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General Chemistry II is a continuation of introductory chemistry concepts, focusing on the principles and applications of chemical reactions, thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, chemical equilibrium, acids and bases, electrochemistry, and coordination compounds. The course delves deeper into the structure and behavior of matter at the molecular and atomic levels, explores advanced problem-solving strategies, and introduces laboratory techniques essential for quantitative and qualitative chemical analysis. Emphasis is placed on the connection between fundamental theory and practical applications in fields such as biology, engineering, and environmental science. Successful completion provides a strong foundation for further study in chemistry and related disciplines.
Recommended Textbook
Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity 9th Edition by John C. Kotz\New folder
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Q1) What is the name of the element with the symbol Cr?
A) cerium
B) carbon
C) chromium
D) cadmium
E) chlorine
Answer: C
Q2) A(n)________ is the smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristic chemical properties of that element.
Answer: atom
Q3) What is the correct symbol for potassium?
A) P
B) Pm
C) K
D) Pt
E) Po
Answer: C
Q4) ________ energy is the energy associated with the separation of two electrical charges.
Answer: Electrostatic

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Q1) Significant figures allow us to estimate uncertainty in calculated values.In some circumstances,following significant figure rules can lead to estimates of uncertainty that are too high or low.This is the case for the mathematical expression below. 99 \(\times\) 1.02 = 100.98
Following the rules governing significant figures in multiplication,the answer can be rounded to 1.0 \(\times\) 10<sup>2</sup>.What is wrong with rounding this answer to two significant figures?
Answer: Assume that the absolute uncertainty in a value is equal to \(\pm\)1 in the answer's final digit.An absolute uncertainty of \(\pm\)1 in the value 99 is approximately a 1% relative uncertainty.Likewise,the absolute and relative uncertainty of 1.02 is \(\pm\)0.01 and 1%,respectively.If both values have percent relative uncertainties of 1%,then their product ought to have an uncertainty close to 1%.But,by rounding to 2 significant figures,we have estimated the percent relative uncertainty to be 10%.
Q2) Assuming the density of water is 1.00 g/cm<sup>3</sup>,the mass of 1.0 cubic meter (m<sup>3</sup>) of water is ________ grams.
Answer: 1.0 \(\times\) 10<sup>6</sup>
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Q1) What halogen is in the third period?
A) S
B) Cl<sub>2</sub>
C) I<sub>2</sub>
D) H<sub>2</sub>
E) Ar
Answer: B
Q2) Sodium sulfate has the chemical formula Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>.Based on this information,the formula for chromium(III)sulfate is ____.
A) CrSO<sub>4</sub>
B) Cr(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>
C) Cr<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>
D) Cr<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>
E) Cr<sub>3</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>
Answer: C
Q3) Elements that have the same number of protons,but differ in their number of neutrons are called ________.
Answer: isotopes
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Q1) When solutions of barium chloride and lithium sulfate are mixed,the \(\underline{\text{ spectator ions }}\) in the resulting precipitation reaction are
A) only SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>.
B) both Li<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>-</sup>.
C) only Cl<sup>-</sup>.
D) only Li<sup>+</sup>.
E) only Ba<sup>2+</sup>.
Q2) Which of the following statements is/are CORRECT?
1)A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
2)A solute is a mixture of a solvent and a soluble compound.
3)Aqueous solutions are solutions in which water is a solvent.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 1 and 2
E) 1 and 3
Q3) Give the name of an acidic oxide and write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of the oxide with water.
Q4) _____-oxides produce acids when reacted with water.
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Q1) Sulfur trioxide,SO<sub>3</sub>,is made from the oxidation of SO<sub>2</sub>as follows: 2SO<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>2</sub> \(\to\) 2SO<sub>3</sub>
A 21-g sample of SO<sub>2</sub> gives 18 g of SO<sub>3</sub>.The \(\underline{\text{ percent yield }}\) of SO<sub>3</sub> is .
