Geology for Engineers Pre-Test
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Course Introduction
Geology for Engineers introduces students to the fundamental principles of geology with a focus on their practical applications in engineering. The course covers topics such as mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, soil mechanics, and hydrogeology, providing an understanding of earth materials, geological processes, and the assessment of geological hazards. Emphasizing the interaction between the built environment and geological conditions, students learn how to analyze subsurface data, evaluate site conditions, and interpret geological maps and reports for construction, environmental, and resource management projects. The course equips future engineers with the geological knowledge necessary for safe, sustainable, and efficient civil engineering design and implementation.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Geology 5th Edition by Stephen Marshak
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Earth in Context
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Q1) The lithosphere is composed of the ________.
A)crust only
B)crust,mantle,and outer core
C)top 100 meters of sediments and sedimentary rocks
D)crust and the uppermost part of the mantle
Answer: D
Q2) According to the Expanding Universe theory,our Universe is ________.
A)expanding only
B)contracting only
C)not moving at all
D)contracting and expanding
Answer: A
Q3) Presently,Earth's atmosphere is dominated by which two gases?
A)hydrogen and helium
B)oxygen and carbon dioxide
C)nitrogen and oxygen
D)carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
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Q1) Wegener's idea of continental drift was rejected by American geologists because
A)his English was too poor to be understood by them
B)he could not conceive of a valid mechanism that would cause continents to shift positions
C)he had relatively little evidence supporting the existence of a supercontinent
D)the apparent fit of continental coastlines is blurred when the margins are defined by the edges of continental shelves rather than sea level
Answer: B
Q2) The primary difference between lithospheric and asthenospheric mantle that gives rise to numerous different patterns of physical behavior is ________.
A)physical state: the lithosphere is solid;the asthenosphere is liquid
B)chemical composition: the lithosphere is mafic;the asthenosphere is felsic
C)temperature: the lithosphere is cooler than the asthenosphere
D)chemical composition: the lithosphere is felsic;the asthenosphere is mafic
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Patterns in Nature: Minerals
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Q1) Explain why a cubic zirconia is NOT a mineral.
Answer: Cubic zirconia are man-made and therefore not considered a mineral.
Q2) The silica tetrahedron that forms the backbone of all the silicate minerals is composed of silicon and what other element?
A)magnesium
B)oxygen
C)iron
D)carbon
Answer: B
Q3) The internal ordering of mineral crystals can be detected using ________.
A)magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
B)X-ray diffraction
C)a scanning electron microscope (SEM)
D)cathodized axial tomography (CAT)
Answer: B
Q4) Why are minerals often referred to as "the building blocks of Earth"?
Answer: Earth is made of many different types of rocks,and rocks are composed of a mixture of minerals in various forms.Thus,the smallest "building block" of Earth is actually the mineral.
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Chapter 4: Up From the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks
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Q1) Despite the fact that the temperatures within Earth are hot enough to melt rock,Earth is mostly solid.Why do the rocks within Earth NOT melt?
A)The pressure is too high.
B)The pressure is too low.
C)There is not enough water.
D)They are not in contact with air.
Q2) Coarse-grained granite is most similar in mineral composition to fine-grained
A)andesite
B)basalt
C)gabbro
D)rhyolite
Q3) Describe the process of decompression melting;be sure to include an example of where this type of melting occurs within Earth.
Q4) The interior of Earth consists almost entirely of ________ rock.
A)solid
B)molten
C)sedimentary
D)felsic
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Chapter 5: The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions
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Q1) Which of the following poses the greatest hazard to human life associated with volcanoes?
A)flowing lava
B)volcanic gas
C)falling ash
D)pyroclastic flows
Q2) Which volcanic eruption nearly wiped humanity off the planet?
A)1991-Mount Pinatubo,Philippines
B)75Ka- Toba,Indonesia
C)1980-Mount St.Helens,USA
D)1815-Mount Tambora,Indonesia
Q3) The lower the viscosity of a lava the more likely it is to produce an ________ eruption.
