General Sociology
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
General Sociology provides an introduction to the study of society, social institutions, and the complex interactions that shape human behavior. The course explores foundational concepts such as culture, socialization, social structure, groups, and social stratification, as well as the major theoretical perspectives in sociology. Students will analyze contemporary issues including inequality, family, education, crime, and social change, gaining insight into how societal forces influence individual lives and collective experiences. Through lectures, discussions, and case studies, the course aims to develop critical thinking skills and a deeper understanding of the social world.
Recommended Textbook
Sociology in Our Times The Essentials 10th Edition by Diana Kendall
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Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective and Research
Process
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Sample Questions
Q1) Outline the six (6) steps of the "conventional" research model.
Answer: The "conventional" research model focuses on quantitative research and includes the following steps: (1) Select and clearly define the research problem (topic); (2) Review previous research-it is important to review the literature to see what others have written about the topic; (3) Formulate the hypothesis-a statement of the relationship between two or more concepts (independent variable and dependent variable)-and create an operational definition-an explanation of an abstract concept in terms of observable features that are specific enough to measure the variable; (4) Develop the research design-considering the units of analysis (what or whom is being studied) and the time frame of the study (cross-sectional studies or longitudinal studies); (5) Collect (random sampling and probability sampling) and analyze the data (validity and reliability); and (6) Draw conclusions (noting limitations of the study) and report the findings.
Q2) Compared to quantitative research, qualitative research is more likely to _________ .
A) use a larger sample
B) collect and analyze the data simultaneously
C) formulate research questions that interest the participants
D) lend itself to statistical analysis
Answer: B
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) Humans are so different throughout the world that there is little we can consider common to all human culture.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) An unlearned, biologically determined involuntary response to a physical stimulus is called a(n) __________.
A) instinct
B) reflex
C) drive
D) impulse
Answer: B
Q3) __________ is the process of learning about something previously unknown or unrecognized.
A) Invention
B) Diffusion
C) Discovery
D) Cultural lag
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Socialization
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Q1) Which of these statements about the use of media by different racial/ethnic groups is true?
A) White children use media on a daily basis more often than children of other racial/ethnic groups.
B) Black children are the least likely of any group to use media on a daily basis.
C) Latino children are the least likely of any racial/ethnic group to use daily media.
D) African American and Latino children spend more time with media than do white, non-Latino children.
Answer: D
Q2) In psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, during the __________ level, children view evil behavior as that which is likely to be punished, and good behavior as obedience and avoidance of unwanted consequences.
A) conventional
B) subconventional
C) postconventional
D) preconventional
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Social Structure and Interaction in Everyday Life
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Q1) Durkheim believed that people in industrial societies rely on one another in much the same way that the organs of the human body function interdependently. Social interaction is less personal, more status oriented, and more focused on specific goals and objectives. He referred to this condition as __________.
A) mechanical solidarity
B) specialized solidarity
C) collective solidarity
D) organic solidarity
Q2) Describe and compare the typologies Durkheim and T nnies developed to account for different types of solidarity in society.
Q3) __________, or presentation of self, refers to people's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image.
A) Presentational analysis
B) Dramaturgical presentation
C) Ethnomethodological introduction
D) Impression management
Q4) Explain the difference between a social institution and a formal organization. Give an example to illustrate the difference.
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Chapter 5: Groups and Organizations
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Q1) In our rapidly changing society, formal organizations continually make significant changes in the way they are structured.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Almost __________ of Stanley Milgram's research subjects went all the way to what could have been a deadly jolt of electricity if the shock generator had been real.
A) one-quarter
B) one-half
C) two-thirds
D) three-quarters
Q3) Sociologist George Ritzer applied Weber's theories to an examination of fast food restaurants such as McDonald's. In the process of "McDonaldization," he identified four dimensions of formal rationality. Which of the following is not one of these dimensions?
A) efficiency
B) predictability
C) control through expressive leadership
D) emphasis on quantity rather than quality
Q4) Explain the concept of groupthink and why it can be dangerous for organizations.
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Chapter 6: Deviance and Crime
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Q1) __________ is defined as "the calculated, unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective."
A) Socialism
B) Terrorism
C) Totalitarianism
D) Imperialism
Q2) Which of these is not a function of deviance described by contemporary functionalists?
A) Deviance clarifies rules.
B) Deviance prevents anomie.
C) Deviance promotes social change.
D) Deviance unites a group.
Q3) Applying Merton's strain theory, skid-row alcoholics and drug addicts illustrate the concept of __________.
A) rebellion
B) ritualism
C) retreatism
D) innovation
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Chapter 7: Class and Stratification in the United States
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Q1) Although the federal minimum wage is set by the federal government, individual states are free to adopt a higher minimum wage rate if they desire.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A difference between the caste system in India and the caste system in South Africa is that in India caste was based in part on __________.
A) religious identification
B) racial classification
C) occupation
D) wealth
Q3) When analyzing social class, __________ are most likely to consider the degree of control that workers have over the decision-making process and their ability to plan and implement their own work.
A) postmodern theorists
B) functionalist theorists
C) symbolic interactionist theorists
D) conflict theorists
Q4) Describe what is meant by the American Dream.
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Chapter 8: Global Stratification
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Q1) After the 1992 U.N. Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, terms such as underdevelopment have largely been dropped and economies are now classified by their __________.
A) material well-being
B) levels of economic development
C) levels of income
D) standard of living
Q2) The income gaps between richer and poorer countries of the world are __________ than the income gaps between classes in the United States.
