General Chemistry Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
General Chemistry is an introductory course that explores the fundamental principles governing the behavior of matter. Topics include atomic and molecular structure, chemical bonding, stoichiometry, states of matter, thermochemistry, chemical equilibrium, acids and bases, and the basics of kinetics and electrochemistry. Through lectures, laboratory experiments, and problem-solving sessions, students gain a foundational understanding of chemical reactions and the theoretical concepts essential for further study in chemistry and related scientific fields.
Recommended Textbook
General Organic and Biochemistry An Applied Approach 2nd Edition by James Armstrong
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Chapter 1: Measurements in Science and Medicine
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of the relationship between density and specific gravity?
A)They have different numerical values and different units.
B)They have nearly the same numerical value and the same units.
C)They have nearly the same numerical value but specific gravity is dimensionless.
D)They have the nearly same units but different numerical values.
Answer: C
Q2) Enter the number (0, 1 ,2, 3, etc.) in the blank provided. Consider the measurement shown below.
23.5410 g
The first uncertain digit is the _______________________.
Answer: 0
zero
Q3) Fill in the blank with the appropriate term from the following: distance, volume, mass.
Kilogram is a unit of _______________.
Answer: mass
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Chapter 2: Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
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Sample Questions
Q1) Enter an integer number (1, 2, 3, ...) in the blank.
Sucrose (table sugar) has the formula C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub>.
A sample of sucrose contains 2400 carbon atoms. How many formula units does this represent?
____________________formula units.
Answer: 200 two hundred
Q2) What are the elements in the "A" columns of the period table called?
A)representative elements
B)nonmetal elements
C)metalloid elements
D)transition elements
Answer: A
Q3) An isotope of gallium consisting of 31 protons and 37 neutrons can be represented using the symbol shown below.
gallium-37
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Chemical Bonds
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Sample Questions
Q1) N<sup>3-</sup> and O<sup>2-</sup> have the same number of _____________________.
Answer: electrons valence electrons
Q2) Based on electronegativity values, the _________________________atom in phosgene would have a positive charge.
Answer: C
Q3) The formula for the ionic compound formed contains two_______________________ions and three ______________________ions.
Answer: Al,S aluminum,sulfur aluminum,sulfide Al,sulfur Al,sulfide aluminum,S
Q4) When we name a molecular binary compound which of the following is true?
A)The element that has more atoms in the molecule is named first.
B)The elements are named in alphabetical order.
C)The less electronegative element is named first.
D)The more electronegative element is named first. Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Energy and Physical Properties
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following does not affect the boiling point of a liquid?
A)the formula weight of the liquid molecules
B)the shape of the liquid molecules
C)the intermolecular forces between the liquid molecules
D)All of the above affect the boiling point.
Q2) Consider a bowling ball with the same diameter and volume as a soccer ball. Both are sitting still on the top of table. Both have the same potential energy.
A)True
B)False
Q3) On a stove we have two pots of water at the boiling point. Pot 1 contains 1 L of water and pot 2 contains 2 L of water. Which of the following statements is true?
A)Pot 2 is at a higher temperature than pot 1.
B)Pot 2 has a larger thermal energy content than pot 1.
C)Both have the same thermal energy content.
D)Both a are b are true.
Q4) This substance is water-soluble. A solution of this compound in water would be classified as a(n)_______________________.
Q5) Substance(s) that _____ is(are) soluble in water.
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Chapter 5: Solution Concentration
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following pass through both osmotic and dialysis membranes?
A)solvent molecules
B)large molecules
C)small molecules that are larger than solvent molecules
D)both solvent and small molecules
Q2) As the size of the hydrophobic portion of a molecule increases, the solubility in water will ___________.
Q3) The solubility of Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> will probably increase with increasing temperature.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Solution A is 0.10 M in lactose and 0.050 M in urea. Solution B is 0.15 M in KCl. Water will flow to the ______________________compartment.
Q5) Putting a celery stick in distilled water results in the uptake of water by the celery.
A)True
B)False
Q6) A red blood cell is placed in the solution in container A. The cell will undergo
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Chapter 6: Chemical Reactions
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a reaction occurs very rapidly, even at a relatively low temperature, which of the following is probably true?
A)The reaction is endothermic.
B)The reaction is exothermic.
C)The reaction has a low activation energy.
D)The reaction is at equilibrium.
