General Sociology
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
General Sociology offers a comprehensive introduction to the systematic study of society, social institutions, and social relationships. The course explores fundamental concepts such as culture, socialization, social structure, groups, and social stratification. Students will examine key sociological theories and methodologies while analyzing how factors like class, race, gender, and institutions influence individual and group behavior. Through critical discussion and practical examples, the course encourages students to understand the complexities of social life and the forces that shape human interactions and societal development.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Sociology 9th Edition by David B. Brinkerhoff
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Study of Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) sociology:
A) is not much different from common sense.
B) is the only way to understand human behavior.
C) almost always contradicts common sense conclusions.
D) critically examines common sense explanations of human social behavior.
Answer: D
Q2) The best method for gathering data in a study of consumer preferences needed for a national advertising campaign is:
A) participant observation.
B) the controlled experiment.
C) survey research.
D) analysis of social artifacts.
Answer: C
Q3) The exact procedure by which a variable is measured is called an operational definition.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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3
Chapter 2: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following are examples of nonmaterial culture EXCEPT:
A) a belief in atheism.
B) a belief in God.
C) the commandment "thou shalt not kill."
D) a religious cross.
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following concepts refers to the total way of life shared by members of a society?
A) values
B) norms
C) culture
D) cultural universals
Answer: C
Q3) What is cultural capital?
Answer: Upper-class attitudes and knowledge (i.e.,knowing the game of golf,knowing about fine wines,etc.).
Q4) Explain the difference between values and norms.
Answer: Values are shared ideas about desirable goals or standards.Norms are behaviors; they are shaped by values and the means for achieving goals.
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Chapter 3: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Socialization refers to:
A) negotiating our self-concept as adults.
B) learning to have a good time at parties and social events.
C) learning to recognize our "self" as individuals.
D) a process through which we learn the rules and practices of our culture.
Answer: D
Q2) The learning of appropriate values and behaviors that occurs during early childhood is a part of _________ socialization.
A) primary
B) secondary
C) anticipatory
D) developmental
Answer: A
Q3) Research on how girls and the adults around them view their hair reveals that:
A) most girls could not care less about their hair.
B) hair is an important symbol for white girls, but not for black girls.
C) girls feel they are judged on whether or not they care about the appearance of their hair.
D) hair has the same meaning for boys' and girls' identities.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Social Structure and Social Interaction
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most critical characteristic of a hunting-and-gathering society is that:
A) there is great inequality.
B) individuals are homogenous and have the same everyday experiences.
C) women's and men's roles are not distinct.
D) providing food is relatively easy.
Q2) In impression management,accounts are:
A) rewards for avoiding blame.
B) explanations for behavior that breaks minor rules.
C) a type of disclaimer.
D) credits earned for exemplary behavior.
Q3) In horticultural societies:
A) no surplus is produced.
B) few people are involved in food production.
C) there is a small surplus from simple crop cultivation.
D) advanced energy sources are used in farming the land.
Q4) An enduring social structure that serves basic human needs is:
A) a role.
B) a value.
C) an institution.
D) a group.
6
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Chapter 5: Groups, Networks, and Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) A special type of complex organization characterized by explicit rules and a hierarchical authority structure designed to maximize efficiency is called a:
A) voluntary association.
B) bureaucracy.
C) community.
D) culture.
Q2) Explain why those who are mid-level in network centrality are the most likely to bully others.
Q3) Explain the differences between patterns of interaction in dyads and triads,and the strengths and weaknesses of both.
Q4) Which of the following is the best example of a group?
A) bald-headed men
B) people at a baseball game at Fenway Park
C) people at the mall
D) the sociology faculty at your school
Q5) Most large,complex organizations are bureaucracies.
A)True
B)False
Q6) List three characteristics of bureaucracies outlined by Weber.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control
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Q1) Which of the following situations is NOT consistent with the conflict theory view of deviance?
