Gerontology Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Gerontology is the multidisciplinary study of the aging process and the challenges and opportunities that arise as individuals grow older. This course explores the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging, examining how aging affects individuals, families, and societies. Students will investigate topics such as the physiological changes associated with aging, mental health in later life, the role of policy and social services, and the impact of an aging population on healthcare systems. The course also considers cultural attitudes toward aging and highlights strategies for promoting healthy aging and enhancing quality of life for older adults.
Recommended Textbook Development Through the Lifespan 7th Edition by Laura E. Berk
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19 Chapters
2482 Verified Questions
2482 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: History, theory, and Research Strategies
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement describes a strength of naturalistic observation?
A) It reflects the participants' everyday lives.
B) It permits comparisons of participants' responses.
C) Great depth and breadth of information can be obtained in a short time.
D) It grants each participant an equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest.
Answer: A
Q2) According to research on family chaos,mothers who __________ experience greater psychological stress.
A) make family meals
B) frequently multitask
C) work outside the home
D) cosleep with their infants
Answer: B
Q3) In field experiments,researchers __________.
A) selectively assign participants to treatment conditions in natural settings
B) cannot used random assignment or manipulate treatment conditions
C) randomly assign participants to treatment conditions in natural settings
D) have stronger control over the treatment than in the laboratory
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Genetic and Environmental Foundations
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When reports indicate that many children are not achieving well in school,the federal and state governments might grant more tax money to school districts.This is an example of a(n)__________ policy.
A) individualistic
B) collectivist
C) public
D) socialistic
Answer: C
Q2) Environmental modification of gene expression __________.
A) may be possible in the future
B) cannot occur until after puberty
C) can occur at any age, even prenatally
D) happens in other mammals, but not humans
Answer: C
Q3) Fraternal twinning occurs __________.
A) less often with each additional birth
B) more often among women with poor diets
C) more often among women of slight body build
D) more often among women whose sisters gave birth to fraternal twins
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development, birth, and the Newborn Baby
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement about the harm done by teratogens is true?
A) Passive smoking is rarely harmful to the developing fetus.
B) The genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role.
C) The negative impact of teratogens is usually reversible.
D) The most serious defects occur in the germinal period.
Answer: B
Q2) The term teratogen refers to __________.
A) any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period
B) a limited time span during which a part of the body is biologically prepared to develop rapidly
C) a rapid period of prenatal neurological development
D) a synthetic hormone used to prevent miscarriage
Answer: A
Q3) The germinal period __________.
A) occurs during the second trimester of pregnancy
B) lasts about six weeks
C) lasts about two weeks
D) is the final period of a 38-week pregnancy
Answer: C
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement about imitation is true?
A) Newborn chimpanzees imitate more facial expressions and gestures than human infants, and their imitative behavior does not decline.
B) Imitation is harder to induce in newborns than in babies 2 to 3 months old because newborns cannot learn by observing others.
C) Babies several months old often do not imitate an adult's behavior right away because they first try to play familiar social games.
D) Unlike newborn chimpanzees, newborn humans cannot imitate certain gestures, such as head and index-finger movements.
Q2) Breastfeeding for just a few weeks __________.
A) is a reliable method of birth control
B) can lead to later obesity
C) is not helpful because, in the beginning, breastfeeding causes constipation
D) offers some protection against respiratory and intestinal infections
Q3) What influence does heredity have on physical growth?
Q4) Discuss the two growth patterns that describe the changes in body proportions as a child grows.
Q5) Explain intermodal perception and its importance to perceptual development.
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Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Piaget based the substages of sensorimotor development on __________.
A) interviews with parents and children
B) observations of a large sample of young children
C) observations of his own three children
D) field experiments with toddlers and preschoolers
Q2) __________ is related to advanced play,language,and problem solving in toddlerhood and early childhood.
A) Novelty preference
B) Categorization
C) Scaffolding
D) Displaced reference
Q3) Which statement is supported by research on babbling?
A) For babbling to fully develop, infants must be able to hear human speech.
B) Western babies start babbling sooner than non-Western babies.
C) Deaf infants do not start babbling until much later than hearing infants.
D) Babies with hearing impairments produce the greatest diversity of babbling sounds.
Q4) Describe the social-interactionist view of language development.
Q5) Discuss the development of recall memory.
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Q6) Describe the signs of developmentally appropriate infant and toddler child care.
Chapter 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while simultaneously encouraging more adaptive functioning.
A) Goodness of fit
B) Ethological theory of attachment
C) Emotional self-regulation
D) Effortful control
Q2) Two-year-old Eva's parents meet her assertions of independence with tolerance and understanding.They provide suitable guidance and reassurance.According to Erikson's theory,Eva will develop __________ as a result.
A) basic trust
B) mistrust
C) autonomy
D) industry
Q3) A unique feature of Mary Rothbart's model of temperament is inclusion of both __________ and __________.
A) intensity of reaction; distractibility
B) regularity of body functions; persistence
C) activity level; intensity of reaction
D) fearful distress; irritable distress
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Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Agata suffered from persistent diarrhea in early childhood.As a result,during her school years,Agata is probably __________ than her agemates who were not stricken with persistent diarrhea.