A) 11 %
B) 69 %
C) 17 %
D) 26 %
E) 100 %
Q2) Polyethylene is a polymer consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.If 2.300 g of the polymer is burned in oxygen it produces 2.955 g H<sub>2</sub>O and 7.217 g CO<sub>2</sub>.What is the empirical formula of polyethylene?
A) CH
B) CH<sub>2</sub>
C) C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>
D) C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>8</sub>
E) C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>8</sub>
Q3) The pH of purified water (or of a neutral solution)is _____.
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Q1) How much energy is needed to convert 57.5 grams of ice at 0.00°C to liquid water at 75.0°C?
Specific heat capacity (ice)= 2.10 J/g°C
Specific heat capacity (liquid water)= 4.18 J/g°C
Heat of fusion = 333 J/g
Heat of vaporization = 2258 J/g
A) 18.0 kJ
B) 2.06 kJ
C) 28.2 kJ
D) 37.2 kJ
E) 148 kJ
Q2) A bomb calorimeter has a heat capacity of 2.47 kJ/K.When a 0.123-g sample of ethylene (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)was burned in this calorimeter,the temperature increased by 2.50 K.Calculate the enthalpy change per mole of ethylene combusted.
A) -5.29 kJ/mol
B) -50.2 kJ/mol
C) -563 kJ/mol
D) -0.304 kJ/mol
E) -1.41 \(\times\) 10<sup>3</sup> kJ/mol
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Q1) Which type of experiment demonstrates that light has the properties of a particle?
A) nuclear fission
B) electron diffraction
C) light emission from atomic gases
D) mass spectroscopy
E) photoelectric effect
Q2) The ____ of a photon of light is ____ proportional to its frequency and ____ proportional to its wavelength.
A) energy,directly,inversely
B) energy,inversely,directly C) velocity,directly,inversely D) intensity,inversely,directly E) amplitude,directly,inversely
Q3) The Bohr model predicts that the energy of an atom's electron is ________,meaning that the electron can only occupy orbitals of specific energies.
Q4) A ________,designated by the Greek symbol \(\varPsi\),describes the wave behavior of an electron in an atom.
Q5) A point in a standing wave that has zero amplitude is called a(n)________.
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Q1) For which one of the following elements is the second ionization energy over ten times larger than its first ionization energy?
A) B
B) N
C) Li
D) Ne
E) Cu
Q2) What noble gas core precedes the valence shell ground state electron configuration for oxygen (O)?
A) [He]
B) [Kr]
C) [Ar]
D) [Ne]
E) [Rn]
Q3) Choose the statement that is \(\textbf{ true: }\)
A) Outer electrons efficiently shield one another from nuclear charge
B) Core electrons effectively shield outer electrons from nuclear charge
C) Valence electrons are most difficult of all electrons to remove
D) Core electrons have the lowest ionization energies of all electrons
E) Two of the above are true.
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Q1) Which of the following molecules or ions will have a Lewis structure most like that of phosphorus trichloride,PCl<sub>3</sub>?
A) ClO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>
B) SO<sub>3</sub>
C) CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>
D) BF<sub>3</sub>
E) Cl<sub>2</sub>CO
Q2) Use Lewis structures to predict the bond order for a carbon-oxygen bond in the carbonate ion?
A) 1
B) 3/2
C) 4/3
D) 2
E) 5/2
Q3) How many lone pairs of electrons are assigned to the iodine atom in ICl?
A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
E) 4
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Q1) Ammonia reacts with oxygen and water to produce nitric acid.What change in hybridization of the nitrogen atom occurs in this reaction?
A) sp<sup>3</sup> to sp<sup>2</sup>
B) sp<sup>3</sup> to sp
C) sp<sup>2</sup> to sp<sup>3</sup>
D) sp<sup>2</sup> to sp
E) no change
Q2) Refer to diagram 9-1.Identify the molecule or ion with the longest bond length.
