General Sociology Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
General Sociology introduces students to the systematic study of society, social institutions, and social relationships. The course explores core sociological concepts such as culture, socialization, social structure, groups, deviance, and social change. Students will examine the various theoretical perspectives used to analyze social phenomena and gain insight into how factors like race, class, gender, and globalization impact individual and group behavior. Emphasis is placed on developing a sociological imagination to understand everyday life, social patterns, and the challenges facing contemporary societies.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Sociology 9th Edition by David B. Brinkerhoff
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15 Chapters
2023 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Study of Society
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135 Verified Questions
135 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A correlation between two variables tells us:
A) that one variable causes the other.
B) why the relationship exists.
C) which variable is more important than the other.
D) that there is an empirical relationship between the two variables.
Answer: D
Q2) When gathering data,the cause is known as the _________ and the effect is known as the _________.
A) dependent variable; independent variable
B) operation definition; variable
C) independent variable; dependent variable
D) variable; operation definition
Answer: C
Q3) Explain why participant observation may be the only reasonable research method for studying heroin addicts,prostitutes,and the homeless.
Answer: People engaged in stigmatized or illegal behavior may not be honest about their activity,so the observations of the researcher may be the most reasonable method to use.
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3
Chapter 2: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) When sociologists say that culture is problem solving,they mean that:
A) culture is created through conflict.
B) if a society is cultured, there will be no crime or deviance.
C) culture provides a standard pattern for dealing with common dilemmas.
D) eventually, we will solve all human problems.
Answer: C
Q2) Sociobiology is defined in your text as the:
A) systematic study of human social interaction.
B) study of the biological basis of all forms of human behavior.
C) study of biological adaptations to social environments.
D) study of social evolution as influenced by biology.
Answer: B
Q3) What is cultural capital?
Answer: Upper-class attitudes and knowledge (i.e.,knowing the game of golf,knowing about fine wines,etc.).
Q4) Give an example of material and non-material culture.
Answer: An example of material culture might be a cellular phone and an example of non-material culture might be the American value of equality.
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to sociologists using symbolic interaction theory:
A) meanings are fixed by the larger society.
B) socialization reinforces social inequalities.
C) people interacting negotiate their self-concepts.
D) to understand human behavior we must learn what role each individual plays in society.
Answer: C
Q2) Common challenges for people over the age of 65 include:
A) learning new roles if both spouses are now at home full-time.
B) adjusting to living alone after the death of a spouse.
C) filling days that are no longer structured by work.
D) All of these are challenges for those over age 65.
Answer: D
Q3) What is socialization?
Answer: The process of learning roles,statuses,and values necessary for participation in social institutions.
Q4) Define the term total institution and give an example of a total institution.
Answer: Total institutions are facilities in which all aspects of life are strictly controlled for the purpose of radical resocialization.Examples might be a monastery,a prison,or the military.
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Social Structure and Social Interaction
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Sample Questions
Q1) An enduring social structure that serves basic human needs is:
A) a role.
B) a value.
C) an institution.
D) a group.
Q2) Adam stole a package of salami from the grocery store but claims he did so because,as a father,his first responsibility is to feed his hungry children.This is an example of:
A) a justification.
B) an excuse.
C) a disclaimer.
D) a motive.
Q3) Give an example of role strain and role conflict.
Q4) According to the text,if sociologists want to understand society and social problems,they must look at:
A) classical sociological theory.
B) social norms and values.
C) social structure and social interaction.
D) deviance and social control.
Q5) What are the five basic social institutions?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Groups, Networks, and Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) As society has become more industrialized:
A) we have fewer instrumental needs.
B) more of our instrumental needs are the obligation of primary groups.
C) we have fewer expressive needs.
D) more of our instrumental needs are the obligation of secondary groups.
Q2) Ties created via the Internet are necessarily weak.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Membership in voluntary associations is greatest among people who are:
A) under age 30.
B) well-educated.
C) upper-income.
D) single.
