Genomics and Society
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Genomics and Society explores the profound impacts of genomic science and technology on individuals, communities, and public policy. This course examines how advances in genome sequencing, gene editing, and personalized medicine are reshaping healthcare, agriculture, forensics, and bioethics. Students will analyze social, legal, and ethical implications including privacy concerns, genetic discrimination, access to genomic resources, and the implications of direct-to-consumer genetic testing. Through case studies and discussion, the course encourages critical thinking about the responsibilities and challenges faced by scientists, policymakers, and society in navigating the benefits and pitfalls of modern genomics.
Recommended Textbook
Human Genetics and Society 2nd Edition by Ronnee Yashon
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995 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: Sex and Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) sperm enter the female reproductive tract here
Answer: E
Q2) Gonadal sex is determined
A) at fertilization.
B) at birth.
C) upon the formation of external genitalia.
D) when the presence or absence of the SRY gene determines the formation of testes or ovaries.
E) when either testosterone or estrogen is produced.
Answer: D
Q3) Blastocyst
A)finger-like projections
B)large hollow ball of cells
C)attachment of embryo to uterus
D)source of embryonic stem cells
E)hCG is produced by this membrane
Answer: B
Q4) the nonspecific gonad develops into this structure in human females
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Assisted Reproductive Technology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss some of the implications of assisted reproductive technologies (ART).
Answer: Answers will vary but should include a discussion touching on some of these points: ART allows infertile couples to have children,may play a role in couples' decisions to postpone,may affect adoption decisions,can greatly affect couples' finances.The student may also discuss religious,ethical,societal,and economic issues.
Q2) Under what circumstances might a couple decide to use a paid surrogate stranger?
Answer: The most common reason to use a surrogate would be if the woman does not have a uterus or if the uterus does not function properly.Often a relative or friend volunteers to carry the baby for an infertile couple and give the baby to them after birth.If this is not the case,the couple may opt to contract a paid stranger to act as the surrogate.
Q3) Smoking cigarettes increases the chances of having a child.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) If estrogen levels are low,ovulation will not be affected.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Changes in Chromosome Number
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Sample Questions
Q1) Monosomy involving an autosomal chromosome is never fatal.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The p arm.
Answer: C
Q3) An individual with only one X chromosome and no other sex chromosome
A) is female.
B) is male.
C) is never born.
D) never develops completely.
E) has Jacobs syndrome.
Answer: A
Q4) Sister chromatids.
Answer: D
Q5) These shorten after each cell division.
Answer: A
Q6) The q arm.
Answer: E
Page 5
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Chapter 4: How Genes Are Transmitted From Generation to Generation
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Sample Questions
Q1) A phenotype is
A) the physical appearance of an organism.
B) the genetic make-up of an organism.
C) determined by the presence or absence of recessive alleles.
D) a genetic disorder.
E) a dominant allele.
Q2) If an individual has Huntington disease (autosomal dominant condition)and is heterozygous,what is the probability that an offspring will receive this detrimental allele?
Q3) Which is of the following statements is true about sex-linked traits?
A) Females are hemizygous for any gene on the Y chromosome.
B) X-linked recessive genes are always expressed when present in females.
C) In general, females are affected by X-linked recessive disorders far more frequently than males.
D) Fathers do not donate their X chromosome to their sons.
E) If the mother is heterozygous for an X-linked recessive allele, all of her sons will be affected.
Q4) If the proband is adopted,pedigrees of the adoptive parents are of little value.
A)True
B)False
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Gene Expression and Gene Regulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Consider a stretch of 18 nucleotides on an mRNA molecule.If all 18 of these nucleotides are translated,how many amino acids will this account for?
A) 3
B) 4
C) 6
D) 9
E) 18
Q2) The mRNA carries its message out the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the role of the promoter sequence in transcription? What would be the effect if there was a mutation in the promoter so that it no longer is recognized as a promoter?
Q4) RNA polymerase makes mRNA from a DNA template.
A)True
B)False
Q5) carboxyl group
Q6) site of protein synthesis
Q7) these are different for different amino acids
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Changes in DNA: Mutations and Epigenetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) DNA polymerase
A)genome
B)millirem
C)apoptosis
D)histones
E)free radical
F)imprinting
G)proofreading
H)mutation
I)methylation
J)frameshift
K)senescence
Q2) Free radicals
A) form because of radiation exposure.
B) form due to base analogs.
C) form when atoms have paired electrons.
D) are not reactive.
E) are incorporated into DNA instead of normal bases.
Q3) Explain the difference between mutations that occur in body cells compared to mutations that occur in germ cells.
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Chapter 7: Biotechnology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Transgenic organisms
A)An animal or plant that carries a gene from another species
B)Important source of organs for transplants
C)An animal model for cancer
D)Proteins that cut DNA in specific places
E)Source for the production of human growth hormone
F)Beta-carotene
G)Carrier molecules used in recombinant DNA technology
H)An animal model for immune deficiency disorders
Q2) Restriction enzymes
A) are used to extract DNA from human cells.
