Geology for Engineers Exam Bank
Course Introduction
Geology for Engineers introduces students to the fundamental principles of geology with a focus on their practical applications in engineering. The course explores topics such as the structure and composition of the Earth's crust, rock and mineral identification, geologic processes, and the interpretation of geologic maps. Special emphasis is placed on understanding soil and rock mechanics, site investigation techniques, and the assessment of geologic hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, and subsidence. By integrating geological concepts with engineering practices, students learn to analyze and solve problems related to construction, foundations, and environmental impact, ultimately enhancing their ability to make informed engineering decisions.
Recommended Textbook
Earth Portrait of a Planet 5th Edition by Stephen Marshak
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Chapter 1: Cosmology and the Birth of Earth
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Q1) Our Sun belongs to a galaxy known as ________.
A)Andromeda
B)Cepheus
C)the Milky Way
D)the Stratosphere
Answer: C
Q2) The current scientific explanation for the origin of planets,moons,asteroids,and comets is the ________.
A)expanding Universe theory
B)nebular theory
C)Big Bang theory
D)theory of plate tectonics
Answer: B
Q3) Because of the Doppler effect,a light- or sound-emitting object moving toward you has a ________ compared to a stationary object.
A)higher amplitude
B)lower frequency
C)lower amplitude
D)higher frequency
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Journey to the Center of the Earth
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Q1) The density of rocks is generally related to composition.Which of the following choices places rock compositions in order of increasing density?
A)felsic,intermediate,ultramafic,mafic
B)ultramafic,mafic,intermediate,felsic
C)felsic,intermediate,mafic,ultramafic
D)mafic,ultramafic,intermediate,felsic
Answer: C
Q2) The most common minerals within Earth are ________.
A)silicates
B)carbonates
C)oxides
D)hydroxides
Answer: A
Q3) A mixture of copper and tin would be called a(n)________.
A)metal
B)alloy
C)melt
D)volatile
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Drifting Continents and Spreading Seas
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Q1) If a geologist discovered coal in a modern-day cold,snowy location,he or she could conclude that ________.
A)a meteorite must have struck the area
B)the area was once covered with swamps and/or jungles
C)the area was once covered with an ocean
D)this discovery was anomalous
Answer: B
Q2) Which of these statements is FALSE?
A)The continents move relative to the magnetic poles.
B)The magnetic poles move relative to the continents.
C)The polar-wander curve for each continent is unique.
D)The movement of the magnetic poles is much greater than the movement of the continents.
Answer: D
Q3) Seafloor spreading is driven by volcanic activity ________.
A)in the middle of abyssal plains
B)along mid-ocean ridges
C)at the edges of continental shelves
D)along fracture zones
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
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Q1) Tectonic plates move at rates that are approximately ________.
A)1 to 5 cm every 1,000 years
B)1 to 15 cm/year
C)1 to 15 m/year
D)10 to 100 m/year
Q2) A volcanic island arc forms when ________.
A)oceanic lithosphere subducts beneath continental lithosphere
B)oceanic lithosphere subducts beneath another oceanic lithospheric plate
C)continental lithosphere subducts beneath oceanic lithosphere
D)two plates of continental lithosphere collide
Q3) According to the model proposed by geophysicist J.Tuzo Wilson,hot spots are caused by ________.
A)friction due to the lithosphere sliding atop the asthenosphere
B)unusually dense concentrations of radioactive isotopes at various points in the crust
C)hot plumes of mantle material that rise up through cooler,denser surrounding rock
D)zones of localized subduction that produce melting of the mantle
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Chapter 5: Patterns in Nature: Minerals
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Q1) ________ is a mineral property defined by the density of the mineral sample divided by the density of water (1.0 g/cm³).
A)Mass
B)Specific gravity
C)Luster
D)Streak
Q2) Which of the following is a mineral?
A)petroleum (oil),which is a liquid
B)cubic zirconia,which is a synthetic diamond substitute
C)ice,which is water in the solid state
D)obsidian,a type of volcanic glass
Q3) Cleavage in minerals refers to ________.
A)a tendency to break in an irregular pattern
B)a tendency to break along planes of weakness
C)the sharpness of edges between crystal faces
D)the development of well-formed crystal faces
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Chapter 6: Up From the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks
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Q1) At which of the following does a continental volcanic arc occur in the present day?