Q4) Strong ties in a social network lead to all of the following EXCEPT:
A) lower risks of suicide and depression.
B) better health.
C) increased participation in civic and political issues.
D) bigger family units.
Q5) What are three characteristics of primary groups?
Q6) What is the difference between a risky shift and a tame shift?
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Chapter 6: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) Youths growing up in poor neighborhoods are more likely to deal drugs to make money than middle-class youth.This example represents the pattern of deviance called:
A) rebellion.
B) retreatism.
C) ritualism.
D) innovation.
Q2) On a whim,three-year-old Bobby flicks a spoonful of mashed potatoes at his father.Bobby's father puts him in the time-out chair and tells him he is a bad boy.Bobby's behavior is an example of:
A) primary deviance.
B) secondary deviance.
C) non-conformity.
D) bad manners.
Q3) Victimless crimes are difficult for the police to control because they:
A) do not harm anyone.
B) lack a complaining victim.
C) have wide acceptance in the larger community.
D) involve property and not persons.
Q4) What is the basic idea behind differential association theory?
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Chapter 7: Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) The primary distinction between a caste system and a class system is that under a caste system:
A) there is more inequality than under a class system.
B) only one type of reward (status) is used.
C) ascribed statuses that are fixed throughout a lifetime are the major criteria used to rank individuals.
D) occupation is used as the chief criterion for membership.
Q2) Which of the following examples of inequality is best explained on the macro level?
A) Despite his Princeton degree in economics, Miguel is unable to find a job anywhere but McDonald's.
B) Jasmina, an African American woman, goes to Yale and becomes a doctor like her father.
C) Yu works hard in school and wins a scholarship to study in the U.S. despite his family's low social class in China.
D) Olga has difficulty passing high school courses and, like her parents before her, decides not to attend college.
Q3) What are the basic dimensions of the human development index?
Q4) What is modernization theory? What would a conflict theorist say about it?
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Racial and Ethnic Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the difference between majority and minority groups?
Q2) By 1700,the __________ culture was dominant on the entire Eastern seaboard.
A) Dutch
B) German
C) Spanish
D) English
Q3) Gypsy children in the Czech Republic score lower than others on standardized tests.Based on these scores,they are placed in schools for the mentally handicapped.Because they are in these schools,they are not able to catch up with other Czech children and remain further behind.This is an example of:
A) laissez-faire racism.
B) institutionalized racism.
C) reverse discrimination.
D) culture of poverty.
Q4) The establishment of casinos on reservation land has dramatically decreased rates of poverty among Native Americans.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Define pluralism.
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Chapter 9: Sex,Gender,and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the economic disadvantage of women in our society.What are the reasons for workplace segregation and for women's lower earnings? What other factors contribute to female economic hardships?
Q2) What are the research findings regarding the effectiveness of abstinence programs on reducing teenage sexual activity?
A) There is no credible evidence that abstinence programs work at all.
B) There is no credible evidence that abstinence programs work except in the very short term.
C) Research indicates that abstinence programs are very effective at reducing teenage sexual activity.
D) There has been no research on the effectiveness of abstinence programs.
Q3) Which wave of feminism celebrated women's sexual freedom and pleasure?
A) first wave
B) second wave
C) third wave
D) every wave
Q4) What is the difference between sex and gender?
Q5) What are the three major reasons why men and women have different occupations?
Q6) What are gender roles?
11
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Chapter 10: Health and Health Care
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the difference between Medicare and Medicaid?
Q2) Regardless of symptoms or whether a person has health insurance,white people are more likely to be offered various life-saving treatments than are other races.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to Parsons,illness is:
A) functional.
B) a form of deviance.
C) a form of mental illness
D) not allowed in capitalist societies
Q4) The chances of dying or developing a disabling illness begin to rise:
A) gradually beginning at about the age of 40.
B) substantially at about the age of 30.
C) gradually only once one reaches 60.
D) not until one reaches 50.