B) hold the two strands together in DNA molecules.
C) help initiate transcription.
D) cut DNA at specific sites.
E) splice DNA fragments together.
Q3) Animal models can be used to screen drugs to identify those that improve symptoms of different diseases.
A)True
B)False
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Genetic Testing and Prenatal Diagnosis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Amniocentesis is recommended when the mother is 35 years or older.This is because after age 35,
A) the mother's health will be severely impacted with each pregnancy.
B) she is more likely to have a female child.
C) the risk of the child having an X-linked disorder increases.
D) the mother's chromosomes are likely to suffer some damage.
E) the risk of having a child with a chromosomal abnormality increases dramatically.
Q2) ffDNA analysis
A)Sonar imaging of a fetus
B)Treatments include dialysis
C)Carriers were prevented from joining the United State Air Force
D)Analyzes DNA present in amniotic fluid
E)Procedure where a needle is inserted through the abdominal and uterine wall
F)Leads to death by age 3 or 4
G)Blastomere genetic testing
H)Can be done at 8-10 weeks of pregnancy
I)Treatment involves avoiding phenylalanine in the diet
Q3) Distinguish between genetic testing and genetic screening.
Q4) Compare and contrast amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS).
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Chapter 9: DNA Forensics
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Sample Questions
Q1) In PCR,primers
A) are the enzyme which carries on the reaction.
B) refer to the DNA isolated from the sample in question.
C) are short nucleotide sequences.
D) are the individual A, C, G, and T nucleotides.
E) are the copies produced by the process.
Q2) Why are minisatellites important for DNA analysis?
A) They are useful for determining the sex of the criminal.
B) Variation in the number of repeats is used in preparing DNA profiles.
C) They are used when there is no DNA available to analyze.
D) They can help geneticists determine the inheritance pattern of a trait.
E) Data from minisatellite analysis is stored in the FBI database.
Q3) All of the following are required to perform PCR EXCEPT
A) DNA primers.
B) DNA polymerase.
C) specialized machinery.
D) sample DNA.
E) restriction enzymes.
Q4) DNA profiling has numerous applications.Besides its use providing evidence in criminal cases,list four other applications of this technology.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Genomics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements about bioinformatics is FALSE?
A) Bioinformatics involves the storage of DNA sequence information in web-based databases.
B) New software was created to help collect, sort, and analyze DNA data.
C) Research tools were created to access genome sequences.
D) Bioinformatics attempts to identify the possible functions of genes via analysis.
E) Bioinformatics analyzes repetitive sequences to identify the location of genes.
Q2) The human genome contains about ____ billion nucleotides.
A)1.2
B)2.4
C) 3.2
D) 4.2
E) 6.4
Q3) In order for two genes to be linked,they must be located on the same chromosome.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe how an Alu sequence insertion may have played a role in human evolution.
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Chapter 11: Inheritance of Complex Traits
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Sample Questions
Q1) Decreases risk factor for neural tube defects
A)multifactorial trait
B)intelligence quotient
C)concordance
D)bell curve
E)monozygotic twins
F)developmental dyslexia
G)spina bifida
H)folic acid
Q2) A gene associated with neural tube defects has been identified in mice,but not in humans.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the difference between simple traits and complex traits? What are polygenic and multifactorial traits?
Q4) There are four basic types of spina bifida.
A)True
B)False
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Cancer and the Cell Cycle
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cancer is
A) a single disease that only affects a few different cell types.
B) characterized by uncontrolled cell growth.
C) always caused by a viral infection.
D) always caused by a bacterial infection.
E) All of these describe cancer.
Q2) In which of these cancers have RAS mutations been implicated?
A) colon cancer
B) cancer of the oral cavity
C) lung cancer
D) breast cancer
E) skin cancer
Q3) Signal transduction begins with
A) a series of protein molecules interacting within a cell.
B) changes in gene expression.
C) direct movement of the signal into the nucleus.
D) binding of a signal to a receptor on the cell surface.
E) release of a signal from a cell surface receptor.
Q4) Compare and contrast oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
Q5) What is cancer? Why is it considered a complex disease?
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Chapter 13: Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Schizophrenia is a(n)____ disorder.
A) multifactorial
B) single gene defect
C) recessive
D) entirely X-linked
E) environmental
Q2) Neurotransmitters are
A) chemicals that cause us to act and react to various stimuli.
B) produced by liver cells.
C) chemicals that are only released during pregnancy.
D) always traveling great distances in the body.
E) all identical to each other.
Q3) XYY syndrome
A)A mutated form of the gene causes serotonin not to break down
B)Cell loss in the brain
C)An area in the chromosome is prone to breakage
D)Some are more aggressive, taller males
E)Lithium treatment
Q4) Discuss how information about the behavioral genetics of other organisms can be used in human genetics..
