Geography of Landscapes
Chapter Exam Questions
Course
Introduction
Geography of Landscapes explores the physical and human-made features that shape the Earths surface. The course examines landforms, climate, vegetation patterns, and the processes both natural and anthropogenic that transform landscapes over time. Students will analyze case studies from diverse regions to understand how culture, technology, and environmental factors interact to create unique geographic patterns. Emphasis is placed on spatial analysis, landscape interpretation, and the role of geographic information systems (GIS) in landscape research and management.
Recommended Textbook
Physical Geography A Landscape Appreciation 10th Edition by Darrel Hess
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Earth
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Sample Questions
Q1) On June 21, the Sun's rays are directly over the A) Equator.
B) Tropic of Cancer.
C) Tropic of Capricorn.
D) Arctic Circle.
E) Plane of the Ecliptic.
Answer: B
Q2) The northern hemisphere's shortest day of the year is at the autumnal equinox.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Time zones are universally divided into zones of 24° longitude.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) The Tropic of Cancer is an example of a great circle.
A)True
B)False Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Portraying Earth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Every map projection consists of an orderly arrangement of A) scale.
B) the geographic grid.
C) legend.
D) title.
E) interruptions.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the below wavelengths have been most useful in expanding measure biomass?
A) ultraviolet
B) x-rays
C) near infrared
D) radio wavelengths
E) gamma wavelengths
Answer: C
Q3) A globe maintains the properties of conformality and equivalence.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Introduction to the Atmosphere
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Sample Questions
Q1) By volume, which of the following comprises more than 1 percent of Earth's atmosphere?
A) carbon monoxide
B) chlorofluorocarbons
C) ozone
D) carbon dioxide
E) none of the above
Answer: E
Q2) The source of heating in the thermosphere is the absorption of ________.
A) infrared rays from the Sun
B) infrared rays from the Earth
C) visible energy from the Sun
D) ultraviolet rays from the Sun
E) light rays reflected from the Earth
Answer: D
Q3) On the Environmental Protection Agency's UV Index, values from 8-10 are labeled
Answer: Very High
Q4) The ________ is a deep layer of electrified particles.
Answer: ionosphere
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Chapter 4: Insolation and Temperature
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a continental climate one would expect higher winter temperatures than in a maritime climate.
A)True
B)False
Q2) An isotherm bends towards the Equator as it passes from the ocean over the land. One can infer
A) the season is summer.
B) the season is fall.
C) the season is winter.
D) the season is spring.
E) it is warmer over the land than the ocean.
Q3) Almost all terrestrial radiation can be considered to be ________ and almost all solar radiation can be considered to be ________.
A) shortwave, longwave
B) shortwave, shortwave
C) longwave, longwave
D) longwave, shortwave
E) heat, light
Q4) Explain the difference between a radational and an advectional inversion.
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Chapter 5: Atmospheric Pressure and Wind
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Sample Questions
Q1) Atmospheric pressure is dependent on both density and temperature.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Rossby waves are
A) tropical jet streams.
B) large undulations in the upper air westerlies.
C) reversed Hadley cells.
D) continental scale sea breezes.
E) ocean currents.
Q3) The jet stream of the midlatitudes can usually be found at elevations ranging from ________ kilometers.
A) 1 to 2
B) 9 to 12
C) 20 to 31
D) 50 to 87
E) 103 to 107
Q4) There is no apparent Coriolis deflection at the Equator.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Typical large wind turbines have output capacities that are measured in _____.
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Chapter 6: Atmospheric Moisture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Moving air helps increase evaporation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Maximum absolute humidity is governed by ________.
A) vapor content
B) temperature
C) the adiabatic rate
D) the hydrologic cycle
E) proximity to water surface
Q3) The sky is covered with stratiform clouds. Without measuring, one could reliably guess the atmosphere is A) stable.
B) unstable.
C) about to produce much rain.
D) metastable.
E) conditionally unstable.
Q4) Orographic precipitation stems from air flowing over high terrain, usually a mountain range, along which air is forced upward.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Atmospheric Disturbances
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Sample Questions
Q1) As a rule, thunderstorms are unknown poleward of ________ latitude.
A) 10°
B) 20°
C) 30°
D) 40°
E) 60°
Q2) Which of the following is CLOSEST to the typical surface width of front?
