Geography of Natural Landscapes Exam Review
Course Introduction
Geography of Natural Landscapes explores the Earth's diverse physical features and the processes that shape them, including mountains, rivers, deserts, coastlines, and forests. The course examines the origins and evolution of natural landscapes through geological, hydrological, climatic, and biological forces, alongside human impacts on these environments. Students will learn to interpret topographic maps, analyze patterns and distributions of landforms, and understand the interrelationships between natural systems. Case studies from around the world are used to illustrate concepts and foster a deeper appreciation for the complexity and beauty of the planet's surface.
Recommended Textbook
Physical Geography A Landscape Appreciation 10th Edition by Darrel Hess
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20 Chapters
3397 Verified Questions
3397 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Earth
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198 Verified Questions
198 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The solar system's Jovian planets are most likely composed of ________.
A) gas
B) interstellar dust
C) granite
D) basalt
E) water
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is a central meridian in the standardized time system?
A) 5°W
B) 10°W
C) 15°W
D) 20°W
E) 25°W
Answer: C
Q3) A great circle route is always the shortest distance between two points on the surface of the Earth.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Portraying Earth
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Sample Questions
Q1) On a conic projection, the circle of tangency becomes the principal parallel of the map.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The ________ projection is probably the most famous and well-used projection for world maps.
A) global
B) large scale
C) small scale
D) Mercator
E) U.S.G.S. topographic quadrangle
Answer: D
Q3) Map projections are mainly derived ________.
A) mathematically
B) from interpolation
C) from aerial reconnaissance
D) by analogy
E) by osmosis
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Introduction to the Atmosphere
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170 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the thermosphere, the temperature is much higher than it is at Earth's surface.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The word troposphere has a Greek root word which means ________.
Answer: "turning" sphere
Q3) ________ is added to the atmosphere by the decay of organic matter and the chemical breakdown of rocks.
Answer: Nitrogen
Q4) Lower levels of air become compressed by the weight of the air above.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q5) This gas is more plentiful in the stratosphere than in any other layer.
Answer: ozone
Q6) There are certain semipermanent features or attributes of our atmosphere which cause weather and climate patterns. They are are often corporately referred to as
Answer: climatic controls
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Insolation and Temperature
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188 Verified Questions
188 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) At the top of the atmosphere at the North Pole during an entire year, more energy leaves than enters.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In the Northern Hemisphere about ________ percent of the surface is land.
A) .039
B) 13.9
C) 39
D) 76
E) 91
Q3) The absorption of longwave radiation in the atmosphere is popularly called
A) Coriolis effect.
B) scattering.
C) the greenhouse effect.
D) advection.
E) the carbon dioxide effect.
Q4) Explain the difference between a radational and an advectional inversion.
Q5) Shorter electromagnetic wavelengths are more easily scattered than longer ones.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Atmospheric Pressure and Wind
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171 Verified Questions
171 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Geostrophic wind always flows ________.
A) parallel to the isobars
B) to the left
C) counterclockwise
D) slowly
E) at the surface of the Earth
Q2) Westerly winds generally occupy the zone 30° to 60° north and south latitude.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Africa's most prominent monsoon circulation can be found in the ________ part of the continent.
A) northern
B) eastern
C) central
D) western
E) southern
Q4) Typical large wind turbines have output capacities that are measured in _____.
Q5) Land breezes are usually weaker than sea breezes.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Atmospheric Moisture
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178 Verified Questions
178 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fog represents a major form of precipitation for the Earth.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following cloud types has the greatest height (from top to bottom of the cloud)?
A) cirrus
B) cumulus
C) altostratus
D) stratus
E) cumulonimbus
Q3) Grams per cubic meter would be the measurement units used to describe A) vapor pressure.
B) relative humidity.
C) saturation.
D) evapotranspiration.
E) absolute humidity.
Q4) What are the four families of clouds? Give a specific example of a cloud type from each family.
Q5) Air that continues to rise even though the force lifting it has ended is termed
8
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Chapter 7: Atmospheric Disturbances
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which type of front causes many hours of steady rain BEFORE that front passes a location?