A) O<sub>2</sub>
B) O<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>
C) O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>
D) O<sub>2</sub><sup>2-</sup>
E) O<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>
Q3) Which of the following does \(\underline{\text{ not }}\) contain at least one pi bond?
A) HCN
B) C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>
C) CO
D) C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>
E) All of them have one or more pi bonds.
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Q1) The density of a gas is 1.96 g/L at STP.What is its molar mass?
A) 65.2 g/mol
B) 58.9 g/mol
C) 11.4 g/mol
D) 22.4 g/mol
E) 43.9 g/mol
Q2) The partial pressures of CH<sub>4</sub>,N<sub>2</sub>,and O<sub>2</sub> in a sample of a gas mixture were found to be 183 mmHg,493 mmHg,and 551 mmHg,respectively.Calculate the mole fraction of nitrogen.
A) 0.725
B) 0.359
C) 19.7
D) 0.449
E) 0.402
Q3) The ideal gas law can be modified to correct for the errors arising from nonideality.The modified equation is known as the ________ equation of state for a real gas.
Q4) A statement of Avogadro's hypothesis is that equal volumes of gases under the same conditions of pressure and temperature will contain equal numbers of ________.
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Q1) A liquid has an enthalpy of vaporization of 30.4 kJ/mol.At 269 K it has a vapor pressure of 102 mmHg.What is the normal boiling point of this liquid? (R = 8.314 J/(K· mol))
A) 287 K
B) 316 K
C) 269 K
D) 253 K
E) 234 K
Q2) Which one of the following sets of ions are listed in order of lowest to highest hydration energy?
A) H<sup>+</sup> < Na<sup>+</sup> < Mg<sup>2+</sup>
B) Mg<sup>2+</sup> < Ca<sup>2+</sup> < Ba<sup>2+</sup>
C) Mg<sup>2+</sup> < Ba<sup>2+</sup> < Ca<sup>2+</sup>
D) Ca<sup>2+</sup> < K<sup>+</sup> < Rb<sup>+</sup>
E) Rb<sup>+</sup> < K<sup>+</sup> < Ca<sup>2+</sup>
Q3) The ________ equation relates the equilibrium vapor pressure of a volatile liquid to the molar enthalpy of vaporization at a given temperature.
Q4) Which ion,K<sup>+</sup> or Ca<sup>2+</sup>,is expected to have the more negative enthalpy of hydration? Why?
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Q1) Nickel has a face-centered cubic cell,and its density is 8.90 g/cm<sup>3</sup>.What is the radius (in pm)of a nickel atom? (The molar mass of nickel is 58.69 g/mol)
A) 62.3 pm
B) 88.1 pm
C) 125 pm
D) 249 pm
E) 535 pm
Q2) Which two of the following materials are most likely to be amorphous solids: water,nylon,glass,potassium nitrate?
A) water and glass
B) nylon and aspirin
C) water and nylon
D) water and aspirin
E) nylon and glass
Q3) Above a substance's ________ temperature,it is not possible to compress the substance into the liquid phase.If enough pressure is applied the substance will become a supercritical fluid.
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Q1) Ideally,colligative properties depend only on the
A) relative numbers of solute and solvent particles in a solution.
B) molar masses of the solute particles in a solution.
C) density of a solution.
D) hydrated radii of the molecules or ions dissolved in a solution.
E) partial pressure of the gases above the surface of a solution.
Q2) For the following gas-liquid equilibrium for an aqueous system at a constant partial pressure of O<sub>2</sub>,
O<sub>2</sub>(g)\(\leftrightarrows\)O<sub>2</sub>(aq)
What is the effect on the equilibrium composition of the liquid when the \(\underline{\text{ temperature }}\) of the liquid is decreased?
A) The amount of O<sub>2</sub> dissolved in the liquid decreases.
B) The amount of O<sub>2</sub> dissolved in the liquid increases.