A)the Aleutian Islands of Alaska
B)the Andes Mountains
C)Hawaii
D)Japan
Q2) An igneous rock with a mixed texture of coarse crystals (phenocrysts)surrounded by fine crystals (groundmass)is termed ________.
A)porphyritic
B)phaneritic
C)aphanitic
D)necrotic
Q3) The difference between magma and lava is ________.
A)magma cools more rapidly than lava
B)magma is found at the surface,whereas lava is found below the surface
C)magma is found beneath the surface,whereas lava is found at the surface
D)There is no difference;the two terms mean the same thing.
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Chapter 7: Pages of Earths Past: Sedimentary Rocks
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Q1) Symmetric ripples form when ________.
A)wind blows in a consistent direction and deposits sediment in an arid climate
B)water flows in a consistent direction and deposits sediment in layers
C)water deposits sediment in layers,but the direction of flow periodically changes
D)a mountain stream reaches a flat basin and sediment is deposited in a fan-shaped pattern
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true about regressions?
A)They are not typically well preserved in the sedimentary record.
B)They can occur when the climate warms and continental ice sheets melt.
C)They occur when the land is uplifted by tectonic processes.
D)Coastal environments will migrate seaward.
Q3) Sea level rises locally,and marine sediments are deposited on top of terrestrial sediments during events termed ________.
A)transgressions
B)regressions
C)turbidity currents
D)cross bedding
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Chapter 8: Metamorphism: a Process of Change
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Q1) ________ metamorphism affects the greatest volumes of rock and produces the greatest variety in metamorphic rock types.
A)Thermal
B)Dynamothermal
C)Dynamic
D)Shock
Q2) ________ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of slate.
A)Limestone
B)Sandstone
C)Shale
D)Basalt
Q3) The mineral assemblage within metamorphic rock is ________.
A)always identical to that found within its protolith
B)dependent only on the mineral assemblage of its protolith
C)dependent only on the temperature and pressure of formation
D)dependent on both the mineral content of its protolith and the temperature and pressure of formation
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Chapter 9: The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions
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Q1) Volcanoes have provided some positive benefits to humankind and life in general over geologic time.Which of the following is NOT true about volcanoes?
A)Volcanic eruptions can enrich soils,making land more fertile.
B)Volatiles from volcanoes provided much of our early oceans' water.
C)Volcanic eruptions have prevented several mass extinctions by cooling Earth's climate.
D)Gasses from volcanic eruptions provided much of the content of the early atmosphere.
Q2) Basaltic lavas that solidify at the surface before flow ceases fracture irregularly,producing a sharp-surfaced,blocky,and irregular lava rock named
A)pahoehoe
B)a'a'
C)pumice
D)ignimbrite
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Chapter 10: A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes
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Q1) Seismic retrofitting is the process of ________.
A)predicting future earthquakes
B)strengthening existing buildings and structures
C)mapping areas prone to earthquakes
D)fitting earthquake data after an event to see if it should have been predicted
Q2) The vast majority of earthquakes occur ________.
A)along transform-plate boundaries only
B)near hot spots
C)along passive margins
D)along any plate boundary
Q3) Faults that have moved recently or are likely to move in the future are referred to as ________ faults.
A)passive
B)active
C)normal
D)reverse
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Chapter 11: Crags,cracks,and Crumples: Crustal
Deformation and Mountain Building
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Q1) Continental crust is typically 35 km thick,but may be up to ________ thick under mountain ranges.
A)40 km
B)70 km
C)200 km
D)400 km
Q2) Normal,reverse,and thrust are all examples of ________ faults.
A)strike-slip
B)dip-slip
C)oblique-slip
D)lateral
Q3) The central portion of high curvature on a fold is termed the fold ________.
A)limb
B)hinge
C)midsection
D)thorax
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Chapter 12: Deep Time: How Old Is Old
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Q1) Dendrochronology involves dating of historic and geologic events through the study of ________.
A)growth layers in shells
B)oxygen isotope profiles in glacial ice
C)remnant magnetism in iron-rich minerals
D)annual growth rings in trees
Q2) Which of the following is always the same for different isotopes of a single element?
