General Sociology
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
General Sociology introduces students to the systematic study of human society, social behavior, and the various factors that shape collective life. The course covers foundational sociological concepts, theories, and research methods while exploring key topics such as culture, socialization, social institutions, group dynamics, social stratification, and social change. Students will learn to apply sociological frameworks to analyze issues related to race, gender, class, and global perspectives, fostering a critical understanding of social relationships and structures that influence individuals and communities.
Recommended Textbook
Sociology in Our Times 9th Edition by Diana Kendall
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20 Chapters
2958 Verified Questions
2958 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Distinguish between commonsense knowledge and myths and sociological knowledge.
Answer: Many of us rely on intuition or common sense gained from personal experience to help us understand our daily lives and other people's behavior.Commonsense knowledge guides ordinary conduct in everyday life.We often rely on common sense-or "what everybody knows"-to answer key questions about behavior.Why do people behave the way they do? Who makes the rules? Why do some people break rules and other people follow rules? Many commonsense notions are actually myths.A myth is a popular but false notion that may be used,either intentionally or unintentionally,to perpetuate certain beliefs or "theories" even in the light of conclusive evidence to the contrary.By contrast,sociologists strive to use scientific standards,not popular myths or hearsay,in studying society and social interaction.They use systematic research techniques and are accountable to the scientific community for their methods and the presentation of their findings.
Q2) The awareness that helps us understand that there is a connection between losing our job and the high unemployment rate in the region in which we live is an example of the sociological imagination.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Sociological Research Methods
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147 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the inductive approach,the researcher collects information or data (facts or evidence) and then generates theories form the analysis of that data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) According to sociologist Emile Durkheim,__________ suicide occurs among people who are isolated from any social group.
A) egoistic
B) anomic
C) altruistic
D) fatalistic
Answer: A
Q3) Case studies are the most widely used research method in the social sciences because they make it possible to study things that are not directly observable-such as people's attitudes and beliefs-and to describe a population too large to observe directly.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____________ refers to the values and standards of behavior that people in society profess to hold.
A) Ideal culture
B) Real culture
C) Material culture
D) Universal culture
Answer: A
Q2) Anthropologist Marvin Harris points out that,from an ethnocentric viewpoint,people in the United States are likely to conclude that cow worship in India is a primary cause of hunger and poverty in that country.At the same time,Harris demonstrates that the Hindu taboo against killing cattle is very important to the economic system in India.His approach illustrates:
A) cultural relativism
B) reverse ethnocentrism
C) cultural diversity
D) authoritarianism
Answer: A
Q3) Discuss how cultural assumptions are challenged by an encounter with culture shock.
Answer: Not Answer
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Chapter 4: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe socialization through the life course and resocialization.
Q2) Gender socialization is important in determining what we think the "preferred" sex of a child should be and in influencing our beliefs about acceptable behaviors for males and females.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Sociologists Charles Horton Cooley and George H.Mead can best be classified as:
A) functionalists
B) conflict theorists
C) symbolic interactionists
D) postmodernists
Q4) Currently,about __________ percent of all U.S.preschool children are in day care,either in private homes or institutional settings,and this percentage continues to climb.
A) 10
B) 33
C) 60
D) 75
Q5) Analyze Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic perspective.
Q6) Compare and contrast gender socialization and racial/ethnic socialization.
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Chapter 5: Society,Social Structure,and Interaction
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150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Social interactionists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created.They refer to this as the social construction of reality-the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the objective meaning that we give to an experience.
A)True
B)False
Q2) __________ occurs when incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time.
A) Role performance
B) Role conflict
C) Role ambiguity
D) Role alienation
Q3) Groups are an important component of social structure.A(n) __________ group consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence.
A) social
B) acting
C) primary
D) secondary
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Groups and Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) In relation to obedience to authority,summarize Stanley Milgram's research.
Q2) Sociologist __________ suggested that small groups have distinctive interaction patterns that do not exist in larger groups.
A) Emile Durkheim
B) Max Weber
C) Herbert Spencer
D) Georg Simmel
Q3) According to Robert Merton,the term "bureaucratic personality" describes those workers who are more concerned with following correct procedures than they are with getting the job done correctly.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Thorstein Veblen used the term __________ to characterize situations in which workers have become so highly specialized,or have been given such fragmented jobs to do,that they are unable to come up with creative solutions to problems.
A) trained incapacity
B) bureaucratic personality
C) cheerful robot
D) organization men
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Chapter 7: Deviance and Crime
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150 Verified Questions
150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) From the __________ approach,institutions such as schools,prisons,and mental hospitals use knowledge,norms,and values to categorize people into "deviant" subgroups such as slow learners,convicted felons,or criminally insane individuals,and then control them through specific patterns of discipline.
