Geomorphology Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Geomorphology is the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape the Earth's surface. This course explores the origins, development, and classification of various landscapes, including mountains, valleys, rivers, deserts, and coastlines. Students will examine the dynamic interactions between tectonic activity, weathering, erosion, sediment transport, and deposition, as well as the influence of climate and human activity on geomorphic processes. Through a combination of lectures, fieldwork, and laboratory analysis, the course provides both theoretical foundations and practical skills for understanding the physical evolution of terrestrial environments.
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Discovering Physical Geography 3rd Edition by Alan F. Arbogast
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20 Chapters
2538 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Physical Geography
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Sample Questions
Q1) Geography is
A) a recent scientific discipline studying the tectonic plates of the Earth and their movements over time.
B) the study of rocks and their formation and differentiation on the surface of the Earth.
C) the discipline of creating maps devoted to the features and structure of the Earth.
D) an ancient discipline examining the spatial attributes of the Earth's surface and how they differ from one place to another.
E) the classification and categorization of rock, sediment, and soils and their characteristic landforms.
Answer: D
Q2) Geography is just the study and definition of the location of countries,capital cities,rivers,and oceans.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: The Geographers Tools
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Sample Questions
Q1) This type of orbit requires satellites to be at an elevation of 700-850 km above the surface of the Earth.
A) Sun-synchronous orbit
B) continental orbit
C) geosynchronous orbit
D) geostationary orbit
E) none of these
Answer: A
Q2) This type of map scale shows the length of time necessary to traverse different sections of the freeway system moving at the posted speed limit.
A) Written (Verbal) Scale
B) Representative Fraction (Ratio Scale)
C) Graphic (or Bar) Scale
D) all of these
E) none of these
Answer: E
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Chapter 3: Earth-Sun Geometry and the Seasons
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Earth follows a circular orbit around the Sun.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Winter in the Northern Hemisphere occurs when
A) the Earth is near perihelion.
B) the Earth is near aphelion.
C) the Earth is near Vernal Equinox.
D) everywhere on Earth has 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of night.
E) the Earth is the farthest from the Sun.
Answer: A
Q3) Explain the seasonal changes in the number of daylight hours per day for a position at the upper latitudes (66.5ºN)of the Northern Hemisphere.
Answer: In the winter,the Sun at solar noon appears lower and lower in the sky,until at the Winter Solstice the Sun never rises above the horizon,so my 24-hour day is all night. As we progress toward the Summer Solstice,the Sun rises higher and higher in the sky (at solar noon),until at the solstice it never dips below the horizon,so I have 24 hours of daylight.
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Chapter 4: The Global Energy System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare and contrast sensible heat and latent heat. Into which category would you place evaporation?
Q2) Absorption occurs when constant gases in the atmosphere interrupt the flow of solar radiation by scattering specific wavelengths.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The most important variable gases are argon,water vapor,and carbon dioxide.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Shortwave radiation includes gamma rays,X-rays,and visible light.
A)True
B)False
Q5) List the three primary variable gases and their respective percentages of the atmosphere. Why are they important?
Q6) Argon is considered a constant gas.
A)True
B)False
Q7) For the electromagnetic spectrum describe the relationships between temperature,wavelength,and amount of emitted radiation for an object.
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Chapter 5: Global Temperature Patterns
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Sample Questions
Q1) The spherical shape of the Earth causes rays hitting the surface to differ in the area they cover according to the latitude at which they strike.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following formulas would you use to convert a temperature initially taken in degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius?
A) C = 9/5F + 32°
B) C = 5/9(F - 32°)
C) C = F - 273
D) C = 5/9F - 32°
E) C = 9/5(F + 32°)
Q3) This layer of the atmosphere has an environmental lapse rate of (on average)6.4°C per 1000 m.
A) stratopause
B) mesosphere
C) troposphere
D) thermosphere
E) stratosphere
Q4) Describe the thermosphere,including elevation,composition,and lapse rate.
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Chapter 6: Atmospheric Pressure, wind, and Global
Circulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are Rossby waves,and where are they found?
Q2) The air pressure at the top of Mount Everest is greater than the air pressure in Denver,Colorado.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A band of easterly winds that exist where northern and southern trade winds converge is called the
A) equatorial trough
B) Intertropical Convergence Zone
C) trade winds
D) tropical easterlies
E) Hadley cell
Q4) In a high-pressure system,surface air diverges in a counterclockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere.
A)True
B)False
Q5) .High-altitude air on the north side of the ITCZ flows northward by convection.