A)effusive
B)explosive
C)intrusive
D)infusive
Q4) Describe how an explosive volcanic eruption can create a global cooling event.
Q5) Describe how explosive eruptions occur.Make sure to address viscosity,gas content,and the process for building pressure.
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Chapter 6: Pages of Earth S Past: Sedimentary Rocks
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Q1) Describe the difference between lithification and diagenesis.
Q2) ________ basins contain the largest accumulation of marine sediments.
A)Rift
B)Passive-margin
C)Foreland
D)Intracontinental
Q3) Precipitation of gypsum due to evaporation of seawater produces which kind of sedimentary rock?
A)biochemical
B)chemical
C)clastic
D)organic
Q4) Large layers of cross-bedded sand can be indicative of a ________ environment.
A)submarine
B)beach
C)desert
D)fluvial
Q5) What traits would a clastic sedimentary rock have if it had traveled far from its source and was carried in a current with uniform energy? What environment would this be?
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Chapter 7: Metamorphism: A Process of Change
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Q1) The development of a preferred orientation of large,flaky mica crystals within metamorphic rock is termed ________.
A)slaty cleavage
B)phyllitic luster
C)schistosity
D)compositional banding
Q2) During dynamothermal metamorphism several metamorphic processes are at work.Describe these processes and what effect they might have on the rocks subjected to metamorphism.
Q3) Dynamothermal (regional)metamorphism occurs when ________.
A)rock becomes deeply buried during continental collision and mountain building
B)regression of the sea leads to erosion of sedimentary cover on a body of rock
C)the upper surface of a body of rock develops a thick soil profile
D)a pluton causes metamorphism in a small surrounding region
Q4) ________ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of slate.
A)Limestone
B)Sandstone
C)Shale
D)Basalt
Q5) Describe the resulting metamorphism that occurs next to an igneous intrusion.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes
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Q1) The moment magnitude is based on the ________ and ________ of the earthquake.
A)amplitude;rupture area
B)amplitude;distance
C)rupture area;amount of damage
D)amount of damage;distance
Q2) Moderate- and deep-focus earthquakes occur along only ________.
A)convergent-plate boundaries
B)divergent-plate boundaries
C)transform-plate boundaries
D)hotspots
Q3) Long-term prediction methods include ________.
A)early warning systems
B)behavior of animals
C)seismic risk assessment
D)recognition of foreshocks
Q4) How is the Mercalli intensity scale used to determine the magnitude of an earthquake? What errors might be associated with this technique?
Q5) Why is an early warning system NOT considered a short-term earthquake prediction tool?
Q6) Explain why tsunamis are NOT tidal waves.
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Chapter 9: Crags, cracks, and Crumples: Crustal
Deformation and Mountain Building
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Q1) ________ occurs when rocks bend,break,or flow during mountain building.
A)Deformation
B)Orogeny
C)Lengthening
D)Stress
Q2) Cratonic platforms generally show ________ topography.
A)rugged,steep
B)jagged,subdued
C)gentle,subdued
D)angular,subdued
Q3) Shields contain vast areas of exposed metamorphic rocks;this is due to the ________ process.
A)exhumation
B)epeirogenic
C)burial
D)sedimentation
Q4) What types of geologic structures would you expect to find in an area that had undergone compression?
Q5) Explain what the ultimate fate is of all mountains on Earth?
Q6) Explain how the mountains in the Basin and Range Province were formed? Page 11
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Chapter 10: Deep Time: How Old Is Old
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Q1) Seasonal changes create layering in glaciers known as ________.
A)growth banding
B)rhythmic layering
C)growth layering
D)annual banding
Q2) ________ ages are used to set the beginning and end points of eras,epochs,and periods on the geologic time scale.
A)Relative
B)Systematic
C)Radiometric
D)Isotrophic
Q3) A birthdate is an example of a(n)________ age.