C) The amount of O<sub>2</sub> dissolved in the liquid does not change.
D) Not enough information is provided to answer the question.
E) Either A or B could occur.
Q3) ________ are colloidal dispersions of one liquid in another liquid.
Q4) A surfactant used for cleaning is called a(n)________.
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Q1) The mechanism of a chemical reaction is given below. (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>CCl \(\to\) (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>C<sup>+</sup> + Cl<sup>-</sup> \(~~~~~~~~\) \(~~~~~~~~\) (slow)
(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>C<sup>+</sup> + OH<sup>-</sup> \(\to\)(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>COH \(~~~~ ~~\) \(~~~~~~~~\) (fast)
Which of the following statements concerning the reaction is/are CORRECT?
1)The overall balanced reaction is: (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>CCl + OH<sup>-</sup> \(\to\)(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>COH + Cl<sup>-</sup>
2)Hydroxide ion is a reaction intermediate.
3)The following rate law is consistent with the mechanism: rate = k[(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>CCl]OH<sup>-</sup>].
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 1 and 3
E) 1,2,and 3
Q2) Radioactive isotopes decay by ________-order kinetics.
Q3) The pre-exponential,A,in the Arrhenius equation is called the ________ factor.
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Q1) In 1913,the Haber-Bosch process was patented.The product of the Haber-Bosch process is ________.
Q2) The symbol Q is called the ________.
Q3) Which of the following statements is/are CORRECT?
1)Product concentrations appear in the numerator of an equilibrium constant expression. 2)A reaction favors the formation of products if K >> 1.
3)Stoichiometric coefficients are used as exponents in an equilibrium constant expression.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 2 and 3
E) 1,2,and 3
Q4) If a stress is applied to an equilibrium system,the system will respond in such a way as to relieve that stress.This is a statement of ________ principle.
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Q1) What is the hydronium-ion concentration in a solution formed by combining 750 mL of 0.10 M NaOH with 250 mL of 0.30 M HCl?
NaOH(aq)+ HCl(aq)\(\to\) NaCl(aq)+ H<sub>2</sub>O(l)
A) 0.075 M
B) 1.7 \(\times\) 10<sup>-13</sup> M
C) 1.0 \(\times\) 10<sup>-7</sup> M
D) 0.30 M
E) 0.10 M
Q2) Which of the following molecules or ions is the strongest acid?
A) CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>
B) CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>H
C) CFH<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>H
D) CF<sub>2</sub>HCO<sub>2</sub>H
E) CF<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>H
Q3) Which of the following is the strongest acid in aqueous solution?
A) H<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>4</sub>
B) H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>
C) H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>3</sub>
D) H<sub>3</sub>SbO<sub>4</sub>
E) H<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>3</sub>
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Q1) What is the pH of an aqueous solution composed of 0.64 M NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and 0.20 M NH<sub>3</sub>? (K<sub>a</sub> of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> = 5.6 \(\times\) 10<sup>-10</sup>)
A) 4.80
B) 8.75
C) 9.20
D) 9.25
E) 9.76
Q2) A 50.00-mL solution of 0.0350 M quinoline (K<sub>b</sub> = 8.0 \(\times\) 10<sup>-10</sup>)is titrated with a 0.0137 M solution of hydrochloric acid as the titrant.What is the pH at the equivalence point? (K<sub>w</sub> = 1.0 \(\times\)10<sup>-14</sup>)
A) 4.90
B) 3.45
C) 5.55
D) 9.10
E) 10.55
Q3) To make a buffer with a pH of 8.00,you should use a weak acid with a K<sub>a</sub> close to _______.
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Q1) \(\Delta\)GS1U1P1\(\circ\)S1S1P0< 0 for a reaction indicates that
A) the reaction favors formation of reactants.
B) the reaction is spontaneous.
C) the reaction is nonspontaneous.
D) the reaction is at equilibrium.