A)atomic number
B)atomic mass number
C)tendency to decay radioactively
D)half-life
Q3) Basaltic clasts within a conglomerate have been radiometrically dated to 50 million years ago.Is this a reliable age for the conglomerate?
A)Yes.
B)No,this age is likely too old.
C)No,this age is likely too young.
D)No,basalt never contains minerals bearing radioactive isotopes.
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Chapter 13: A Biography of Earth
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Q1) The Himalayas were produced during the Cenozoic by the collision of southern Asia with ________.
A)India
B)Australia
C)Africa
D)South America
Q2) Which gas found in today's atmosphere was absent during the Hadean and Archean eons?
A)nitrogen
B)water vapor
C)oxygen
D)carbon dioxide
Q3) During the Cenozoic Era,most large-bodied terrestrial animals inhabiting regions of temperate climate have been ________.
A)birds
B)dinosaurs
C)mammals
D)crocodiles
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Chapter 14: Squeezing Power From a Stone: Energy Resources
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Q1) Most of the world's coal was deposited in coal swamps during the ________.
A)Cretaceous
B)Ordovician
C)Carboniferous
D)Jurassic
Q2) Viscosity is defined as a substance's ________.
A)ratio of short-chain molecules to long-chain molecules
B)ratio of long-chain molecules to short-chain molecules
C)ability to flow
D)ability to evaporate
Q3) Shale,salt,and fine-grained limestone are all good candidates to serve as ________ within an oil field.
A)a reservoir rock
B)a seal rock
C)a source rock
D)either a source rock or a reservoir rock
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Chapter 15: Riches in Rock: Mineral Resources
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Q1) The smelting of iron ore requires temperatures of ________.
A)22°C to 34°C
B)1,250°C to 1,400°C
C)250°C to 400°C
D)13,250°C to 13,400°C
Q2) In magma chambers,sulfide materials typically ________.
A)rise to the top
B)sink to the bottom
C)mix well with the rest of the magma
D)solidify and reside in the middle of the magma
Q3) A drawback to mining sulfides is the risk of ________.
A)underground fires
B)tunnel collapse
C)rock bursts
D)acid mine runoff
Q4) The metal ores that are found in veins within plutons typically occur ________.
A)by themselves as pure mineral assemblages
B)together with other ores but no other minerals
C)alongside abundant calcite
D)alongside abundant quartz
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Movements
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Q1) Which of the following types of mass movement is least coherent (most like a fluid)?
A)slump
B)creep
C)rock slide
D)mudflow
Q2) The most important factor in determining if an area will be subject to mass movement is ________.
A)relief
B)gravity
C)weather
D)water content
Q3) Imagine you have just bought some property and notice that the trees on the slope have curved trunks.What would be the most effective method to prevent additional movement of the hillside?
A)Regrade the slope.
B)Plant more vegetation.
C)Install riprap.
D)Construct a retaining wall.
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Chapter 17: Streams and Floods: the Geology of Running Water
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Q1) All else being equal,water will flow faster in a stream that has a ________,which is typically found near the river's ________.
A)steep stream gradient;source
B)steep stream gradient;mouth
C)gentle stream gradient;source
D)gentle stream gradient;mouth
Q2) Geological evidence suggests that many millions of years ago,the Amazon basin drained toward the west rather than the east.What caused this drainage reversal?
A)a rise in the global sea level
B)a lowering in the global sea level
C)the rise of the Andes Mountains
D)global climate change
Q3) In a region characterized by a parallel series of ridges and valleys,a ________ drainage network is expected.
A)dendritic
B)radial
C)rectangular
D)trellis
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Chapter 18: Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts
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Q1) Compared with the continental crust,the oceanic crust is ________.
A)denser
B)less dense
C)about the same density
D)about half as dense
Q2) Longshore currents ________ the shoreline.
A)flow directly towards B)flow directly away from C)flow parallel to D)are not affected by
Q3) Which type of coastline would most likely contain estuaries or fjords?
A)a subductive coastline
B)an emergent coastline
C)a submergent coastline
D)a divergent coastline
Q4) Rip currents ________ the shoreline.