Q2) If the 'Nutrition Facts' on a food label contains Total Fat 5.0 g, Total Carbohydrate 35 g, and Total Protein 7.0 g, how many Total kcal would be needed for the average healthy person to burn this food item?
A)1.8 × 10<sup>2</sup> kcal
B)2.1 × 10<sup>2</sup> kcal
C)4.2 × 10<sup>2</sup> kcal
D)4.0 × 10<sup>2</sup> kcal
Q3) Decreasing the temperature will decrease the number of collisions that result in product formation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The heat of reaction would be represented by _____________________.
Q5) The copper metal is ground into a very fine powder. ______________________
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Chapter 7: Acids and Bases
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Sample Questions
Q1) A sodium hydroxide solution has a pH of 12.40, what is the OH<sup>-</sup> concentration in this solution?
A)4.0 × 10<sup>1</sup> M
B)4.0 × 10<sup>-13</sup> M
C)2.5 × 10<sup>- 2</sup> M
D)2.5 × 10<sup>12</sup> M
Q2) In the reverse reaction, __________________________ion functions as an acid.
Q3) If a patient were in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), would you expect their pH level to be high or low?
Q4) In Buffer 1, the missing base component is _________________________.
A)H<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>
B)HC<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>
C)C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>
D)HC<sub>3</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
E)C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> F)H<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub> G)C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>
Q5) In this reaction, the conjugate base of ammonia is the _______________________ ion.
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Q6) Buffer______________________ is the most effective regulator for a pH of 7.2.
Chapter 8: Nuclear Chemistry
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which type of radiation is the most damaging to tissue if exposure occurs internally? Briefly explain your reasoning.
Q2) A scintillation counter is more sensitive in measuring radiation than a Geiger counter.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The decay of 1 kg of uranium produces more energy than the combustion of an identical mass of uranium.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Ultraviolet radiation is an example of ionizing radiation.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The half-life of a sample depends on the identity of the isotope and not the amount present while activity does depend on the amount of the sample.
A)True
B)False
Q6) ___________________produce the largest number of radicals upon tissue exposure.
Q7) Write the nuclear equation for the alpha decay of radium-226.
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Chapter 9: Hydrocarbons: An Introduction to Organic Molecules
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the appropriate ending for the name of an alkane?
A)ane
B)ene
C)benzene
D)yne
Q2) Structure C is identical to Structure _____________________.
Q3) Which of the following is a correct IUPAC name?
A)1-methylhexane
B)2-ethylhexane
C)3-propylhexane
D)None, they are all incorrect.
Q4) Carbon atoms involved in double bonds exhibit a trigonal planar arrangement.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The two compounds shown below have the same molecular formula.
CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-O-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>3</su b>
CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub> -OH
A)True
B)False Page 11
Q6) Structure D is classified as a(n) _________________________.
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Chapter 10: Hydration, Dehydration, and Alcohols
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a phenol, which group is the substituent on the benzene ring?
A)-SH
B)-CH=CH<sub>2</sub>
C)-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-OH
D)-OH
Q2) Which of the following might be the pH of a solution of phenol in water?
A)11
B)7
C)4
D)9
Q3) When phenol dissolves in water, the solution is A)basic.
B)acidic.
C)neutral
Q4) Which of the following would be made from an alcohol by a dehydration reaction?
A)alkyne
B)alkene
C)alkane
D)alkyl halide
Q5) Structure ___________________ would be the most soluble in water.
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Chapter 11: Carbonyl Compounds and Redox Reactions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following types of organic compounds contains a carbonyl group?
A)aldehyde
B)ketone
C)carboxylic acid
D)All contain a carbonyl group.
Q2) Secondary alcohols have two carbon atoms bonded to the carbon atom shown below in bolded font.
C-OH
A)True
B)False
Q3) The reactant of step 5 is _______________________.
Q4) The product of the dehydrogenation of an alkene would be an alkane. A)True B)False
Q5) Oxidation of a secondary alcohol produces a ketone. A)True
B)False
Q6) Structure _____________________ could serve as both a hydrogen bond donor and a hydrogen bond acceptor.
14
Q7) Step 7 converts -CH-OH to -C=O. This reaction _____________________ energy.
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Chapter 12: Organic Acids and Bases
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Sample Questions
Q1) Structure ___________________ would exist as a positive ion at pH 4.