A) 10 meters
B) 100 meters
C) 10 kilometers
D) 100 kilometers
E) 1,000 kilometers
Q3) Tornadoes contain extreme pressure gradients. They are thought to be on the order of ________ millibars from the outside to the inside of the storm.
A) 10
B) 100
C) 1,000
D) 10,000
E) 100,000
Q4) Air masses rarely are generated in the ________ latitudes.
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Chapter 8: Climatic and Climate Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) In terms of general location of a climate, in what place would one expect to find a humid continental climate in the U.S.?
A) the southwest (Phoenix, Arizona)
B) the northwest (Seattle, Washington)
C) the southeast (Atlanta, Georgia)
D) the Great Lakes (Buffalo, New York)
E) south central (Dallas, Texas)
Q2) The "Little Ice Age" seems to have been caused by changes in solar energy.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The world's highest average annual wind speed can be found on ________.
A) the Great Plains of the United States
B) the East Coast of the United States
C) Antarctica
D) Siberia
E) the Canadian side of the Great Lakes
Q4) Csb climates tend to experience frequent nocturnal fog.
A)True
B)False
Q5) ________ is a climate with no pronounced dry season.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: The Hydrosphere
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Sample Questions
Q1) Asia's longest river is the ________.
A) Mekong
B) Ganges
C) Yangtze
D) Hwang Ho
E) Indus
Q2) The ________ is a prominent location of sinking water in Earth's thermohaline circulation.
A) south Atlantic
B) central Pacific
C) Arctic
D) north Atlantic
E) Equator
Q3) The Great Salt Lake of Utah contains most of the world's non-oceanic saline water.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Oceans store the most water on Earth. The second greatest amount of storage is found in the form of ________.
Q5) ________ is a state which is underlain by the Ogalalla aquifer.
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Chapter 10: Cycles and Patterns in the Biosphere
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
A) topographic influences
B) light
C) edaphic influences
D) oxygen cycle
E) wind
Q2) If the biosphere is to function properly, its components must be ________.
A) replaced from space
B) replaced from the ocean
C) recycled
D) fully used up within biogeochemical cycles
E) arranged so that they don't become "fixed"
Q3) Which of the following is another term for a tropical rainforest?
A) flora
B) steppe
C) fauna
D) savanna
E) selva
Q4) Imagine a lodgepole pine forest in Yellowstone National Park. Write a paragraph explaining five specific environmental relationships important in the forest.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Terrestrial Flora and Fauna
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Sample Questions
Q1) The floristic pattern of Earth
A) is doomed for catastrophe.
B) is permanent.
C) can only be change by humans.
D) cannot be mapped.
E) will inevitably change.
Q2) The ________ provides the best scale for geographic examination of world distributions of plants.
Q3) ________ is an (are) animal adaptation(s) to the desert biome.
A) Burrowing
B) Nomadism
C) Estivation
D) Nocturnal habits
E) All of the above
Q4) More than 90 percent of animal species are without backbones. These species are known as ________.
Q5) The banded vegetation of higher mountains is called "vertical zonation".
A)True
B)False
Q6) An animal is ________ if it is able to maintain a constant body temperature.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Soils
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Sample Questions
Q1) The difference between field capacity and the wilting point is called ________.
A) soil moisture
B) available soil moisture
C) groundwater
D) runoff
E) capillary water
Q2) Soils made up of mainly ________ do not develop a true soil structure.
A) peds
B) sand
C) loam
D) humus
E) none of the above
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a property of soil clay?
A) occurs as thin laminar sheets
B) made primarily of silt
C) colloidal in size
D) Many chemical reactions occur on its surfaces.
E) It is able to hold water to itself.
Q4) The porosity in the soil is measured by dividing the volume of the ________ by the total volume of the soil.
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Chapter 13: Introduction to Landform Study
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Sample Questions
Q1) In general, the slow cooling of molten rock leads to formation of large crystals.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Many of the most important ore minerals are sulfides.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ________ have the most extensive occurrence at the surface of the continental United States.
A) Igneous rocks
B) Intrusive rocks
C) Sedimentary rocks
D) Basaltic rocks
E) Metamorphic rocks
Q4) Our understanding of the Earth's crust and upper mantle has remained virtually the same for a very long time (a couple of centuries).
A)True
B)False
Q5) ________ are the layers in sedimentary rock.