A) warm
B) cold
C) stationary
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Q2) Before occlusion, there are two fronts in a midlatitude cyclone.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The paths of long-lasting hurricanes tend to curve poleward around the subtropical highs.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A typhoon is simply a regional name for a hurricane.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A mesocyclone is the parent cloud of a tornado.
A)True
B)False
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Climatic and Climate Change
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187 Verified Questions
187 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Draw an outline map of the continental United States and show the occurrence of the major climate types: A, B, C, D, and H.
Q2) The midlatitude steppe fits into the Köppen classification as ________.
A) BWk
B) Cwa
C) Aw
D) BSk
E) ET
Q3) Which of the following helps determine past climate on the basis of tree rings?
A) dendrochronology
B) oxygen isotope analysis
C) pollen analysis
D) 18O/16O ratio
E) all of the above
Q4) ________ is the climate of most of the southeastern United States.
Q5) Explain the Cap-and-Trade idea for influencing greenhouse gas emissions.
Q6) Draw and label a schematic climograph for Los Angeles, California in the Csa climate. Exact numbers are not required but seasonal patterns are important.
Q7) The treaty called the ________ Protocol addresses global warming.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: The Hydrosphere
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183 Verified Questions
183 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Glaciers comprise about 2 percent of the total moisture on Earth.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The highest tides occur when the ________.
A) Earth and Mon are lined up
B) Earth and Sun are lined up
C) Sun and Moon are lined up
D) Earth, Sun, and Moon are lined up
E) Earth and Moon are lined up and the Sun is at a 90-degree angle
Q3) A swamp and a marsh ________.
A) are the same thing
B) must both be submerged for the entire year
C) are wide places in a river
D) are sometimes related to the infilling of a lake
E) are both too salty to permit the growth of water plants
Q4) Pumping is necessary for bringing water from subartesian wells to the surface.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Draw a cross section through the ground showing the relationship between the saturated zone, the water table, a groundwater well, and the cone of depression.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Cycles and Patterns in the Biosphere
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Sample Questions
Q1) Geographers are keen users of the Linnaean classification system.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The most powerful predator in a given area sits atop the local food pyramid.
A)True
B)False
Q3) This entity has the greatest percentage of its mass as water.
A) humans
B) tomatoes
C) rock
D) soil
E) earthworm
Q4) The effect of winds on life is
A) almost always negative.
B) almost always positive.
C) mostly negative.
D) mostly positive.
E) a mix of positive and negative.
Q5) ________ competition is competition among members of different species.
Page 12
Q6) ________ refers to plants and is one of two subdivisions of Earth's biota.
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Chapter 11: Terrestrial Flora and Fauna
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Sample Questions
Q1) Authorities commonly accept ________ biomes.
A) 2
B) 7
C) 10
D) 25
E) 47
Q2) Grasses are a plant type not generally found in desert biomes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ________ were more important in past Earth history; today, the only large, surviving varieties are cone-bearing trees such as pines.
A) Hardwoods
B) Herbaceous plants
C) Angiosperms
D) Gymnosperms
E) Broadleaf plants
Q4) The state of ________ has been called a "biological cesspool" because of all the species accidentally introduced there.
Q5) "Pampa" and "veldt" are Southern Hemisphere varieties of the ________ biome.
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Chapter 12: Soils
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171 Verified Questions
171 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A dense layer, often forming in the B horizon under calcification is ________.
A) solum
B) regolith
C) a hardpan
D) a latosol
E) vadose
Q2) Water and air move through the upper layer of the soil through passages called interstices.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which pedogenic regime is most closely associated with the drier prairies of North America?
A) gleization
B) salinization
C) laterization
D) calcification
E) podzolization
Q4) The ________ is a diagram commonly used to illustrate the relative percentages of sand, silt, and clay in soil.
Q5) ________ are organisms that create organically rich casts.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Introduction to Landform Study
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174 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Scale differences in landform studies are complex and of significance.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The basic elements for an analytical approach to landform development do NOT include which of the following?
A) structure
B) slope
C) normality
D) process
E) drainage
Q3) The ________ is usually covered by a layer of broken and partly decomposed rock particles.
Q4) Explain why geographers are as interested as geologists in geomorphology.
Q5) Many of the most important ore minerals are sulfides.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Metamorphic rocks are probably the most common rock type found in the Earth's crust.