A) A young man who steals a pack of gum from Walgreens is sent to jail; a young man who steals a box of pens from work is reprimanded.
B) A city allocates more money to preventing consumer fraud than to stopping mugging.
C) Ted Turner's house is robbed and the police launch a full-scale investigation; Maria's house is robbed and the police take her statement and tell her to lock her doors.
D) A lawyer kills his wife but is found not guilty at the trial; a garbage man kills his wife and gets life in prison.
Q2) Which of the following statements is NOT part of the conflict theory of deviance?
A) Class conflict affects deviance.
B) Those in power decide what is deviant and how it will be punished.
C) The lower class does not share the goals of the upper and middle classes.
D) Economic inequality leads to crime.
Q3) Define false enforcement and give an example of how it reinforces unpopular norms.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Stratification
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Q1) A macro-level explanation for persistent poverty within the U.S.would be:
A) the lack of interest in work among the multi-generational poor.
B) teenage pregnancies and having children to receive public support.
C) the changing labor market due to deindustrialization.
D) All of these are macro-level explanations for poverty.
Q2) A major criticism of the structural-functional theory of stratification is that it:
A) overlooks the fact that people are unequal in talent and ability.
B) overlooks the usefulness of inequality.
C) underestimates the importance of the division of labor.
D) ignores that fact that job importance can be artificially maintained.
Q3) The process of increasing the productivity and standard of living of a society is called:
A) Westernization.
B) modernization.
C) industrialization.
D) development.
Q4) Describe how the indirect inheritance model of social mobility works,identifying and describing each of the specific factors.
Q5) Explain why raising the minimum wage is a goal of the fair wage movement.
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Chapter 8: Racial and Ethnic Inequality
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Q1) Native Americans today comprise _________ of the U.S.population.
A) more than 5%
B) less than 1%
C) about 8%
D) 12%
Q2) ________ is an attitude; _________ is behavior.
A) Discrimination; prejudice
B) Prejudice; discrimination
C) Racism; prejudice
D) Segregation; racism
Q3) Which of these statements about genocide is true?
A) Genocides have occurred throughout history in various places in the world.
B) Genocide often just seems to happen; groups that get along suddenly turn on each other.
C) Genocide was frequent in the past, but is rare in today's world.
D) All of these statements about genocide are true.
Q4) White privilege benefits all white Americans.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Define colorblind racism.
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Chapter 9: Sex,Gender,and Sexuality
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Q1) According to the text,________ have no observable physical differences between themselves and others of the same sex,but they psychologically feel as if they were born into the wrong body.
A) transvestites
B) transsexuals
C) intersex people
D) bisexuals
Q2) According to a 2011 Gallop poll,________ Americans believe homosexual behavior between consenting adults should be legal.
A) 95%
B) 64%
C) 52%
D) 38%
Q3) In Karin Martin's study of preschoolers,she noted that boys were:
A) discouraged from playing "dress-up."
B) encouraged to play "dress-up."
C) discouraged from being loud.
D) more likely to be disciplined.
Q4) What is sexism?
Q5) In what fields in college are the gender differences most striking?
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Chapter 10: Health and Health Care
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Q1) __________ is a government-sponsored health insurance policy for senior citizens.
A) Medicaid
B) Medicare
C) SSI
D) Federal Health Insurance
Q2) How has China succeeded in improving the health of its citizens?
Q3) The average income of a registered nurse is about __________ that of a physician in family practice.
A) one-half
B) one-third
C) one-fourth
D) one-tenth
Q4) All of the following are signs of change among physician services EXCEPT:
A) a growing proportion of physicians work in group practices.
B) the public has grown increasingly critical of physicians.
C) fees and treatments are increasingly regulated by insurance companies.
D) more physicians are becoming their own bosses and establishing their own working conditions.
Q5) What are the four conditions that comprise the health belief model?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) Today,a reasonable definition of family would be:
A) a man and a woman and their offspring.