A) heavier in weight
B) shorter in height
C) better nourished
D) more attentive
Q2) Which statement about preschoolers' ability to generate and follow a plan is true?
A) Young preschoolers can easily adjust their plans to fit task requirements.
B) With respect to planning, children learn very little from directions for playing games.
C) When parents encourage planning in everyday activities, they help children plan more effectively.
D) Preschoolers are not yet capable of planning, even if the tasks are familiar and not too complex.
Q3) Discuss three educational principles derived from Piaget's theory that continue to have a major impact on both teacher training and classroom practices,especially during early childhood.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Girls exposed prenatally to high levels of androgens show a preference for
A) girls as playmates
B) quiet play over active play
C) creating art over rough-and-tumble play
D) trucks and blocks over dolls
Q2) Among Western children,when guilt occurs in appropriate circumstances and is not excessive or accompanied by shame,it is related to __________.
A) inflated self-esteem
B) an insecure attachment
C) poor emotional self-regulation
D) good adjustment
Q3) Typical parents give their sons toys that emphasize __________.
A) cooperation
B) nurturance
C) competition
D) physical attractiveness
Q4) Discuss the emergence of self-esteem in early childhood.How can adults promote high self-esteem?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Studies show that educational self-fulfilling prophecies are especially strong
A) in multigrade classrooms
B) in social-constructivist classrooms
C) when teachers rely on cooperative learning techniques
D) when teachers emphasize competition and publicly compare children
Q2) Eight-year-old Miles has confidence in his own ability.When he faces a spelling test,he believes that he can practice spelling the words and he will do well on the test.Miles has developed __________.
A) learned helplessness
B) academic self-efficacy
C) inflated self-esteem
D) interpersonal intelligence
Q3) As children make the transition from emergent literacy to conventional reading,__________ continues to facilitate their progress.
A) phonological awareness
B) metacognitive awareness
C) practical intelligence
D) transitive inference
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Chapter 10: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Divorce mediation __________.
A) increases involvement of both parents in child rearing
B) increases family conflict over child rearing
C) decreases children's feelings of well-being
D) decreases parents' feelings of well-being
Q2) Describe the characteristics of popular children,distinguishing between prosocial and antisocial children.
Q3) Research shows that declines in well-being following divorce are greatest for
A) noncustodial fathers
B) mothers of young children
C) custodial fathers
D) mothers of school-age children
Q4) Excessive guilt is linked to __________.
A) ignoring responsibilities
B) intentional wrongdoing
C) depressive symptoms
D) lying and cheating
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Q5) Describe the long-term consequences of divorce on children.What factors help children make a more positive adjustment?
Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Early sexual activity is more common among young people from __________.
A) mid- to high-SES homes
B) economically disadvantaged homes
C) only-child families
D) dual-earner families
Q2) Fifteen-year-old Mary,who has become critical of her parents and siblings,envisions a world with no injustice or discrimination.This is typical of the __________ that manifests from adolescents' capacity to think about possibilities.
A) personal fable
B) imaginary audience
C) idealism
D) egocentrism
Q3) During puberty,__________.
A) the cephalocaudal growth trend of infancy and childhood reverses
B) the torso accelerates first, followed by the hands, legs, and feet
C) the average child gains 20 to 35 pounds
D) girls' shoulders broaden relative to the hips
Q4) Discuss the effects of part-time work during high school.
Q6) Discuss effective interventions for adolescent parents. Page 13
Q5) Discuss motor development and physical activity in adolescence.
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Page 14
Chapter 12: Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence
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132 Verified Questions
132 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In response to the "Heinz dilemma," Ruby explains,"It doesn't make sense to put respect for property above respect for life itself.Respect for human life is absolute." Ruby is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
A) Stage 3, the "good-boy-good-girl" orientation
B) Stage 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation
C) Stage 5, the social contract orientation
D) Stage 6, the universal ethical principle orientation
Q2) Delinquent youths,regardless of SES and ethnicity,often experience parenting that is __________.
A) high in support
B) high in conflict
C) heavy in monitoring
D) warm and consistent
Q3) Identity-diffused individuals __________.
A) feel a sense of psychological well-being
B) often reject their parents' values and goals
C) have committed themselves to values without exploring alternatives
D) are not actively trying to reach values and goals
Q4) Discuss gender differences in friendship quality in adolescence.
Page 15
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Physical changes of aging begin in the __________ system in the late thirties,accelerate in the fifties,and slow in the seventies.
A) cardiovascular
B) reproductive
C) nervous
D) skeletal
Q2) Jackson,age 26,started smoking at 16.Recently,he used nasal spray and nicotine gum in an effort to stop smoking and he has not had a cigarette in three weeks.Jackson
A) cannot avoid the elevated risk of premature death from cigarettes
B) has already reduced his life expectancy by 11-15 years
C) will probably start smoking again within six months
D) has a 75 percent chance of never smoking again
Q3) The sexual problem most often reported by men is __________.
A) lack of interest in sex
B) inability to achieve orgasm
C) climaxing too early
D) a partner's lack of technique
Q4) Briefly describe the psychological impact of attending college.
