Genetics for Non-Majors Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Genetics for Non-Majors provides an engaging introduction to the fundamental principles of genetics with a focus on concepts relevant to everyday life and society. The course explores heredity, gene structure and function, genetic variation, and the impact of genetics on health, agriculture, and ethical decision-making. Students will examine how genetic information is passed from one generation to the next, how it influences traits, and how new technologies such as genetic testing and biotechnology are shaping our world. Emphasis is placed on real-world applications, critical thinking, and informed discussions about contemporary genetic issues, without requiring extensive scientific background.
Recommended Textbook
Human Genetics and Society 2nd Edition by Ronnee Yashon
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Chapter 1: Sex and Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the sex chromosome make-up of a normal male?
A) XXY
B) XY
C) XX
D) XXX
E) XO
Answer: B
Q2) Chromosomal sex is determined at fertilization.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
A) nourishes the embryo.
B) stimulates the formation of the placenta.
C) is present in undetectable amounts throughout the pregnancy.
D) prevents the expulsion of the embryo.
E) is transported to the embryo through the umbilical cord.
Answer: D
Q4) the nonspecific gonad develops into this structure in human females
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Assisted Reproductive Technology
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Q1) An egg will only complete meiosis immediately after _____ occurs.
A) fertilization
B) ovulation
C) menstruation
D) menopause
E) formation of the secondary oocyte
Answer: A
Q2) Hormonal problems in women account for about 75 percent of all cases where ovulation does not occur.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) During spermatogenesis,these are the first cells that are haploid.
A) spermatocytes
B) spermatids
C) sperm
D) spermatogonia
E) oocytes
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Changes in Chromosome Number
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mothers who are over the age of 35 have a higher likelihood of having a child with genetic defects than do younger mothers.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Meiosis in females
A) leads to the production of sperm.
B) only produces polar bodies.
C) has already completed by the time of her birth.
D) only completes if an oocyte is fertilized.
E) never completes.
Answer: D
Q3) Sister chromatids.
Answer: D
Q4) The p arm.
Answer: C
Q5) Turner syndrome involves monosomy of the Y chromosome.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 5
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Chapter 4: How Genes Are Transmitted From Generation to Generation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mitochondrial disorders
A) are due to inheriting defective mitochondria from both parents.
B) are passed from father to all of his children.
C) often affect the muscular system.
D) are X-linked traits.
E) are due to mutant autosomal genes.
Q2) In the case of autosomal recessive traits,unaffected parents can have affected children.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Neurofibromatosis
A)autosomal recessive
B)autosomal dominant
C)X-linked recessive
Q4) In the case of autosomal recessive traits,male and female children are affected in roughly equal numbers.
A)True
B)False
Page 6
Q5) Why do males show a higher incidence of certain genetic disorders than females?
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Chapter 5: Gene Expression and Gene Regulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Transcribe this gene into mRNA and then use the genetic code table to determine the amino acid sequence of the resulting polypeptide chain (protein).Remember to start translation where the ribosome would.
Q2) Now,our hypothetical gene has undergone a mutation.The mutant sequence is TACGATACTACCAGGATT.Transcribe the mutant sequence into mRNA,and determine the amino acid sequence of the resulting polypeptide chain.Determine if the nucleotide modification produced a different amino acid sequence n the protein.What do you think the consequence of this mutation would be in terms of protein function?
Q3) Changing how tightly the DNA is wound does not affect gene expression. A)True B)False
Q4) The process where the information from DNA gets converted to RNA is called A) translation. B) mutation. C) initiation. D) transcription. E) elongation.
Q5) Explain how genes control traits.Explain how genes are involved in genetic disorders.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Changes in DNA: Mutations and Epigenetics
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Q1) Methylation of cytosines in CpG sequences
A) is the result of damage from free radicals.
B) does not affect gene expression.
C) is caused by base analogs.
D) leads to the insertion of extra base pairs in DNA.
E) can silence genes.
Q2) shift in reading frame
A)genome
B)millirem
C)apoptosis
D)histones
E)free radical
F)imprinting
G)proofreading
H)mutation
I)methylation
J)frameshift
K)senescence
Q3) Why it is often difficult to diagnose fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)? What additional measures are usually taken before a diagnosis is made?
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Chapter 7: Biotechnology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Recombinant DNA is created when DNA from two or more different organisms is joined together.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Humans have only been able to genetically modify agricultural plants and animals since recombinant DNA technology was developed.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Transgenic pigs
A)An animal or plant that carries a gene from another species
B)Important source of organs for transplants
C)An animal model for cancer
D)Proteins that cut DNA in specific places
E)Source for the production of human growth hormone
F)Beta-carotene
G)Carrier molecules used in recombinant DNA technology
H)An animal model for immune deficiency disorders
Q4) What is gene therapy? What are technical problems that must be overcome before gene therapy becomes a common treatment for genetic diseases?