Q5) The most important predictors of health,illness,and death is:
A) race and ethnicity.
B) gender.
C) age.
D) income.
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Chapter 11: Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) All cultures discourage childbearing outside marriage.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Polygamy,where a man can have multiple wives,is reported as the ideal form of marriage in many societies world-wide.In these societies:
A) there is relative equality between men and women.
B) there is little social inequality at all, which enables wives to get along.
C) men have more power than women, and some men have more power than others.
D) women generally revolt due to jealousy.
Q3) According to your book,marital happiness is negatively affected by:
A) the presence of children.
B) the absence of children.
C) having a husband that takes an active role in childrearing.
D) nothing specific.
Q4) Discuss the reasons more adults are choosing childlessness.
Q5) Describe the challenges faced by gay and lesbian families.What does the research indicate about how children fare in these situations?
Q6) What are polygamy and monogamy?
Q7) Discuss how the experience of marriage is different for men and women.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Studies of persons completing their college education indicate that:
A) most are disappointed with what they have learned.
B) College-educated individuals are more likely to lead long and healthy lives than non-college educated people.
C) the majority would not go to college if they had it to do over again.
D) many feel college is irrelevant to getting a job and getting ahead.
Q2) The "Protestant ethic" refers to a belief that:
A) the monasteries should be closed.
B) good Christians must reject the world and all that is in it.
C) frugality, rationalism, and plain living are moral virtues.
D) making money is a sacred duty.
Q3) Islam is the fastest growing religion in the world.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Most people become members of churches by:
A) rejecting the faith of their parents.
B) converting to them.
C) being born into them.
D) feeling estranged from society and seeking a sense of belonging.
Q5) What is the difference between the sacred and the profane?
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Chapter 13: Politics and the Economy
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Sample Questions
Q1) The U.S.is symbolic of democracy in large part because such a large percentage of the population is involved in voting and the political system more generally.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Define ex-felon disenfranchisement and explain its influence within American politics.
Q3) Political participation is:
A) highest among the young.
B) highest among those in their 30s and 40s.
C) high for all groups over 30.
D) increasingly likely with age.
Q4) What are the three primary types of coercion states use?
Q5) What is the effect of felon disenfranchisement on election results?
A) Those who favor helping the poor are more likely to get elected.
B) Those who favor helping the poor are less likely to get elected.
C) There is no effect on election results.
D) Democrats are more likely to get elected.
Q6) Define the three types of authority identified by Weber and give an example of each within the U.S.educational system.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Population and Urbanization
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the elements of the most successful programs for reducing fertility in developing countries?
Q2) During the last half century,cities have come to be seen as unsafe and unclean places.Many middle class people have moved from cities to the suburbs.Sociologists refer to this as:
A) urban blight.
B) ruralization.
C) white flight.
D) urbanization.
Q3) Who profits the most from international migration?
A) the migrants themselves
B) the migrants' countries of origin
C) the host countries
D) It is not clear who profits the most.
Q4) In the non-West,birth and death rates remained equally high until:
A) the 1960s.
B) the early twentieth century.
C) the 1990s.
D) about 1840.
Q5) What is the demographic transition?
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Chapter 15: Social Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) The text uses the examples of reproductive technologies and information technology to make the point that:
A) technological changes are rapidly occurring and will continue to occur.
B) new technologies have costs for society in addition to their benefits.
C) with proper education it is possible to avoid the problems created by cultural lag.
D) people place too much emphasis on the negatives and not enough on the positive aspects of technology.
Q2) Which of these is a benefit that professional SMOs bring to a social movement?
A) spontaneity
B) innovative and confrontational techniques
C) keeping the movement in the news
D) the ability to solicit resources
Q3) The resources available to an organization depend on:
A) the amount of resources that are controlled by group members.
B) the proportion of their resources that movement members are willing to give.
C) both the amount of resources and the proportion of those resources that members are willing to give.
D) the political climate in which the movement is occurring.
Q4) What is a normal accident?
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