A) more pronounced
B) less pronounced
C) more equal
D) less stratified
Q3) The __________ is a measure of the number of deaths per thousand live births in a calendar year.
A) infant mortality rate
B) crude-birth rate
C) fertility rate
D) crude-death rate
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Race and Ethnicity
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Q1) One study found that as the economic conditions worsened in the South, whites aimed their anger toward African Americans, who then became a scapegoat. As a result, there was an increase in the lynching of African Americans. This illustrates __________ theory.
A) authoritarian-personality
B) frustration-aggression
C) conflict
D) symbolic interactionist
Q2) Prior to the Civil Rights Act, Jim Crow laws in the U.S. South mandated the systematic physical and social separation of whites and African Americans in all areas of public life. This is an example of __________.
A) de facto segregation
B) miscegenation
C) de faccia segregation
D) de jure segregation
Q3) Although the United States had colonial rule over the Philippines from 1898 to 1946, Filipinos were not considered citizens of the United States.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
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Q1) Parents are involved in gender socialization through______________________.
A) the purchase of children's toys that reflect the parents' gender expectation
B) responding more quickly to the cries of male babies
C) interacting with boy and girl children in the same ways
D) giving more gentle treatment to boy babies
Q2) The __________ is the level of technology and the organization of the economy in a given society.
A) subsistence
B) division of labor
C) technoeconomic base
D) adaptive strategy
Q3) The social significance of gender stereotypes is illustrated by eating disorders such as __________, which refers to a person binge-eating followed by purging the food by induced vomiting, excessive exercise, laxatives, or fasting.
A) anorexia
B) obesity
C) bulimia
D) gestation
Q4) Discuss the decline in women's status in agricultural and industrial societies.
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Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships
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Q1) A comparison of Census Bureau data from 1970 to 2012 shows that there has been __________ in the percentage of U.S. households comprised of a married couple with their own children under eighteen years of age.
A) a significant increase
B) a very minor increase
C) a significant decline
D) basically no change
Q2) The __________ refers to family units that are composed of various relatives, in addition to parents and children, who live in the same household.
A) blended family
B) conventional family
C) extended family
D) nuclear family
Q3) General support for same-sex marriage in the United States is __________
A) increasing overall
B) decreasing overall
C) increasing on the East Coast
D) decreasing in the South
Q4) Give the definition of family currently in use, and explain how it has changed.
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Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Q1) __________ theorists believe that education is an important part of society because it contributes to social stability and provides people with an opportunity for selfenhancement and upward social mobility.
A) Symbolic interactionist
B) Conflict
C) Postmodern
D) Functionalist
Q2) A(n) __________ function in education includes teaching specific subjects, such as science, mathematics, reading, history, and English.
A) extrinsic
B) manifest
C) intrinsic
D) latent
Q3) __________ refers to a decline in the importance of religious ideas, practices, and institutions in everyday life.
A) Detheification
B) Religious reductionism
C) Secularization
D) Anti-religiosity
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Politics and the Economy in Global Perspective
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Q1) When did the scope of government influence in people's daily lives in the United States expand considerably for the first time?
A) during the Civil War
B) during Depression in the 1930s
C) during World War II
D) during the 1960s Vietnam War
Q2) Although __________ theorists acknowledge that there are many purposes of government, they also believe that government primarily works in the interests of the wealthy or politically powerful elites in society.
A) postmodern
B) symbolic interactionist
C) conflict
D) functionalist
Q3) Weber believed that __________ authority was the only means to attain efficient, flexible, and competent regulation under a rule of law.
A) traditional
B) rational-legal
C) charismatic
D) coercive
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Health, Health Care, and Disability
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Q1) __________ theorists focus on the socially constructed nature of "health" and "illness" and how both should be treated.
A) Symbolic interactionist
B) Functionalist
C) Postmodernist
D) Conflict
Q2) Alternative medicine is less expensive than conventional Western medicine.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of these groups has the highest uninsured rate?
A) white non-Hispanic
B) Asian American
C) African American
D) Hispanic/Latino/a
Q4) The social and physical environments in which people live are a significant factor in the extent to which they may be considered disabled.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe how Canada, Great Britain, and China pay for medical care.
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Chapter 15: Population and Urbanization
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Q1) __________ refers to the physical location of people throughout a geographic area; __________ is the term for the number of people within a given geographic area.
A) Migration; distribution
B) Distribution; density
C) Density; distribution
D) Immigration; distribution
Q2) People migrate either voluntarily or involuntarily. Which of these is considered a "push" factor for international migration?
A) a natural disaster
B) a democratic government
C) religious freedom
D) employment opportunities
Q3) Life expectancy varies by sex. Females born in the United States in 2014 could expect to live about __________ years, compared with a life expectancy of __________ for males.
A) 68; 72
B) 78; 75
C) 81 ; 77
D) 76; 81
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Chapter 16: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change
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Q1) Define social movements as a form of collective behavior, and explain the conditions under which they are most likely to emerge.
Q2) __________ argued that people are more likely to engage in antisocial behaviors in a crowd because they are anonymous and feel invulnerable.
A) Le Bon
B) Hadley Cantrel
C) Georg Simmel
D) Talcott Parsons
Q3) __________ theory is based on the assumption that participants in social movements make rational decisions about goals and actions and must have some degree of economic and political resources to make the movement a success.
A) Value-added
B) Resource mobilization
C) New social movement
D) Relative deprivation
Q4) Define mass behavior; describe the most frequent types of this behavior.
Q5) Contrast the five major types of social movements in terms of the types and extent of change each seeks to produce.
18
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