B) a group of people related by marriage and birth.
C) a group of people linked by blood, adoption, marriage, or a quasi-marital relationship.
D) any group of people who cohabit for any significant length of time.
Q2) What is a family? How has the definition of family changed over time,and what factors have contributed to this change?
Q3) What is the difference between a nuclear family and an extended family?
Q4) Describe the contemporary transition to adulthood.How has this transition changed in the last generation?
Q5) Research shows that:
A) stepparents are usually readily accepted by the children.
B) stepmothers face more difficulties than stepfathers.
C) stepfathers are more actively involved in their stepchildren's lives than stepmothers.
D) stepfathers face greater difficulties than stepmothers.
Q6) What has happened to the divorce rate in the United States over the last 100 years?
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fundamentalism is associated only with Islam,no other religion.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Some evidence suggests that the use of high-stakes tests as measures of quality of education leads to:
A) much higher high school graduation rates.
B) schools encouraging or forcing low-performing students to leave school to improve the overall scores of the school.
C) a significant increase in the funding for the arts and foreign language programs.
D) higher salaries for teachers.
Q3) The function of education that involves the production of new knowledge is:
A) promotion of change.
B) cultural reproduction.
C) selection and allocation.
D) training and development.
Q4) Identify three manifest functions of the education institution.
Q5) What is the difference between the sacred and the profane?
Q6) Is a college education a good investment? Why or why not?
Q7) What is educational tracking?
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Chapter 13: Politics and the Economy
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Q1) What characteristics describe those who are most likely to vote?
Q2) The youngest voters are more likely to be affiliated with the __________ Party.
A) Libertarian
B) Green
C) Democratic
D) Republican
Q3) In Sweden,people pay very high taxes.The majority of Swedes:
A) resent this.
B) have immigrated to other countries to avoid paying such high taxes.
C) have voted to pay the high taxes and receive the benefits.
D) are communists.
Q4) The text argues that the lesson of the recent economic crisis in the U.S.is that the free-market capitalist system works best when balance by government regulation.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Define capitalism and socialism,democratic and authoritarian systems.Identify a nation that exemplifies each of the four possible combinations of political economies.
Q6) Under what conditions is democracy most successful?
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Chapter 14: Population and Urbanization
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Q1) Which of these statements about trends in internal migration in the U.S.is true?
A) For most of U.S. history, rural areas have grown faster than urban areas.
B) For most of U.S. history, urban areas have grown faster than rural areas.
C) Since 1970, suburbs have been shrinking and urban areas have been expanding.
D) Most internal migration recently has been from the South to the North.
Q2) The major problem with rural life is:
A) a lack of social ties.
B) little opportunity for entertainment.
C) a lack of high-paying jobs.
D) little affordable housing.
Q3) An important characteristic of the industrial cities of the nineteenth century was that:
A) production was based primarily in rural areas.
B) improved transportation reduced the problems of density and crowding.
C) there was a tremendous expansion of single-family housing.
D) they were dirty and crowded.
Q4) Internal migration within the U.S.is currently occurring at much higher rates than ever before.
A)True
B)False
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Social Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to political process theory,a social movement needs:
A) a spontaneous rebellion against some set of social norms.
B) a critical mass of resources necessary to mobilize a group of people.
C) a sense of relative-deprivation.
D) political opportunities and an insurgent consciousness.
Q2) "Freeganism," an anti-consumerist belief system that encourages people to find their food through foraging,bartering,and eating food discarded by grocery stores and restaurants (i.e.,dumpster diving)rather than paying for it is an example of which type of movement?
A) alternative
B) redemptive
C) reformist
D) revolutionary
Q3) __________ involves the human application of knowledge to the making of tools and to the use of natural resources.
A) Technology
B) Social change
C) Cultural lag
D) Cultural resources
Q4) What is the basic foundation of relative-deprivation theory?
Page 17
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