A)flow directly towards B)flow directly away from C)flow parallel to D)are not affected by
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Chapter 19: A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater
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Q1) Rock or sediment between the water table and the land surface represents a(n)________.
A)aquitard
B)confined aquifer
C)unconfined aquifer
D)unsaturated zone
Q2) Any place where groundwater naturally flows out of Earth's surface is termed a(n)________.
A)artesian well
B)geyser
C)spring
D)recharge area
Q3) If an intrusive igneous rock is unfractured,it serves as a(n)________ in local hydrogeology.
A)aquifer
B)aquitard
C)artesian well
D)perched aquifer
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21
Chapter 20: An Envelope of Gas: Earths Atmosphere and Climate
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Q1) Winds form where ________.
A)gravity pulls air masses downhill
B)pressure gradients exist
C)convective lifting occurs
D)the Coriolis effect is greatest
Q2) To an observer traveling outward from Earth's surface into outer space,the temperature of the atmosphere ________.
A)uniformly decreases because of atmospheric thinning
B)uniformly increases because of increasing proximity to the Sun
C)remains relatively constant until the very edge of the atmosphere,where the observer would experience the very cold vacuum that is interplanetary space
D)decreases,stabilizes,increases,stabilizes,decreases,stabilizes,and,finally,increases until the edge of the atmosphere is reached
Q3) What is the difference between weather and climate?
A)Weather is a long-term average;climate is short-term conditions.
B)Weather represents short-term conditions;climate is the long-term average.
C)Weather measures rain and temperature;climate refers to cycles like El Niño.
D)The two terms are interchangeable.
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Chapter 21: Dry Regions: the Geology of Deserts
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Q1) Badlands are characterized by ________.
A)thick caliche crusts
B)closely spaced parallel drainages
C)sabkhas
D)perennial streams
Q2) A desert may form along a coastline because a ________.
A)warm current warms and dries the air
B)warm current forces hot air inland
C)cold current cools and dries the air
D)cold current forces hot air inland
Q3) Very hot air just above the ground creates a wavering pool of light on the ground known as a(n)________.
A)sabkha
B)wadi
C)arroyo
D)mirage
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Chapter 22: Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages
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Q1) An important long-term factor that determines whether glacial ice will form on a continent has likely been the proportion of which gas in the atmosphere?
A)oxygen
B)nitrogen
C)carbon dioxide
D)carbon monoxide
Q2) The effect of periodic changes in Earth's orbital eccentricity and magnitude and direction (precession)of its axial tilt on the advance and retreat of ice sheets was first proposed by ________.
A)Richter
B)Milankovitch
C)Mohorivic
D)Lyell
Q3) The Milankovitch cycles describe the change in ________ because of changes in the ________ of Earth relative to the Sun.
A)greenhouse gases;tilt
B)eccentricity;orientation
C)albedo;precession
D)solar insolation;orientation
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Chapter 23: Global Change in the Earth System
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Q1) Which geologic event is NOT suspected as a source of major climate change and mass-extinction events?
A)the massive eruption of flood basalts
B)the eruption of supervolcanoes
C)the impact of asteroids
D)very large earthquakes
Q2) As more ice in the Arctic Ocean melts,what effect does this have on the water?
A)Heat absorption increases as the albedo increases.
B)Heat absorption increases as the albedo decreases.
C)Heat absorption decreases as albedo the decreases.
D)There is no effect on heat absorption.
Q3) Most industrial nations have intentionally decreased their production and use of refrigerants and other chlorofluorocarbons in the last 20 years to address the
A)decrease in Arctic Sea ice cover
B)decrease in plankton fecundity in tropical and subtropical waters
C)increase in hurricane,typhoon,and tropical cyclone intensity and/or number
D)decrease in atmospheric ozone over the Antarctic
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Chapter 24: Introducing Rocks
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Q1) Which is a characteristic used to classify a rock?
A)mineral stability
B)rock texture
C)water content
D)degree of weathering
Q2) Where would you expect to find metamorphic rocks forming?
A)deep inside a mountain range
B)inside a lava flow on Hawaii
C)under the water at the mid-ocean ridge
D)at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea
Q3) Which of the following would NOT be considered a rock?