A)relative
B)numerical
C)radiocarbon
D)isotopic
Q4) Discuss what the numerical age represents when radiometrically dating a basalt,a gneiss,and a quartz sandstone.
Q5) Why have no rocks older than 4.12 Ga been found in Earth's crust?
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Chapter 11: A Biography of Earth
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Q1) Why was the evolution of shells important for the diversification of life?
A)Shells provide a food source for organisms higher on the food chain.
B)Shells protect organisms from predators and environmental conditions.
C)Shells provide protection from the highly acidic ocean water of the time.
D)Shells provide a habitat for organisms and protect them from sunlight.
Q2) During the Hadean Eon Earth's surface was ________.
A)hardened
B)cratered
C)molten
D)frozen
Q3) The first mammals appeared during the ________ Period.
A)Cambrian
B)Devonian
C)Permian
D)Triassic
Q4) Describe the circumstances that led to the formation of true continental crust during the Archean.
Q5) Describe how fossils can be used to interpret the geologic history of an area.
Q6) How were mammals able to take over as the dominant class of organisms on Earth?
Q7) What caused the buildup of oxygen in the atmosphere at roughly 2.5 Ga?
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Chapter 12: Riches in Rock: Energy and Mineral Resources
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Q1) Geothermal energy is used extensively in Iceland and New Zealand due to the fact that both of these countries host multiple ________.
A)rivers
B)mountains
C)volcanoes
D)coastlines
Q2) Most energy for human consumption in the industrial world comes from ________.
A)fossil fuels
B)wind
C)nuclear power
D)water
Q3) Solar energy uses sunlight to induce a flow of ________ between two wafers.
A)water
B)oxygen
C)light
D)electrons
Q4) What are two renewable energy resources that could be used in your city/state? List both and describe A)how the energy is formed,B)the best geographic location for the energy source,and C)what the drawbacks of each energy source are.
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Chapter 13: Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Movements
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Q1) Which of the following types of mass movement is LEAST coherent (most like a fluid)?
A)slump
B)creep
C)rock slide
D)mudflow
Q2) ________ is a region that is plagued by mass wasting events.
A)California
B)Texas
C)Florida
D)Nebraska
Q3) After finishing a new construction project,why is the first task often to install new landscaping around the area?
A)The plants will provide nutrients for animals that will carry away the soil.
B)The roots will grow into the slope and work to keep the slope intact.
C)The plants will add additional weight to the slope and keep it stable.
D)The roots take in oxygen and release it into the soil to increase surface tension.
Q4) Explain why time is often the most effective landslide trigger.
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Chapter 14: Streams and Floods: The Geology of Running Water
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Q1) One way to mitigate flooding is to build ________,which are areas that are intended to flood and as such are not zoned for buildings.
A)floodways
B)floodplains
C)peneplains
D)artificial levees
Q2) A small mountain stream will have a ________ competence and a ________ capacity than the Mississippi River.
A)lower;lower
B)lower;greater
C)greater;greater
D)greater;lower
Q3) At a river delta,which of the following is FALSE?
A)The stream gradient decreases.
B)A single channel breaks into multiple,radiating distributary channels.
C)The competence decreases.
D)The stream channel becomes very straight because of the large sediment load.
Q4) Name and describe two methods to mitigate flood hazards.
Q5) What is a stream? How is it similar/different from a river or a creek?
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Chapter 15: Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts
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Q1) The form and topography (depth profile)of the ocean floor is termed ________.
A)orogeny
B)bathymetry
C)allocthony
D)aquitopography
Q2) Thermohaline circulation carries ________ water from the poles to the equator,where the water becomes ________.
A)warm;cold
B)cold;warm
C)low density;more dense
D)low density;more salty
Q3) Explain why it is not a good idea to build on barrier islands.
Q4) Describe what thermohaline circulation is and how it works.
Q5) When the sea level rises,an ocean may invade a river valley,producing a nearshore body of water of mixed and variable salinity termed a(n)________.