Q6) Explain why geographers are as interested as geologists in geomorphology.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: The Internal Processes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is closely associated with the large system of ridges on the ocean floors?
A) seafloor spreading
B) transform faults
C) rift zones
D) upwelling of magma
E) all of the above
Q2) Wegener's early proposal of continental drift was not taken seriously because of his ________.
A) failure to provide a plausible cause
B) lack of attention to Earth's species distribution
C) lack of scientific research
D) training as a meteorologist
E) inability to read and write
Q3) Earthquake forecasting
A) is not possible.
B) is being studied.
C) will never be possible.
D) has been quite successful.
E) would not be useful.
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Chapter 15: Preliminaries to Erosion: Weathering and Mass Wasting
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Sample Questions
Q1) Water is the energizing force in mass wasting.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Considering the landscape within 10 kilometers of your school, cite specific evidence that mass wasting and/or weathering and/or erosion have been at work.
Q3) Which of the following can occur far below the surface in the tropics?
A) oxidation
B) hydrolysis
C) carbonation
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Q4) Which of the following is most effective in weathering rock?
A) salt wedging
B) daily heating and cooling
C) fire
D) freeze/thaw cycles
E) plant roots
Q5) Explain the mechanics of solifluction and the landforms expected as a result of solifluction.
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Chapter 16: Fluvial Processes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most of a stream's transported material is classified as bedload.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If a stream's velocity is doubled, its competence ________.
A) remains the same
B) drops by half
C) increases by half
D) doubles
E) increases sixteen times
Q3) The process in which small particles are moved along by streamflow or wind in a series of jumps or bounces is ________.
A) saltation
B) traction
C) meandering
D) base level
E) turbulence
Q4) Knickpoints are irregularities in otherwise graded channel profiles.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Using a diagram, explain the process of stream capture.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Karst and Hydrothermal Processes
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Sample Questions
Q1) The surface of Yellowstone's geyser basins is covered by whitish silica sinter known as ________.
Q2) When a stalactite meets a stalagmite the result is a ________.
A) dripstone
B) tombolo
C) doline
D) pillar
E) hydrothermal
Q3) Hot springs are common features on all Earth's landscapes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Water in hot springs is usually impregnated with a great deal of dissolved mineral water.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Old Faithful's eruptions are now less predictable because of ________ in the 1980s.
Q6) Some geysers erupt 24 hours a day.
A)True
B)False
Page 19
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Chapter 18: The Topography of Arid Lands
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Sample Questions
Q1) Of the following, which is the LEAST important in creating most desert landforms?
A) impermeable surfaces
B) intense precipitation
C) lack of vegetation
D) wind
E) prominence of mechanical weathering
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a type of desert landform?
A) reg
B) erg
C) gibber plain
D) hamada
E) uvala
Q3) Which of the following is NOT closely associated with basin-and-range topography?
A) Nevada
B) Death Valley
C) deserts in the southwestern United States
D) mesas
E) faulting
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Chapter 19: Glacial Modification of Terrain
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ are relatively steep-sided mounds or conical hills of stratified drift made from meltwater deposition in a region of stagnant ice.
Q2) A piedmont glacier is a type of mountain glacier.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The glacial scouring by bedrock embedded in ice is erosion by ________.
A) ablation
B) accumulation
C) periglacial means
D) abrasion
E) basal slip
Q4) ________ is a possible cause of the ice advantages during the Pleistocene.
Q5) Which of the following is accepted as the single causal mechanism for the Pleistocene climate changes?
A) changes in the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide
B) changes in Earth's orbit
C) changes in the positions of the continents
D) changes in the solar radiation received by Earth
E) None of the above is widely accepted.
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Chapter 20: Coastal Processes and Terrain
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Q1) The main "ingredient" in the formation of coral is ________.
A) nitrogen
B) barnacles
C) plant roots
D) waves
E) calcium carbonate
Q2) The origin of tsunamis is associated with ________.
A) tides
B) storms
C) undersea tectonic events
D) wind
E) pressure gradients
Q3) The reverse flow of water down a beach slope is called ________.
Q4) Water moving roughly parallel to the shoreline is called ________.
A) stream outflow
B) swash
C) a longshore current
D) oblique waves
E) backwash
Q5) The Monaco Declaration of October 2008 was related to ________.
Page 22
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