A)a natural material composed of interlocking crystals
B)a natural pile of unconsolidated sand
C)a natural material made of frothy glass
D)a natural material made of shells cemented together
Q4) What type of rock is formed during a volcanic eruption?
A)sedimentary
B)equant
C)metamorphic
D)igneous
Page 26
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Chapter 25: a Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils
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Q1) Which soil horizon is the most important to farmers for planting crops?
A)O
B)A
C)E
D)B
Q2) The zone of leaching is the area in which ________.
A)weathered bedrock forms a soil horizon
B)organic matter gathers to create a soil horizon
C)minerals are precipitated and added to soil
D)minerals are dissolved and removed from soil
Q3) Why does differential weathering occur?
A)Chemical weathering attacks some layers,and physical weathering attacks the others.
B)The cliffs formed by chemical weathering protect the rocks below.
C)Some types of rocks don't weather at all,thus producing cliffs.
D)Different minerals have different resistances to weathering.
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Chapter 26: the Rock Cycle in the Earth System
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Q1) Identify the correct steps in the transformation of an igneous rock to a metamorphic rock.
A)rock melted and cooled rock eroded away and deposited
B)rock melted and cooled rock subjected to high heat and pressure
C)rock eroded away and deposited rock buried and subjected to high heat and pressure
D)rock buried and subject to high heat and pressure rock eroded away and deposited
Q2) Why have many Precambrian rocks remained unchanged for billions of years?
A)They are so old that they haven't had time to move past the first stage.
B)They are protected within the interiors of the continents.
C)They are only found in Antarctica and thus are not exposed to erosion.
D)They are metamorphic rocks that are too hard to be transformed.
Q3) What is the progression of rock types if the steps of a process are as follows?
erosion and deposition melting melting erosion and deposition
A)sedimentary igneous sedimentary
B)sedimentary metamorphic igneous sedimentary
C)sedimentary igneous igneous sedimentary
D)sedimentary metamorphic metamorphic sedimentary
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Q1) Why are magnetic anomalies of continental crust so much more complicated than those of oceanic crust?
A)The continents are much older and thus have had more time for the minerals to become magnetized.
B)The continents contain abundant iron minerals,whereas the oceanic crust does not contain any iron minerals.
C)The continents contain a random orientation of minerals that become magnetized when they interact with the magnetic field.
D)The continents contain a complex distribution of igneous intrusions,lava flows,and iron-rich sediments.
Q2) If an S-wave is traveling through rock when it encounters a magma chamber,the S-wave will ________.
A)slow down
B)speed up
C)remain at the same speed
D)not travel through the magma
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Chapter 28: Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution
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Q1) If a volcanic eruption occurs that blocks out some of the sunlight long enough for many plants to die,what (if anything)will happen to the carnivorous animal species?
A)They will eventually die along with many other species in the food chain.
B)The carnivorous animals will need to adapt to eat other plant species.
C)They will die from the drop in temperature before the plant deaths affect them.
D)Nothing will happen;carnivorous animals will not be affected by plant death.
Q2) Which of the following statements regarding the fossil record is FALSE?
A)Not every minute of Earth's history is recorded in the rock record.
B)The fossil record does not contain any fossil remains of plants,only animals.
C)Not all organisms have a high preservation potential.
D)Paleontologists have not yet found all the fossils that are in the rocks.
Q3) In which of the following rocks might you find fossils?
A)gneiss
B)limestone
C)granite
D)basalt
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Chapter 29: Ever-Changing Landscapes and the
Hydrologic
Cycle
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Q1) What would an area experiencing erosion look like compared to one experiencing deposition?
A)deep valleys or canyons versus large flat,open areas
B)large sand dunes versus large open bodies of water
C)rolling hills versus steep peaks
D)large,dry flatlands versus deep river channels
Q2) The Sierra Nevada Mountains in California are composed almost entirely of granite;what do you expect the landscape to look like?
A)steep peaks and cliffs
B)gentle hills and valleys
C)large expanses of flatlands
D)open floodplains
Q3) What circumstance is likely to produce depositional landforms?
A)flash flooding of a river in the desert
B)a river flowing out of a lake
C)a river entering a large body of water
D)ocean waves crashing on the beach
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
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