E) the reaction cannot reach equilibrium.
Q2) If a cube of ice at 0 S1U1P1\(\circ\)S1S1P0C is placed outside on a warm summer day,the ice will melt spontaneously.What are the signs of \(\Delta\)<sub>r</sub>H,\(\Delta\)<sub>r</sub>S,and \(\Delta\)<sub>r</sub>G for this process?
A) (\(\Delta\)<sub>r</sub>H) < 0,\(\Delta\)<sub>r</sub>S > 0,\(\Delta\)<sub>r</sub>G < 0
B) (\(\Delta\)<sub>r</sub>H) < 0,\(\Delta\)<sub>r</sub>S < 0,\(\Delta\)<sub>r</sub>G < 0
C) (\(\Delta\)<sub>r</sub>H) < 0,\(\Delta\)<sub>r</sub>S > 0,\(\Delta\)<sub>r</sub>G > 0
D) (\(\Delta\)<sub>r</sub>H) > 0,\(\Delta\)<sub>r</sub>S > 0,\(\Delta\)<sub>r</sub>G < 0
E) (\(\Delta\)<sub>r</sub>H) > 0,\(\Delta\)<sub>r</sub>S < 0,\(\Delta\)<sub>r</sub>G > 0
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Q1) What charge,in coulombs,is required to deposit 1.5 g Mg(s)from a solution of Mg<sup>2+</sup>(aq)?
A) 4.1 \(\times\) 10<sup>2</sup> C
B) 6.0 \(\times\) 10<sup>3</sup> C
C) 1.2 \(\times\) 10<sup>4</sup> C
D) 2.9 \(\times\) 10<sup>5</sup> C
E) 3.1 \(\times\) 10<sup>6</sup> C
Q2) The following electrochemical cell has a potential of +0.326 V at 25 S1U1P1\(\circ\)S1S1P0C.Pt | H<sub>2</sub>(g,1.00 atm)| H<sup>+</sup>(aq,1.00 M)|| Cl<sup>-</sup>(aq)| AgCl(s)| Ag
The standard reduction potential,ES1U1P1\(\circ\)S1S1P0,of AgCl(s)= +0.222 V.What is the Cl<sup>-</sup>(aq)concentration?
A) 1.9 \(\times\) 10<sup>-19</sup> M
B) 5.5 \(\times\) 10<sup>-10</sup> M
C) 0.018 M
D) 1.03 M
E) 1.8 \(\times\) 10<sup>9</sup> M
Q3) When a secondary battery provides electrical energy,it is acting as a voltaic cell.When the battery is recharging,it is operating as a(n)________ cell.
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Q1) The minimum wavelength of light required to decompose a single ozone molecule is 320.nm.Calculate the minimum energy required to decompose 1.00 mole of ozone.(h = 6.626 \(\times\) 10<sup>-34</sup> J.s; c = 3.00 \(\times\) 10<sup>8</sup> m/s; 1 nm = 10<sup>-9</sup> m; 1mol = 6.022 \(\times\) 10<sup>23</sup>)
A) 6.21 \(\times\) 10<sup>-19</sup> kJ/mol
B) 120 kJ/mol
C) 0.374 kJ/mol
D) 374 kJ/mol
E) 0.00267 kJ/mol
Q2) The surface temperature of the Earth has risen in the last 200 years approximately
A) < 0.5S1U1P1\(\circ\)S1S1P0C
B) 1S1U1P1\(\circ\)S1S1P0C
C) 5S1U1P1\(\circ\)S1S1P0C
D) 10S1U1P1\(\circ\)S1S1P0C
E) 15S1U1P1\(\circ\)S1S1P0C
Q3) Explain why fossil fuels,hydrocarbons produced by natural processes,are considered a nonrenewable energy resource.
Q4) Explain why the melting of Arctic sea ice will not raise the sea level.
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Q1) Which of the following is the most abundant \(\underline{\text{ metal}}\) on earth?