Q5) How does psychological stress affect health in early adulthood?
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Chapter 14: Emotional and Social Development in Early
Adulthood
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following 22-year-olds is the most likely to experience emerging adulthood?
A) Pramada, a middle-SES female in India
B) Percy, a high-SES male in the United Kingdom
C) Huan, a low-SES female in China
D) Albert, a high school dropout in the United States
Q2) Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love identifies __________ as three components that shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop.
A) passion, intimacy, and commitment
B) passion, companionship, and caring
C) intimacy, emotional maturity, and dependability
D) mutual attraction, companionship, and commitment
Q3) Compared to shorter-term relationships,long-lasting male friends __________.
A) tend to be more competitive with one another
B) are more apt to say they like to "do something" when they are together
C) disclose more personal information to one another
D) engage in more joint activities, but limit personal disclosure
Q4) Discuss factors that contribute to the widespread,persistent gender pay gap in the United States.
Page 17
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hector,age 85,is likely to show greater decrements in __________.
A) verbal memory
B) numeric ability
C) verbal ability
D) inductive reasoning
Q2) Which statement is true about nontraditional college students?
A) They especially value forming new relationships and sharing opinions.
B) They rarely require academic advising assistance.
C) They do not qualify for professional internship opportunities.
D) Most reap great personal benefits but do not do that well academically.
Q3) On tests of complex abilities,the slower the reaction time,the __________ the score on __________.
A) higher; tests of memory
B) higher; tests of reasoning
C) lower; problem-solving tasks
D) lower; verbal IQ tasks
Q4) Why do some individuals decline intellectually with age much earlier than others? What factors are linked to favorable cognitive development in adulthood?
Q5) Describe the Type A behavior pattern.How does it affect health?
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Chapter 16: Emotional and Social Development in Middle
Adulthood
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129 Verified Questions
129 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When different aspects of jobs are considered,contentment with __________ shows a strong age-related gain.
A) pay
B) the work itself
C) promotions
D) supervision
Q2) Nat is 42.His sister,Kiana,is 25.Which statement is the most likely to be true based solely on their ages?
A) Kiana is more likely than Nat to identify the positive side of difficult situations.
B) Nat is more likely than Kiana to anticipate and plan ways to handle future discomforts.
C) Nat is more likely than Kiana to act quickly rather than taking time to evaluate alternatives.
D) Kiana is more likely than Nat to use humor to express ideas and feelings without offending others.
Q3) According to Levinson,the middle-aged person must seek new ways of being both young and old.Explain what this means and how U.S.midlifers go about confronting this developmental task.
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Page 19
Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true about hearing loss in late adulthood?
A) It affects safety and enjoyment of life.
B) It has more of an impact on self-care than vision loss.
C) As hearing declines, older people report higher self-efficacy.
D) Older people with hearing loss report a larger social network than their normally hearing peers.
Q2) Which of the following is an example of an event-based memory task?
A) taking medicine when an alarm goes off
B) taking medicine every 4 to 6 hours
C) remembering to set the alarm at night
D) remembering a special event from the past, like high school graduation
Q3) Define and describe terminal decline.
Q4) Orlando,age 82,is asked to describe important life events,noting the age at which each occurred.Among remote events recalled,Orlando is most likely to focus on events that occurred __________.
A) before the age of 10
B) between ages 10 and 30
C) between ages 30 and 40
D) between ages 40 and 60
Page 20
Q5) What are primary and secondary aging? How do they differ?
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Chapter 18: Emotional and Social Development in Late
Adulthood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In some research,religious activity-not religious belief or membership in a congregation-was associated with __________ following negative life events.
A) declines in distress
B) declines in optimism
C) increases in distress
D) increases in pessimism
Q2) Which statement is true about never-married,childless older adults?
A) Never-married women engage in more unhealthy behaviors than never-married men.
B) Few never-married childless older adults say that some informal support is available.
C) About 15 percent of older Americans have remained unmarried and childless throughout life.
D) Never-married childless older adults lose more network members with increasing age.
Q3) Identify and describe the characteristics and challenges of never-married,childless older adults.
Q4) Describe George Vaillant's findings regarding successful aging.
Q5) Discuss the concept of gerotranscendence.
Page 21
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Chapter 19: Death, dying, and Bereavement
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128 Verified Questions
128 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ are usually more distressed during the dying process.
A) People with strong relationships
B) People with few disappointments in life
C) Poorly adjusted individuals
D) Extremely well-adjusted individuals
Q2) Most grieving individuals __________.
A) do not participate in bereavement interventions
B) seek group counseling
C) attend individual grief counseling
D) seek family therapy
Q3) Three-year-old Tristan finds a dead fish on the beach.Although he says that the fish is dead,he asks,"When is the fish going to get up and swim?" Tristan is having trouble understanding the death subconcept of __________.
A) finality
B) nonfunctionality
C) universality
D) applicability
Q4) What is bereavement overload? Who is at risk for it?
Q5) What is medical aid-in-dying? Is it legal in the United States?
Q6) Define and describe the three phases of death.
Page 22
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