A)atoll
B)lagoon
C)estuary
D)jetty
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Chapter 16: A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater
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Q1) The majority of caves are formed by the dissolution of bedrock ________.
A)above the water table
B)just below the water table
C)greater than 10 m below the water table
D)greater than 10 m above the water table
Q2) In order for a well to function properly it must be drilled below the water table and into a(n) ________.
A)aquifer
B)aquitard
C)spring
D)geyser
Q3) A flowing artesian well is one that ________.
A)discharges groundwater at the ground surface without pumping
B)has its intake sited within the vadose zone of an unconfined aquifer
C)has its intake sited within the unsaturated zone of an unconfined aquifer
D)has its recharge area at an elevation below sea level
Q4) What are porosity and permeability,and how do they affect the rate of groundwater flow?
Q5) List and describe one possible effect from overpumping.
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Chapter 17: Dry Regions: The Geology of Deserts
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Q1) The Dust Bowl event in 1933 resulted from which natural event?
A)overpopulation
B)long-term drought
C)bad farming practices
D)change in the course of rivers
Q2) Deserts do not need to be in hot regions;they only need to be ________,for example,deserts can form in cold,dry,________ regions.
A)dry;tropical
B)humid;polar
C)arid;polar
D)humid;subtropical
Q3) The deserts found in the western United States are primarily the result of being located ________.
A)in the subtropics
B)within rain-shadows of mountains
C)near the center of a large continent
D)next to a cold ocean current
Q4) Describe the differences between lag deposits and desert pavement.
Q5) What is the dominant erosional force in deserts,wind or water? Why?
Q6) What is a desert? Explain how a desert could be formed at one of the poles.
Page 20
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Chapter 18: Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages
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Q1) ________ decreases as glaciers form.
A)Albedo
B)Rainfall
C)Sea level
D)Sublimation
Q2) There have been ________ to ________ ice ages in Earth's history,with the latest one occurring in the ________.
A)four;five;Pleistocene Period
B)five;six;Pleistocene Period
C)four;five;Proterozoic Era
D)five;six;Cenozoic Era
Q3) Glaciers that move via basal sliding can often undergo surges in which they move at a much faster rate than normal because they ________.
A)are not slowed down by plastic deformation
B)float on a cushion of air like avalanches
C)have minimal frictional contact with bedrock
D)have a larger volume than other glaciers
Q4) List and describe one short-term cause for glaciations.
Q5) Explain why the deposits made by glacial outwash are stratified.
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Chapter 19: Global Change in the Earth System
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Q1) The climate on Earth has changed frequently,with at least ________ times in which Earth experienced icehouse conditions.
A)five
B)two
C)ten
D)eight
Q2) During most of the Mesozoic Era,Earth was ________.
A)about as warm as present
B)cooler than present
C)warmer than present
D)experiencing wild temperature fluctuations
Q3) There have been at least three or four times in Earth's history when ________ formed.
A)Himalayan-style mountain ranges
B)divergent plate boundaries
C)supercontinents
D)continental glaciers
Q4) Describe the changes that occur to a drop of water as it progresses through the following reservoirs in the hydrologic cycle: ocean,atmosphere,mountains,streams,ocean.
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Chapter 20: Interlude A: Rock Groups
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Q1) Where would you expect to find metamorphic rocks forming?
A)deep inside a mountain range
B)inside a lava flow on Hawaii
C)under the water at the mid-ocean ridge
D)at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea
Q2) Composition describes the ________.
A)degree of compaction and cementation in a rock
B)arrangement of minerals in a rock
C)presence of layers of minerals in a rock
D)chemical makeup of a rock
Q3) Why do geologists use thin sections of rocks?
A)to determine if the rock is molten
B)to identify foreign substances
C)to identify the minerals
D)to determine the arrangement of atoms
Q4) Which of the following describes a rock?
A)a pile of damp sand still holding the form of a bucket
B)a collection of crystals that fit together like puzzle pieces
C)cobblestones cemented together to form a walkway
D)a layer of mud at the bottom of a dry river bed
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Chapter 21: Interlude B: A Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils
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Q1) Large amounts of ________ speed up decomposition and provide more organic material for the soil.