A)True
B)False
Page 8
Q6) What is a monsoon,and where are monsoons found?
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Chapter 7: Atmospheric Moisture and Precipitation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Specific humidity refers to the measurable amount of water vapor that is in a definable body of air.
A)True
B)False
Q2) How and when does radiation fog form?
Q3) Advection fog develops when warm air flows over a cooler surface.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A drop of water contains about a million molecules.
A)True
B)False
Q5) .It is not possible for relative humidity to get over 100%.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What percentage of the total amount of energy in the atmosphere is held as latent energy?
A) 60%
B) 12%
C) 30%
D) 5%
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Chapter 8: Air Masses and Cyclonic Weather Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Select all of the following statements that are characteristics of tornadoes.
A) The average duration of a tornado is about 15 minutes.
B) Tornadoes are classified on a scale from 0 to 6.
C) Tornadoes can be on the ground for hundreds of kilometers and last for several hours.
D) Tornadoes are measured on the Enhanced Fujita scale.
E) When the tornado becomes clogged with the air it takes in, the funnel strengthens.
Q2) A stationary front is similar to a warm front except that it does not change position.
A)True
B)False
Q3) During the open stage of a midlatitude cyclone,
A) occlusion is occurring.
B) the warm and cold fronts are fully separated.
C) the warm front is moving faster than the cold front.
D) clouds are absent along the warm front.
E) precipitation is unlikely.
Q4) The shockwave created by the incredible __________ of a lightning strike generates sound waves that are heard as thunder.
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Chapter 9: Global Climates and Global Climate Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following describes climatology?
A) the daily weather elements
B) the study of the state of the atmosphere at a specific place at a particular time
C) the rising barometer
D) the study of the geographic distribution and character of the average weather elements and their extremes
E) the wind blowing at 20 mph
Q2) The climate of central Greenland and Antarctica is
A) humid continental mild-summer.
B) subarctic.
C) cold midlatitude desert.
D) tundra.
E) ice cap.
Q3) The climograph with the line graph below freezing and short to absent bars is A) humid continental mild-summer.
B) subarctic.
C) cold midlatitude desert.
D) tundra.
E) ice cap.
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Chapter 10: Plant Geography
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Sample Questions
Q1) The biome arctic and alpine ice is BEST associated with algae growth,ice,and bare rock.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The orientation of a slope is called its
A) aspect.
B) gradient.
C) rise.
D) run.
E) microclimate.
Q3) The climate that BEST matches with the Mediterranean woodland and shrub biome is
A) marine west-coast.
B) humid subtropical hot-summer.
C) hot low-latitude steppe.
D) tropical savanna.
E) Mediterranean dry-summer.
Q4) Tropical deciduous forest and scrub's canopies are not as tall as the tropical rainforest and can drop their leaves during the dry season.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: The Global Distribution and Character of Soils
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Sample Questions
Q1) Organic material in soil is both living and dead.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following layers are included in the solum?
A) C
B) A
C) E
D) B
E) R
Q3) Which of the following are examples of cations?
A) calcium
B) colloids
C) magnesium
D) potassium
E) iron
Q4) Inceptisols are the most poorly developed or youngest soils.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The soil order BEST associated with high latitudes or elevations is __________.
Q6) How many soil orders are there?
Page 14
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Chapter 12: Earth S Internal Structure, rock Cycle, and Geologic Time
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____[1]_____ that cools slowly forms intrusive igneous rock,and when ____[2]____ cools at the surface it forms ______[3]_____ rock.
Answer 1 Choices
Basalt Lava Magma
Answer 2 Choices: basalt
lava magma
Answer 3 Choices
clastic sedimentary extrusive igneous extrusive sedimentary intrusive igneous metamorphic
Q2) The period of time that encompasses all of the Earth history,from its formation to the present,is called __________.
Q3) When limestone undergoes metamorphism,it becomes __________.
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Chapter 13: Tectonic Processes and Landforms
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Sample Questions
Q1) A fault associated with divergence is a(n)
A) normal fault.
B) abnormal fault.
C) reverse fault.
D) backward fault.
E) scissor fault.
Q2) Which of these are examples of shield volcanoes? (Select all that apply.)
A) Crater Lake
B) Mount St. Helens
C) Mauna Loa
D) Mount Capulin
E) Mount Nyaragongo
Q3) The instrument used to measure and record an earthquake is a
A) climograph.
B) barometer.
C) Brunton compass.
D) seismograph.
E) hygrometer.