A) calcium
B) iron
C) copper
D) aluminum
E) zinc
Q2) Nitric acid decomposes slowly in sunlight with nitrogen dioxide and oxygen as reduction and oxidation products,respectively.Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
A) HNO<sub>3</sub>(aq)\(\to\) NO<sub>2</sub>(g)+ 1/2 O<sub>2</sub>(g)
B) HNO<sub>3</sub>(aq)\(\to\) NO<sub>2</sub>(g)+ 1/2 O<sub>2</sub>(g)+ H<sup>+</sup>(aq)
C) 2 HNO<sub>3</sub>(aq)\(\to\) 2 NO<sub>2</sub>(g)+ O<sub>2</sub>(g)+ H<sub>2</sub>(g)
D) 4 HNO<sub>3</sub>(aq)\(\to\) 2 NO<sub>2</sub>(g)+ + N<sub>2</sub>(g)+ 3 O<sub>2</sub>(g)+ 2 H<sub>2</sub>O(g)
E) 4 HNO<sub>3</sub>(aq)\(\to\) 4 NO<sub>2</sub>(g)+ O<sub>2</sub>(g)+ 2 H<sub>2</sub>O(g)
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Q1) The complex ion [NiCl<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2-</sup> is paramagnetic,but the complex ion [Ni(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> is diamagnetic.Why do the magnetic properties of these two nickel complexes differ?
Q2) When 8.1 moles of [Co(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>5</sub>Cl]Cl<sub>2</sub> is dissolved in water,how many moles of ions are in solution?
A) 73
B) 24
C) 5.1
D) 2.7
E) 6.1
Q3) Which of the following cations would be expected to be colorless in aqueous solution?
A) Ni<sup>2+</sup>
B) Mn<sup>2+</sup>
C) Co<sup>3+</sup>
D) Cu<sup>2+</sup>
E) Ti<sup>4+</sup>
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following molecules might be a cycloalkane?
A) C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>4</sub>
B) C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub>
C) C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub>
D) C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>10</sub>
E) C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>14</sub>
Q2) Molecules with nonsuperimposable mirror images are termed chiral.Pairs of nonsuperimposable,mirror image molecules are called ________.
Q3) Which of the following statements about polymers is/are correct?
1)Polypropylene and polyethylene are high molecular weight alkenes.
2)Addition polymers must be made from monomers which have at least one double or triple bond somewhere in the molecule.
3)Condensation polymerization reactions produce small molecules,like H<sub>2</sub>O,as byproducts to the polymer formation.
A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 2 and 3
E) 1,2,and 3
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Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/72720
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a polysaccharide?
A) glycogen
B) lactose
C) cellulose
D) amylose starch
E) amylopectin starch
Q2) Classification of a compound as a lipid is based on the ___ of the compound.
A) polarity
B) pH
C) size
D) hydrophilicity
E) solubility
Q3) How many unique tripeptides can be made from two molecules of the amino acid valine (val)and one molecule of the amino acid alanine (ala)?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) > 4
Q4) A compound which contains both a positive and negative charge is called a ____.
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Sample Questions
Q1) The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years.If a sample initially contains 2.67 mg carbon-14,what mass remains in the sample after 2.40 \(\times\) 10<sup>4</sup> years?
A) 0.0 mg
B) 0.17 mg
C) 0.92 mg
D) 0.15 mg
E) 0.64 mg
Q2) Explain the difference between 1 rad and 1 rem of radiation.
Q3) Technetium-99m is routinely used in medical imaging.The italics m means the nucleus is ________.
Q4) By what (single step)process does polonium-218 change to lead-214?
A) (\(\alpha\)) particle emission
B) (\(\beta\)) particle emission
C) positron emission
D) electron capture
E) neutron capture
Q5) All isotopes of atomic number greater than ________ are unstable and radioactive.
Q6) A unit used to quantify biological damage is called the ________ or rem.
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