Q2) Serotonin is classified as a tryptamine.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following solutions is most likely to have the highest pH?
A)0.010 M propanol
B)0.010 M propanoic acid
C)0.010 M propyl amine
D)0.010 M phenol
E)0.010 M propanethiol
Q4) Structure ___________________ would exist as a negative ion at pH 9.
Q5) Structure _________________________ would undergo oxidative decarboxylation.
Q6) Which of the following types of compounds is a good candidate for decarboxylation?
A)carboxylic acid
B)ketone
C)b-keto carboxylic acid
D)a-keto carboxylic acid
Page 15
Q7) Structure ____________________ could be a hydrogen bond donor or acceptor in water.
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Chapter 13: Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the bonds that hold the units together to form a polymer are:
A)covalent bonds.
B)ionic bonds.
C)hydrogen bonds.
D)nonpolar bonds.
Q2) Which of the following functional groups is not produced from a condensation reaction?
A)alcohol
B)amide
C)ester
D)ether
E)phosphoester
Q3) ATP provides the metabolic link between anabolism and catabolism.
A)True
B)False
Q4) _____________________would not increase the H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> concentration in the stomach.
Q5) Like a thioester, an amide contains a carbonyl group.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Proteins
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Sample Questions
Q1) An alpha amino acid contains
A)an amine group on the carbon next to the carboxylic acid group.
B)two amine groups.
C)two carboxylic acid groups.
D)an amine group on the end carbon.
Q2) Is it possible for a person who consumes substantial amounts of protein in their diet to suffer from protein deficiency? Explain.
Q3) An effector would bind at ______________________.
Q4) The reactants, water and lactose, are represented in the image by __________________ and _________________.
Q5) Protein denaturation results in a disruption of the
A)primary structure.
B)secondary and tertiary structure.
C)primary and secondary structure.
D)primary, secondary and tertiary structure.
Q6) Lysine is a weak acid under physiological conditions but it is classified as a basic amino acid. Briefly explain.
Q7) A hydrophilic side chain is indicated by the number__________________.
Q8) Galactose could be represented by __________________.
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Chapter 15: Carbohydrates
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following contain six carbon atoms. Which would have the highest melting point?
A)hexane
B)cyclohexanol
C)2-hexanol
D)2,3-hexandiol
E)altrose
Q2) converts glucose to pyruvate
A)citric acid cycle
B)Cori cycle
C)glycolysis
D)lactic acid fermentation
Q3) Which of the following is not a characteristic of lactose?
A)hydrolyzes to produce D-glucose
B)is a reducing sugar
C)undergoes mutarotation
D)contains an glycosidic linkage
E)All are characteristics of lactose.
Q4) The open-chain form of ______________________ would be a ketone.
Q5) The structure of _____________________is a beta anomer.
18
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Chapter 16: Lipids and Membranes
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Sample Questions
Q1) The compound represented by structure _______________________ would have the lowest melting point.
Q2) For this fatty acid, from beta oxidation through the citric acid cycle, the net production is _____molecules of ATP.
Q3) The oxidation of a polyunsaturated fatty acid produces more energy than the corresponding saturated fatty acid.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Location of the energy producing reactions of carbohydrate metabolism:
Q5) The substance most likely to be a solid at room temperature would be structure___________________.
Q6) Linolenic acid is classified as a polyunsaturated fatty acid. A)True B)False
Q7) The citric acid cycle will produce_____molecules of FADH<sub>2</sub> for this fatty acid.
Q8) For this fatty acid, from beta oxidation through the citric acid cycle, ____molecules of NADH total are produced.
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Chapter 17: Nucleic Acids, Protein Synthesis, and Heredity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Human DNA consists of 44 autosomal chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is not an accurate statement?
A)Mature mRNA contains the extrons from replication.
B)Initial transcripts can contain both tRNA and mRNA.
C)The guanine-phosphate cap added to mRNA determines the life span of the molecule.
D)A poly(A) tail of mRNA consists of a long chain of adenine nucleotides.
Q3) The structure labeled A represents _______________________.
Q4) DNA is an acronym for deoxyribonucleic acid.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which of the following is not characteristic of a chromosome?
A)contains a single molecule of DNA
B)contains histones
C)contains RNA
D)can be seen with a microscope
E)All are characteristic of a chromosome.
Q6) The structure represented by C is the ______________________.
Page 20
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