A) symbolic interactionist
B) conflict theoretical
C) functional theoretical
D) postmodern theoretical
Q2) In the late 1980s,several top Pentagon officials were found guilty of receiving bribes for passing classified information on to major defense contractors that had garnered many lucrative contracts from the government.This is an example of:
A) political crime
B) corporate crime
C) occupational (white-collar) crime
D) autonomy crime
Q3) Outline the four major goals of punishment: retribution,deterrence,incapacitation,and rehabilitation.
Q4) Discuss the concept of global crime,including the major types of global crime.
Q5) Discuss the feminist perspective of deviance.
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Chapter 8: Class and Stratification in the United States
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149 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Karl Marx,continual exploitation results in workers' __________-a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from oneself.It develops as workers manufacture goods that embody their creative talents,but the goods do not belong to them.
A) class conflict
B) meritocracy
C) classism
D) alienation
Q2) Systems of stratification are characterized by different hierarchical structures and varying degrees of mobility.All of the following are systems of stratification EXCEPT:
A) slavery
B) caste
C) class
D) profile
Q3) The term "underclass" is another word for the upper-middle class because it refers to those people found just below the wealthiest Americans.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Global Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) The top countries identified as having "Very High Human Development" are:
A) Tanzania and South Africa
B) Niger, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zimbabwe
C) Norway, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States
D) Mexico, China, and Paraguay
Q2) Industries that produce automobiles,computers,and other capital- and technology-intensive products are typically __________ chains.
A) buyer-driven commodity
B) transnational-driven commodity
C) producer-driven commodity
D) individually-driven commodity
Q3) The decrease in the life expectance in sub-Sahara Africa can be linked to:
A) infant mortality
B) hunger
C) the HIV epidemic
D) malaria
Q4) Summarize wealth and poverty in global perspective.
Q5) Describe low-income economies and the globalization of poverty.
Q6) Identify and explain the use of the Gini coefficient and global quality of life issues.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Race and Ethnicity
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ are the largest segment (approximately two-thirds) of the Hispanic population in the United States.
A) Puerto Rican Americans
B) Cuban Americans
C) Brazilian Americans
D) Mexican Americans
Q2) According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination,__________ hold personal prejudice but do not discriminate due to peer pressure,legal demands,or a desire for profits.
A) prejudiced discriminators
B) unprejudiced discriminators
C) prejudiced nondiscriminators
D) unprejudiced nondiscriminators
Q3) __________ is often hidden from sight and more difficult to prove.
A) Subtle racism
B) Open racism
C) Closed racism
D) Overt racism
Q4) Explain Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination.
Q5) Explain Joe Feagin's theory of discrimination.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Sex and Gender
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to __________,male domination causes all forms of human oppression,including racism and classism.These feminists often trace the roots of patriarchy to women's childbearing and childrearing responsibilities,which make them dependent on men.
A) liberal feminism
B) radical feminism
C) socialist feminism
D) multicultural feminism
Q2) As societies industrialize,the status of women tends to improve significantly.Industrialization in the United States created a gap between the nonpaid work performed by men at home and the paid work of women.
A)True
B)False
Q3) At puberty,an increased production of hormones results in the development of __________,the physical traits (other than reproductive organs) that identify an individual's sex.
A) primary sex characteristics
B) hormonal correlates
C) secondary sex characteristics
D) tertiary sex characteristics
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Chapter 12: Aging and Inequality Based on Age
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147 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) If we say that somebody is getting gray hair,wrinkled skin,and is becoming forgetful,we are using which age criterion?
A) chronological
B) functional
C) sequential
D) normative
Q2) __________ refers to inequalities,differences,segregation,or conflict between age groups.
A) Social stratification
B) Gerontology
C) Age socialization
D) Age stratification
Q3) When people say "Act your age," they are referring to __________ age- a person's age based on date of birth.
A) functional
B) normative
C) chronological
D) sequential
Q4) Explain the difference between chronological age and functional age.
Q5) Define aging and compare high-income and low-income countries.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: The Economy and Work in Global Perspective
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Sample Questions
Q1) Once a surplus is accumulated,more people can engage in trade.Initially,the surplus goods of preindustrial economies are distributed through a system of __________,which is the direct exchange of goods or services considered of equal values by the traders.
A) bargain
B) vendor supply
C) barter
D) line feeds
Q2) The __________ made it illegal for a person to sit simultaneously on the boards of directors of two corporations that are in direct competition with each other.
A) Brown Anti-conglomerate Act of 1914
B) Smith Anti-conglomerate Act of 1914
C) Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
D) Clinton Antitrust Act of 1914
Q3) Define contingent work and identify the role subcontracting often plays in contingent work.Also describe the three major types of unemployment.
Q4) Compare the sociological perspective on the economy with the study of economics.
Q5) Describe in detail unemployment in the United States.
Q6) Discuss the conflict perspective on economy and work in the United States.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Politics and Government in Global Perspective
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142 Verified Questions
142 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following are characteristics of charismatic authority EXCEPT that:
A) it tends to be temporary and relatively unstable
B) it may be legitimized by extraordinary insight
C) it often becomes legitimized on the basis of long?standing custom
D) it is usually limited to a small number of faithful followers
Q2) __________ relies on modern technology to monitor and control people; mass propaganda and electronic surveillance are widely used to influence people's thinking and control their actions.