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Chapter 8: Genetic Testing and Prenatal Diagnosis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tay-Sachs is an autosomal dominant disorder affecting lysosomes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Tay-Sachs disease is a fatal ____ trait.
A) autosomal recessive
B) X-linked recessive
C) autosomal dominant
D) X-linked dominant
E) Y-linked
Q3) Genetic testing can determine an individual's genotype.
A)True
B)False
Q4) As more disease-related genes are located and characterized,and increased genetic screening becomes available,what changes,if any,do you think will occur in the human population's gene pool? Provide examples.
Q5) What are the different types of prenatal tests that can be performed to diagnose genetic disorders? Give at least one advantage and disadvantage of each method.
Q6) Distinguish between genetic testing and genetic screening.
Q7) Compare and contrast amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS).
Page 10
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Chapter 9: DNA Forensics
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Sample Questions
Q1) DNA profiles have been developed from the remains of dead people.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)
A) uses a panel of 13 different STRs.
B) contains information from every American citizen.
C) contains information from any person suspected of committing a crime.
D) is only used to determine paternity.
E) None of that are correct.
Q3) What is the pattern of inheritance of mitochondrial DNA?
A) It is passed from a mother to all of her children.
B) It is passed from a father to all of his sons.
C) It is passed from a mother only to her sons.
D) It is passed from a father to all of his daughters.
E) It is passed from a mother only to her daughters.
Q4) DNA analysis of evidence at a crime scene matches the STR pattern of an individual in the CODIS database but the suspect says that he did not commit the crime.He claims that it must have been his twin sister.Explain why his argument is not valid.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Genomics
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Sample Questions
Q1) This is a method of gene mapping using markers that show differences in restriction enzyme cutting sites or differences in the number of repeated DNA sequences.
A) positional cloning
B) linkage mapping
C) recombinant DNA mapping
D) genetic mapping
E) crossing over mapping
Q2) Which of the following statements regarding crossing over is FALSE?
A) Crossing over takes place during meiosis.
B) Crossing over occurs a few times on any one pair of chromosomes.
C) Crossing over occurs at a few specific sites on the chromosomes.
D) Information from crossing over events can be used to develop linkage maps.
E) The closer two genes are on a chromosome, the less likely there will be crossing over between them.
Q3) What is gene therapy? Describe how gene therapy can be used to correct genetic disorders.
Q4) What are some of the legal and ethical questions associated with genomics?
Q5) How have SNPs identified by the Human Genome Project been used to locate genes involved in complex genetic diseases?
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Chapter 11: Inheritance of Complex Traits
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Sample Questions
Q1) A particular trait shows a high concordance in MZ twins raised together but a lower concordance in MZ twins raised apart.What do these results indicate about genetic and environmental components controlling this trait?
Q2) Intelligence
A) is a multifactorial trait.
B) is easily measured.
C) shows a very low concordance in MZ twins.
D) is currently determined by the size of one's head. E) is not influenced by environmental factors.
Q3) Mutations in the VANGL1 gene have been associated with spina bifida.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following diseases are multifactorial?
A) cystic fibrosis
B) spina bifida
C) albinism
D) severe combined immunodeficiency disorder (SCID)
E) All of these diseases are multifactorial.
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Chapter 12: Cancer and the Cell Cycle
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which of these cancers have RAS mutations been implicated?
A) colon cancer
B) cancer of the oral cavity
C) lung cancer
D) breast cancer
E) skin cancer
Q2) What is cancer? Why is it considered a complex disease?
Q3) Tamoxifen
A)Translocation
B)Breast cancer
C)Oncogene
D)Skin cancer
E)Tumor suppressor gene
F)Cervical cancer
G)Lung cancer
Q4) When tumor suppressor genes are mutated,cancers can form.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Compare and contrast oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
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Chapter 13: Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Neurotransmitters in the brain are chemicals that cause us to act and react in certain ways.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Of people in the U.S.who consume alcohol,what percentage are diagnosed as alcoholics?
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 20%
E) 75%
Q3) Researchers have studied identical twins reared apart to study the role of genetics and environment in controlling behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) All XYY individuals show antisocial behaviors.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Immunogenetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a person is Rh then they
A) are either Rh+Rh+ or Rh+Rh-.
B) are either Rh+Rh+ or Rh-Rh-.
C) must be Rh-Rh-.
D) do not have the Rh blood group antigen on their blood cells.
E) are none of these.
Q2) Discuss the importance of the HLA complex genes in successful organ transplants.
Q3) What are some possible reasons for the increasing numbers of children and adults with peanut allergies?