Q4) The National Park that is a continental hotspot is __________.
Q5) The point of origin of an earthquake is its __________.
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Chapter 14: Weathering and Mass Movements
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Sample Questions
Q1) Expansion and contraction of water in rock cracks due to freezing and thawing is A) plant wedging.
B) frost wedging.
C) frost heaving.
D) salt-crystal growth.
E) exfoliation.
Q2) Very wet mass-wasting events are called A) slumps.
B) slides.
C) flows.
D) drifts.
E) falls.
Q3) The precipitation by rain,fog,or snow of strong mineral acids primarily sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxides is A) acid rain.
B) leaching.
C) carbonation.
D) oxidation.
E) hydrolysis.
Q4) The weathering that most impacts limestone is __________.
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Chapter 15: Groundwater and Karst Landscapes
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Sample Questions
Q1) What process is associated with cave formation,and what type of rock feature needs to be present?
Q2) Subsidence is the main reason Venice,Italy,has continued to sink for nearly 1400 years.
A)True
B)False
Q3) __________ is the sinking of a surface as a result of the loss of support from underlying water,soils,or strata.
A) Draw-down
B) Subsidence
C) Deflation
D) Contamination
E) Karst
Q4) Groundwater flows to the _________ point on the landscape.
A) highest
B) neutral
C) lowest
D) median
E) highest pressure
Q5) Why does tower (or haystack)karst develop?
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Chapter 16: Fluvial Systems and Landforms
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hydrologists classified the 1993 Mississippi River flood as a 1000-year flood.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The ___________ is a stream that can transport no more material than it is currently carrying.
A) entrained stream
B) aggraded stream
C) graded stream
D) competent stream
E) profiled stream
Q3) A knickpoint is a place where the stream gradient is significantly steeper than other locations within the stream.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The topographic lowering of a stream channel through stream erosion is called A) a braided stream.
B) a graded stream.
C) degradation.
D) a meandering stream.
E) aggradation.
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Chapter 17: Glacial Geomorphology: Processes and Landforms
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a glacier terminates (ends)at the ocean,it is called a A) tidewater glacier.
B) piedmont glacier.
C) valley glacier.
D) calving glacier.
E) alpine glacier.
Q2) Most glacial movement is a result of internal deformation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The interior of a glacier is almost always at a standstill.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A glacier in a mountainous region is called an alpine glacier.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are some of the forms of ground ice?
Q6) List and define the three types of glaciers commonly associated with alpine glaciers.
Q8) What is the importance of permafrost in periglacial landscapes? Page 20
Q7) What is the difference between alpine glaciers and continental glaciers?
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Chapter 18: Arid Landscapes and Eolian Processes
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Sample Questions
Q1) A very steep-sided valley that is cut into bedrock is called a(n)
A) butte.
B) mesa.
C) plateau.
D) canyon.
E) arroyo.
Q2) The removal of sediment from a surface by wind action is called abrasion.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Ridges that are sculpted and streamlined by wind abrasion and deflation are called ventifacts.
A)True
B)False
Q4) List and describe the ways in which the wind transports sediment.
Q5) How did the Great Sand Dunes National Monument develop?
Q6) Loess deposits typically contain as much as 40% calcium.
A)True
B)False
Q7) What were the causes of desertification in the Sahel region of Africa?
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Q8) Explain why the backslope,crest,and slip face are important on sand dunes?
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Chapter 19: Coastal Processes and Landforms
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____________ is the outward extension of the shoreline through deposition of sediment.
A) Retrogradation
B) Progradation
C) Offshore development
D) Foreshore
E) Backshore
Q2) The combined movement of sediment through the processes of longshore drift and beach drift is called littoral drift.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The nearshore zone that is permanently submerged is called the A) backshore.
B) beach ridge.
C) foreshore.
D) offshore.
E) offshore bar.
Q4) The high point of an individual wave is called the wave crest.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 20: Population Growth and Environmental Impacts
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Sample Questions
Q1) As of 2010,approximately _____ Giant Pandas lived in the wild.
A) 100
B) 1600
C) 80,000
D) 120,000
E) 1.4 million
Q2) The ________ River was greatly impacted in Southern California's need for water that also greatly lowered Mono Lake.
A) Owens
B) Arkansas
C) Snake
D) Bedford
E) White
Q3) __________is the process in arid environments whereby salts can be brought up from depth if the water table is shallow; the process is also known as "wicking."
Q4) City crawl is the name for an expansion of cities outward from the original core land.
A)True
B)False
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