A) Monarchy
B) Authoritarianism
C) Totalitarianism
D) Democracy
Q3) Most leaders do not want to base their power on force alone; they seek to legitimize their power by turning it into __________,which is the power that people accept as legitimate rather than coercive.
A) control
B) leverage
C) authority
D) political influence
Q4) Describe the role of politics and government in the future.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Families and Intimate Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some conflict explanations of family problems,such as high rates of divorce and overall family instability,focus on:
A) how exploitation of the lower classes by the upper classes contributes to family problems
B) the relationship between family troubles and changes in other social institutions, such as the economy, religion, and law
C) the way in which definitions concerning family problems not only are socially constructed, but also have an effect on how people are treated D) diversity and fragmentation of families
Q2) Describe functionalist perspectives on families.
Q3) Describe the different forms of marriage patterns found across cultures.
Q4) __________ percent of all marriages in the United States are dual-earner marriages,in which both spouses are in the labor force.
A) Less than 10
B) About 25
C) Over 50
D) Nearly 90
Q5) Discuss child-related family issues and parenting.
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Chapter 16: Education
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a reason given by parents for preferring to home-school their children?
A) concern about the school environment
B) the desire to provide religious or moral instruction
C) the cost of public education
D) dissatisfaction with the academic instruction available at traditional schools
Q2) ___________ are primary or secondary schools that receive public money but are free from some of the day-to-day bureaucracy of a larger school district that may limit classroom performance.
A) Managed schools
B) High tier schools
C) Magnet schools
D) Charter schools
Q3) Summarize education in a historical and global perspective.
Q4) Describe the conflict perspective on education.
Q5) Describe the functionalist perspective on education and note the societal importance of latent functions fulfilled by this social institution.
Q6) Discuss future issues and trends in education.
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Chapter 17: Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the basic beliefs of Judaism.
Q2) The ultimate goal of Hindu existence is entering the state of __________-becoming liberated from the world by uniting the individual soul with the universal soul (Brahma).
A) karma
B) nirvana
C) samsara
D) moksha
Q3) Describe the functionalist perspective on religion and discuss its major functions in societies.
Q4) Trace the development of Buddhism.
Q5) The Islamic notion of jihad,meaning "struggle," is a core belief.The __________ is the external struggle that takes place in the world,including violence and war.
A) Tertiary Jihad
B) Greater Jihad
C) Lesser Jihad
D) Latent Jihad
Q6) Identify the major trends in religion in the United States.
Q7) Trace the development of Islam.
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Health, Health Care, and Disability
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ is the term for an institutional system concerned with the scientific diagnosis,treatment,and prevention of illness.
A) Health care
B) Medicine
C) Scientific medicine
D) Holistic medicine
Q2) Regarding the transmission of HIV,which of the following is FALSE?
A) HIV is transmitted through unprotected or inadequately protected sex with an infected partner.
B) HIV is transmitted through sharing a hypodermic needle with someone who is infected with HIV.
C) An infected mother can pass the virus on to her child through breastfeeding the child.
D) HIV can be transmitted through casual contact, such as shaking hands.
Q3) AIDS was first identified in:
A) 1972
B) 1978
C) 1981
D) 1985
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Chapter 19: Population and Urbanization
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Sample Questions
Q1) In 2010,the crude birth rate in the United States was __________,as compared with an all-time high rate of 27.0 per 1,000 in 1947 (following World War II).
A) 5.3 per 1,000
B) 10.4 per 1,000
C) 13.83 per 1,000
D) 17.6 per 1,000
Q2) Sociologist __________ suggested that not everyone experiences the city in the same way: many residents develop strong loyalties and a sense of community in central-city areas that outsiders may view negatively.
A) Herbert Gans
B) Georg Simmel
C) Louis Wirth
D) Ernest W. Burgess
Q3) According to __________,Earth is a "dying planet" with too many people And too little food,compounded by environmental degradation.
A) neo-Malthusians
B) neo-Marxist
C) postmodernists
D) functionalists
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Page 21
Chapter 20: Collective Behavior,Social Movements,and Social Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) A fad is defined as a currently valued style of behavior,thinking,or appearance.Unlike fashions,fads tend to be longer lasting.Fashions are a temporary but widely copied activity enthusiastically followed by large numbers of people.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Based on sociologist Neil Smelser's value-added theory,the structured strain condition states that when a society or community is unable to meet people's expectations that something should be done about a problem,strain occurs in the system.The ensuing tension and conflict contribute to the development of a social movement based on people's belief that the problem would not exist if authorities had done what they were supposed to do.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Mobs,riots,and panics are examples of __________ crowds.
A) acting
B) casual
C) expressive
D) conventional
Q4) Describe the key assumptions of the resource mobilization theory.
Page 22
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