A)microbes
B)sediment
C)quartz
D)time
Q2) Why does physical weathering speed up the processes of chemical weathering?
A)Physical weathering requires abundant water,as does chemical weathering.
B)Physical weathering produces fresh surfaces for chemical weathering to attack.
C)Chemical weathering can occur only on small surfaces,not large ones.
D)Chemical weathering requires salt,which is provided by salt wedging.
Q3) What type of weathering are you likely to find occurring in areas with cold climates?
A)hydrolysis
B)frost wedging
C)oxidation
D)dissolution
Q4) Describe the difference between sediment and soil.
Q5) List one factor that controls the thickness of soil and describe how the thickness is controlled.
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Chapter 22: Interlude C: The Rock Cycle
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Q1) Which of the following sources of energy is responsible for erosion?
A)the Moon
B)Earth's internal heat
C)gravity
D)pressure
Q2) ________ is a process that contributes to the formation of melt in Earth.
A)Metamorphism
B)Lithification
C)Erosion
D)Subduction
Q3) What is the rock cycle?
A)the cycle that rocks go through when interacting with water
B)the transformation of one mineral type to another
C)the transformation of one rock type to another
D)the cycle that rocks undergo when interacting with air
Q4) If an igneous rock is heated and melted it will form a(n)________ rock.
A)igneous
B)metamorphic
C)sedimentary
D)magmatic
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Chapter 23: Interlude D: The Earth S Interior Revisited:
Insights From Geophysics
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Q1) If you measure the magnetization of an area of igneous rocks and find a large negative anomaly,what does that imply about the rocks?
A)They were formed during a time of normal polarity of the magnetic field.
B)They were formed during a time of reversed polarity of the magnetic field.
C)They were formed on the ocean floor where the rocks are closer to the core.
D)They were formed on the continental crust in a complex pattern of magnetization.
Q2) A seismic wave will speed up when passing from the crust to the mantle because the mantle is made of ________.
A)granite
B)magma
C)peridotite
D)basalt
Q3) Large portions of the state of Utah are composed of thick sequences of sedimentary rocks.Would the magnetic anomaly be positive or negative? Why?
Q4) If a P-wave is traveling from a layer of mantle peridotite to a layer of limestone crust,what will happen to the P-wave in terms of speed and direction of motion?
Q5) Why does a mountain show a positive gravity anomaly?
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Chapter 24: Interlude E: Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution
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Q1) Imagine that a layer of leaves is scattered along a forest floor;what must happen in order to preserve these leaves as fossils?
A)The leaves must be picked up by wind or animals and carried to a desert.
B)The leaves must be buried slowly so that the leaves can begin to rot.
C)The leaves must be buried rapidly in order to keep out oxygen.
D)The leaves will never be preserved,as they do not contain hard parts.
Q2) The most general distinction among organisms is based on differences in DNA and is called the ________.
A)kingdom
B)phylum
C)domain
D)species
Q3) The mammoths went extinct due to a new predator,________.
A)dinosaurs
B)elephants
C)chimpanzees
D)humans
Q4) Explain how evolution by natural selection occurs.
Q6) Explain why the fossil record is incomplete. Page 27
Q5) How is mass extinction different from extinction?
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Chapter
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT an example of a landform?
A)mesa
B)valley
C)water
D)dune
Q2) ________ energy drives plate motion.
A)External
B)Internal
C)Gravitational
D)Radiative
Q3) Which of the following best describes the hydrologic cycle?
A)the movement of water through the ground to form aquifers
B)the cycle that water passes through when going from solid to liquid to gas
C)the circular motion due to density differences created when water boils
D)the movement of Earth's water through a series of reservoirs
Q4) Landforms built by an accumulation of sediment are called ________ landforms.
A)erosional
B)depositional
C)mechanical
D)eradication
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