Q4) Can a woman with blood type A have a child with blood type O?
A) Yes, but only if the father has type O blood.
B) No, this is not possible genetically.
C) No, to have a child with type O blood, the mother must also have type O blood.
D) Yes, but only if the mother is IAIA and the father is IAIO.
E) Yes, but the mother must be IAIO.
Q5) Organs from transgenic pigs are routinely used in transplants to humans.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Discuss how vaccinations work.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Genetics and Populations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Huntington disease is caused by an expanding triplet repeat within the HD gene.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following statements describes the relationship between malaria and sickle cell anemia?
A) People infected with the malaria parasite are more likely to develop sickle cell anemia.
B) The same parasite is responsible for both diseases.
C) There is almost complete overlap in the geographic distributions of the two diseases.
D) People suffering from sickle cell anemia are more likely to contract malaria.
E) There is no overlap between the geographic distributions of the two diseases.
Q3) Both sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis are inherited recessively.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Some genetic diseases occur at much higher frequencies in particular populations,especially populations that are geographically isolated.Why does this happen? What is the advantage to studying these isolated groups?
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Chapter 16: Human Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Analysis of SNP haplotypes in modern humans indicates that A) there has been no change in our genomes in the last 50,000 years due to natural selection.
B) there is no real pattern to the genes that have changed in the last 50,000 years. C) the changes have occurred in non-coding regions of the genome located in between genes.
D) some of the changes have occurred in genes related to the transition from hunter-gatherers to agricultural societies.
E) all of the changes have to do with greater intelligence.
Q2) Phenotypic differences between humans and chimps are explained entirely by differences in coding sequences and dosage.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Human populations in Africa exhibit greater genetic diversity than all other populations outside of Africa.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are characteristics shared by all primates?
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Chapter 17: A Different World: The Past, Present, and Future
of Human Genetics
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Q1) In terms of blood type,what are the blood types of the offspring that can potentially be produced by a mother who has blood type A and a father who has blood type B? Provide appropriate Punnett squares to illustrate your conclusions.
Q2) In a knockout mouse,specific genes are inactivated to determine the gene's function.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Two whippets who are each homozygous for the normal myostatin gene can produce overmuscled "bully" offspring.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Presently,the analysis of fetal cells extracted from the mother's blood to test for Down syndrome is very accurate,with almost 0% false positive results.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is an antigen? What is an antibody? Identify the role of each substance in the immune response.
Page 19
Q6) What roles do T helper cells and B cells play in our immune response?
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Chapter 18: Biology Basics 1-Cells and Cell Structure
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Sample Questions
Q1) plasma membrane
Q2) nucleus
Q3) A zygote results from the fusion of a sperm and an egg.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Homologous chromosomes are members of a pair of chromosomes.
A)True
B)False
Q5) All of the following are classes of macromolecules found in the cell EXCEPT A) lipids.
B) nucleic acids.
C) carbohydrates.
D) proteins.
E) nucleotides.
Q6) Which cell will contain only 23 chromosomes?
A) sperm cell
B) stem cell
C) somatic cell
D) germ cell
E) zygote
Page 20
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Chapter 18: Biology Basics 2-DNA and RNA
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Sample Questions
Q1) Nucleotides are made of four components.
A)True
B)False
Q2) All of the following are differences between DNA and RNA EXCEPT
A) DNA has deoxyribose and RNA has ribose.
B) DNA is only found in the nucleus while RNA is found in both the cytoplasm and nucleus.
C) RNA is usually single-stranded and DNA is usually double-stranded.
D) RNA contains uracil and DNA contains thymine.
E) DNA is a polynucleotide while RNA is not.
Q3) How can UV light exposure cause DNA mutations?
A) The UV light disrupts normal base pairing of the DNA at the site of the damage.
B) The UV light disrupts the DNA repair systems in the cell.
C) The UV light changes the DNA polymerase so it makes more mistakes.
D) The UV light causes breaks in the DNA strands.
E) The UV light separates the two strands of the double helix.
Q4) DNA is found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Biology Basics 3-Genes, Populations, and the Environment
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Q1) One of the problems in establishing a connection between an infection and an autoimmune disease is that there is often very little time between the infection and the abnormal immune response.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following statements about behavior is true?
A) Individuals with two copies of the long version of the 5-HTT allele are more likely to become depressed after experiencing stressful events in their lives.
B) The 5-HTT gene codes for a protein important in DNA repair.
C) Stressful life events do not affect whether a person becomes depressed or not.
D) All people handle stressful events equally well.
E) Individuals with two copies of the short version of the 5-HTT allele are more likely to become depressed after experiencing stressful events in their lives.
Q3) Being a carrier of the sickle-cell allele can be beneficial for some people.
A)True
B)False
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