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Chapter 14: Immunogenetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Human blood types are inherited.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What blood type is considered to be the universal donor? Which is the universal recipient? What do these terms mean?
Q3) About 80% of all anaphylactic shock cases involve bee stings.
A)True
B)False
Q4) White blood cells can do all of the following EXCEPT
A) consume the bacteria that are marked by antibodies.
B) produce antibodies.
C) activate memory cells.
D) coordinate repair of the damaged skin cells.
E) stimulate B cells to divide.
Q5) Discuss the importance of the HLA complex genes in successful organ transplants.
Q6) What is an antigen? What is an antibody? Identify the role of each substance in the immune response.
Q7) What roles do T helper cells and B cells play in our immune response?
Q8) Discuss how vaccinations work.
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Chapter 15: Genetics and Populations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following has not yet occurred with Huntington disease?
A) The gene has been isolated and identified.
B) The gene has been mapped.
C) Pedigree analysis of the gene has been done.
D) Population genetics analysis has determined the mode of inheritance.
E) A cure has been developed.
Q2) What is a major reason the population studied by Nancy Wexler has such a high frequency of Huntington disease?
A) The population was genetically very diverse.
B) Huntington disease originated in this population.
C) People in the population all ate the same foods.
D) People in the population all shared the same water supply.
E) The population was reproductively isolated.
Q3) People infected with malaria experience recurring episodes of illness throughout life,and often die at a young age.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the ethical concerns for collecting genetic information on an entire population? Should everyone be required to submit a sample,or should it be more selective?
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Human Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Earliest human tool user
A)Ardipithecus
B)Australopithecus
C)Paranthropus
D)Homo habilis
E)Homo erectus
F)Homo neanderthalensis
G)Homo floresiensis
H)Homo sapiens
Q2) Interbred with modern humans
A)Ardipithecus
B)Australopithecus
C)Paranthropus
D)Homo habilis
E)Homo erectus
F)Homo neanderthalensis
G)Homo floresiensis
H)Homo sapiens
Q3) Describe how lactose tolerance can be considered evidence of recent human evolution.
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Chapter 17: A Different World: The Past, Present, and Future
of Human Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Double muscling
A)Animal model for deafness
B)Breast cancer genes
C)Fitter family contests
D)Anti-cancer drug
E)Cloned dog
F)Mutant myostatin gene
G)Forced sterilization
H)Removal of breast tissue
I)Nuclear transfer
Q2) Compare and contrast positive and negative eugenics.
Q3) What are some possible reasons for the increasing numbers of children and adults with peanut allergies?
Q4) If a woman tests positive for the mutant alleles of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes,all of the following might be reasonable options EXCEPT
A) increased frequency of screening.
B) subcutaneous mastectomy.
C) taking the drug tamoxifen before tumors appear.
D) continued monitoring with mammograms.
E) continued testing for the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.
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Chapter 18: Biology Basics 1-Cells and Cell Structure
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the function of mitochondria?
A) sites of protein production
B) synthesizes plasma membrane lipids
C) organelle recycling
D) energy production for the cell
E) sorts and distributes proteins
Q2) All of the following are classes of macromolecules found in the cell EXCEPT
A) lipids.
B) nucleic acids.
C) carbohydrates.
D) proteins.
E) nucleotides.
Q3) cytoplasm
Q4) The Golgi apparatus is responsible for energy production within the cell.
A)True
B)False
Q5) mitochondrion
Q6) Golgi apparatus
Q7) nucleus
Q8) lysosome
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Chapter 18: Biology Basics 2-DNA and RNA
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Sample Questions
Q1) People with Xeroderma Pigmentosum are extremely resistant to DNA damage caused by UV light.
A)True
B)False
Q2) How can UV light exposure cause DNA mutations?
A) The UV light disrupts normal base pairing of the DNA at the site of the damage.
B) The UV light disrupts the DNA repair systems in the cell.
C) The UV light changes the DNA polymerase so it makes more mistakes.
D) The UV light causes breaks in the DNA strands.
E) The UV light separates the two strands of the double helix.
Q3) DNA is found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm.
A)True
B)False
Q4) One of Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction photos was crucial for Watson and Crick to develop their model of DNA.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Biology Basics 3-Genes, Populations, and the Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____ is a drug prescribed in the treatment of estrogen-sensitive breast cancers.
A) Endoxifen
B) Phenylthiocarbamide
C) Tamoxifen
D) Polyvinyl chloride
E) 5-HTT
Q2) All of the following are examples of autoimmune diseases EXCEPT
A) multiple sclerosis.
B) rheumatoid arthritis.
C) thyroid disease.
D) type I diabetes
E) breast cancer.
Q3) There appears to be a relationship between the genetics of PTC tasting,taste preferences,and diet in some people.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The 5-HTT gene complex proteins may determine who will develop an autoimmune disease.
A)True
B)False
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