are experiencing the grandparent role than in the past.
C) there is less contact between grandparents and grandchildren than in the past.
D) grandfathers and grandmothers spend equal time with their grandchildren.
Q3) Fewer people within each generation are able to provide care for family members because of:
A) an increase in fertility that necessitates more care to be aimed at children.
B) the increase of women entering the paid workforce in the past 50 years.
C) declining family dissolutions, such as through divorce.
D) a shift in age structure from a beanpole to a pyramid.
Q4) Characterize sibling relationships in old age.
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Chapter 10: Opportunities and Challenges of Informal Caregiving
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Q1) What are the characteristics of elder abusers that reflect power inequalities?
Q2) The Family and Medical Leave Act offers job protection to all workers in the private sector who must take short-term leave for family caregiving.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Withholding or improper administration of needed medication would be an example of which type of elder mistreatment?
A) physical
B) medical
C) material
D) violation of rights
Q4) One of the strongest explanations for elder mistreatment is:
A) abuser impairment.
B) filial piety.
C) objective burden.
D) all of the above.
Q5) ________ occurs when the older adult engages in behavior that threatens his or her safety, even though he or she is mentally competent and understands the consequences of decisions.
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Chapter 11: Living Arrangements and Social Interactions
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Q1) Compared to younger age groups, people over age 65 are ________ likely to move to a different community and ________ likely to change housing types within the same community.
A) less/more
B) less/less
C) more/more
D) more/less
Q2) Regarding neighborhood living:
A) most older persons, in general, are satisfied with their neighborhood.
B) most older persons, in poorer neighborhoods, are dissatisfied with their neighbors.
C) most elders prefer living near their families.
D) neighbors can replace families as support systems.
Q3) Assisted living is a feasible housing option for older people of all income levels.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss Litwak's and Longino's three stage model of migration.
Q5) Outline the key points about the geographic distribution of the older population.
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Chapter 12: Productive Aging: Paid and Nonpaid Roles and Activities
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Q1) Which of the following is not an obstacle to an older adult finding part-time work?
A) negative stereotypes about aging and productivity
B) employer resistance about higher health insurance cost of older workers
C) lack of job retraining and assistance
D) laws forbidding Social Security beneficiaries from working
Q2) Rates of volunteering are highest among older adults.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Pre-retirement planning programs:
A) are widespread among American companies.
B) are used mostly by low-income workers.
C) help women plan their post-retirement income.
D) are most available to higher income workers.
Q4) Retirement satisfaction is provided by activities that provide:
A) autonomy.
B) a chance to learn something new.
C) financial security.
D) all of the above.
Q5) Discuss the factors that affect the timing of retirement.
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Chapter 13: Death, Dying, Bereavement, and Widowhood
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Q1) The Patient Self-Determination Act requires patients receiving care in a Medicare-funded facility to complete an advance directive.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is not one of the five stages of dying?
A) shock and denial
B) anger
C) happiness
D) acceptance
Q3) The "Death With Dignity Law" in the state of Oregon:
A) requires the physician to inform the patient of feasible alternatives.
B) allows doctors to help patients within 2 days of a request for assisted suicide.
C) allows family members to assist in the suicide of a dying patient.
D) has resulted in higher rates of illegal use of barbiturates in that state.
Q4) List the legal option an individual would want to consider when making end-of-life care decisions.
Q5) Thoroughly discuss Elizabeth Kubler-Ross' five stages of dying and how has its application changed.
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Chapter 14: The Resilience of Elders of Color
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Q1) Among all ethnic/racial groups in the United States, poverty rates are highest for African American elders and least for whites.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Older American Indian elders who live on reservations receive comprehensive health care from the Indian Health Service.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Comparative studies between older whites and older African Americans have found that older African Americans have:
A) fewer three or four-generation households.
B) lower frequency of family-based households with adult children.
C) more extended families.
D) less social support from extended family.
Q4) Compared to their non-Hispanic Caucasian counterparts, Hispanic elders:
A) are more likely to live in a nursing home.
B) are more likely to be institutionalized after age 75.
C) have higher death rates from cervical and uterine cancer.
D) view themselves as younger despite limitations in ADLs.
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Chapter 15: The Resiilience of Older Women
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Q1) Social Security and pension plans in the United States have been most useful in eliminating poverty among:
A) divorced women.
B) never-married mothers.
C) older African Americans.
D) older men and couples.
Q2) The issue of caregiving provides an opportunity for feminist researchers to:
A) control for the effects of gender.
B) recognize the interconnections between women's paid and unpaid work.
C) identify gender variations in the economic status of older persons.
D) both B and C.
Q3) An older woman can depend on her husband's pension to support her, even if he dies before retiring.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Why is there a need in gerontology to focus on the needs of older adult women?
Q5) Although women suffer from more chronic health conditions, most of these are not life-threatening.
A)True
B)False
17
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Chapter 16: Social Policies to Address Social Problems
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Q1) Explain how Social Security is currently funded and the arguments in favor of and against privatizing Social Security.
Q2) The agency responsible for administering the programs and services of the Older Americans Act is the:
A) Social Security Division.
B) Leadership Council on Aging.
C) Federal Council on Aging.
D) Administration on Aging.
Q3) Social policies for older people tend to be residual and incremental in nature.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Social Security and Medicare are ________ programs in that benefits are tied to a person's contribution to the system as a paid worker across the life span.
Q5) Which of the following is not one of the Social Security Trust Funds?
A) Old Age and Survivors Insurance
B) Military Personnel Insurance
C) Disability Insurance
D) Hospital Insurance
Q6) Contrast the politics of productivity versus the politics of entitlement.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Health and Long Term Care Policy and Programs
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Q1) The primary factor underlying escalating health and long-term care costs is:
A) more people are reaching old age.
B) older people and their families are paying less for care.
C) older people's disproportionate utilization of hospital and physician services.
D) the growth of medical technology.
Q2) What measures have attempted to reduce the costs under Medicare?
Q3) The co-payment through Medicare coverage for mental health services is the same as it is for other services.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In what ways might older adults qualify for Medicaid?
Q5) What percent of Medicare beneficiaries have no prescription drug coverage at some point each year?
A) 25%
B) 40%
C) 10%
D) 75%
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Q6) Discuss the factors which have led to the growth in Medicare funded home care services.