A)True
B)False
Page 15
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Chapter 14: The Internal Processes
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174 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Shield volcanoes tend to be the most explosive of all volcanoes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Consider the location of New York City. In terms of crustal plates, New York City is
A) not on a plate.
B) on a convergent boundary.
C) on a divergent boundary.
D) not on a plate boundary.
E) on a transform boundary.
Q3) A tsunami is
A) a common occurrence in the central U.S.
B) a large earthquake which kills humans.
C) another term for a seismic sea wave.
D) unknown in tropical places like Hawaii.
E) the glowing blast of an exploded volcano.
Q4) Africa is slowly rotating counterclockwise.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Wegener's theory was not accepted because he did not provide ________.
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Chapter 15: Preliminaries to Erosion: Weathering and Mass Wasting
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Sample Questions
Q1) Carbonic acid is closely connected with carbonation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Talus slopes are normally gently concave upward, with the steepest angle near the apex of the cone.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Gravity is the main force impelling movement in all of the following except
A) creep
B) slide
C) solifluction
D) hydrolysis
E) fall
Q4) In a flow, the center moves ________ than the outer edges.
Q5) Oxidation produces compounds which are more easily eroded than the original bedrock.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Joints existing in series of parallel fractures are known as ________. Page 17
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Page 18
Chapter 16: Fluvial Processes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the below is the major concept to which all the others are part of?
A) drainage basin
B) interfluve
C) valley side
D) drainage divide
E) valley bottom
Q2) Explain how rivers construct deltas. Then, speculate as to why the mighty St. Lawrence River--draining the Great Lakes--does not have a delta.
Q3) A(n) ________ stream flows over a landscape that has been lifted so slowly so that the stream is able to maintain its course (even through mountains).
A) consequent
B) subsequent
C) antecedent
D) superimposed
E) channelized
Q4) The world's largest streams are intermittent.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A lake can be viewed as a ________ base level.
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Chapter 17: Karst and Hydrothermal Processes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sodium is a rock-forming mineral which is very resistant to erosion.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is a landscape feature that would be last to form on a karst landscape?
A) sinkholes
B) collapsed doline
C) cavern
D) tower karst
E) disappearing stream
Q3) Old Faithful's eruptions are now less predictable because of ________ in the 1980s.
Q4) ________ are the karst analogs of river valleys in that they are the fundamental unit in both erosion and weathering.
Q5) Most limestone is ________ mechanical surface weathering.
A) resistant to
B) prone to
C) compatible with
D) neutral to the effects of E) the cause of
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Chapter 18: The Topography of Arid Lands
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Sample Questions
Q1) The world's longest expanse of coastal dunes is located in ________.
A) California
B) France
C) Bolivia
D) Brazil
E) China
Q2) In deserts, a claypan is found on a ________.
A) playa
B) pediment
C) mountain range
D) erg
Q3) In the desert, lack of water causes thick coverings of regolith in most locations.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Most mesas become inselbergs in their final stage of erosion.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The sandiest of all deserts is the ________ Desert.
Q6) The sandhills of Nebraska are actually relict ________.
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Chapter 19: Glacial Modification of Terrain
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Sample Questions
Q1) The creation of many glacial lakes during the Pleistocene is labeled a(n) ________ development.
A) random
B) insignificant
C) aeolian
D) pluvial
E) fluvial
Q2) Most sediment in glacial regions consists of glacial flour.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If all the ice in Antarctica were to melt, sea level would ________.
A) lower slightly
B) rise slightly
C) stay about the same
D) lower significantly
E) rise significantly
Q4) A ________ is formed when a glacier deepens the main valley while the tributary valley remains unglaciated with its mouth high above the main valley.
Q5) Explain the flow characteristics of a mountain glacier.
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Chapter 20: Coastal Processes and Terrain
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ is the location of the highest tides in the world.
A) Canada
B) Tahiti
C) The People's Republic of China
D) South Africa
E) Greece
Q2) The Gulf Coast of the United States is fringed by a long string of barrier islands.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A group of anthozoan animals is responsible for the formation of ________.
A) beaches
B) coral reefs
C) spits
D) bleached reefs
E) ria shorelines
Q4) Compared to other causes, wind is a minor generator of wave action along coasts.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A connecting bar which connects two headlands is also known as a ________ bar.
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