General Biology
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
General Biology explores the fundamental principles of life and living organisms, covering topics such as cellular structure and function, genetics, evolution, ecology, and physiology. The course provides a comprehensive overview of biological processes and systems, emphasizing the scientific method, experimental design, and the connections between different levels of biological organization. Through lectures, laboratory exercises, and discussions, students gain an understanding of the diversity of life, the mechanisms of inheritance, and the interactions between organisms and their environments, serving as a foundation for advanced studies in the biological sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Biology Now Core 1st Edition by Anne Houtman
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19 Chapters
1260 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Nature of Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) The claim has been made that women may be able to achieve significant improvements in memory by taking Gingko biloba supplements.To determine if the claim is fraudulent and prior to accepting this claim,what type of evidence would you like to see? Provide brief details of an investigative design.
Answer: The hypothesis to be examined is,"Taking Gingko biloba supplements significantly improves the memory of women." The prediction is that if women take Gingko biloba supplements their memory function will improve.This can be tested by setting up an experiment that includes a control group of randomly selected women who receive a placebo and an experimental group of women who will actually receive Gingko biloba supplements.Consuming the Gingko biloba supplement would be the independent variable.The experiment should attempt to control for other possible factors such as age,amount of daily exercise,and other dietary considerations when selecting participants.Both groups of women would be tested before the study begins to determine their average memory capabilities (dependent variable)prior to the experiment.Both groups of women would be retested at the end of the experiment.Statistical analyses should be conducted to determine if any differences in memory function between the two groups are significant and if the data supports the hypothesis.
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is correct about hydrogen bonds?
A)Individually,hydrogen bonds are very strong.
B)They form between neighboring oxygen atoms.
C)They do not involve binding with a hydrogen atom.
D)They form due to partial positive and partial negative charges on atoms.
Answer: D
Q2) The pH scale measures
A)the amount of water in a solution.
B)the likelihood that a solution will evaporate.
C)the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
D)the number of atoms found within a molecule.
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following types of bonds hold hydrogen and oxygen atoms together within an individual water molecule?
A)hydrogen bond
B)peptide bond
C)polar covalent bond
D)ionic bond
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Life Is Cellular
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why would hydrophilic substances such as sodium ions (Na ),hydrogen ions (H ),sugars,and amino acids be unable to simply diffuse across a plasma membrane?
A)They readily mix with the hydrophobic tails forming the core of the phospholipid bilayer.
B)They are repelled by the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipids that form the phospholipid bilayer.
C)They do not readily mix with the hydrophobic tails forming the core of the phospholipid bilayer;therefore,they must move across by facilitated diffusion.
D)They do not readily mix with the hydrophobic tails forming the core of the phospholipid bilayer;therefore,the only way they can move into the cell is by endocytosis.
Answer: C
Q2) All cells have a ________ that acts as a barrier separating the cellular components from the external environment.
Answer: plasma membrane
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Chapter 4: How Cells Work
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Sample Questions
Q1) Humans store sugars in the form of glycogen.Glycogen is made by linking many glucose molecules together.This process is ________.
Q2) Plants and animals use different energy storage molecules,yet they both use the same mechanism to "burn" their stored energy.How can plants and animals both be successful,even though they "burn" different energy storage molecules?
A)The internal components of plant and animal cells are identical.
B)The second law of thermodynamics says that all cells have the same energy transfer system.
C)The breaking of the chemical bonds of a storage molecule transfers energy,no matter what molecule is stored.
D)All organisms have the same enzymes to catalyze their energy-producing reactions.
Q3) The Krebs cycle produces
A)NADH,ATP,and FADH<sub>2</sub>.
B)water and carbon dioxide.
C)ADP and NADP<sup>+</sup>.
D)acetyl CoA and sugars.
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Chapter 5: Cell Division
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Sample Questions
Q1) In genetic engineering,molecular biologists often combine segments of DNA from two separate organisms.This is an example of genetic recombination that occurs in a laboratory setting.Which of the following is a form of genetic recombination that occurs naturally within cells?
A)mitosis
B)independent assortment
C)crossing over
D)asexual reproduction
Q2) M phase
A)Duplicated chromosomes are separated during this phase.
B)Cells prepare to divide and check that the proper steps have occurred for division.
C)Phase in which cells duplicate the genetic material.
D)Resting stage assumed by cells that exit the cell cycle.
E)Two new daughter cells grow in preparation for division.
Q3) A duplicated chromosome consists of ________ sister chromatid(s).
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Patterns of Inheritance
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which of the following situations would it become nearly impossible to predict the phenotype of an individual with a known genotype?
A)The environment affects the phenotype.
B)The genotype of the parents is unknown.
C)The genotype of offspring is unknown.
D)You should always be able to predict the phenotype if you know the genotype.
Q2) Two organisms that are true-breeding for a certain genetic characteristic are mated and their offspring analyzed.Which of the following statements about this situation is true?
A)Both parents are heterozygotes.
B)The offspring are either 100 percent homozygotes or 100 percent heterozygotes.
C)The offspring represent the P generation.
D)The gametes produced by the offspring will carry two alleles for this gene.
Q3) Which of the following might explain how two separate genes control a single trait?
A)Both genes have the same alleles.
B)One gene functions better at higher temperatures.
C)There are two genes to control two separate steps in a pathway.
D)Two genes cannot control a single trait.
Q4) Differentiate between pleiotropy and polygenic traits.
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Chapter 7: Chromosomes and Human Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Both members of a couple are carriers for a recessive disease allele.If the couple has four children,which of the following statements must be true?
A)One of the children has the disease.
B)Two of the children have the disease.
C)All of the male children have the disease.
D)Fifty percent of the children could be carriers of the disease.
Q2) Would a karyotype for a human male be considered normal if it shows 45 autosomes and a single pair of sex chromosomes? Explain your reasoning.
Q3) male affected by recessive sex-linked disease
A)Bb
B)XaY
C)XAXa
D)bb
E)XAXA
F)BB
G)XAY
Q4) An individual who carries one copy of a recessive mutated allele and one normal copy is referred to as a genetic ________.
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9
Chapter 8: What Genes Are
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Sample Questions
Q1) How many phosphate groups are present in a single strand of DNA?
A)the same number as there are adenine bases
B)the same number as there are adenine + thymine bases
C)the same number as there are guanine + cytosine bases
D)the same number as there are adenine + thymine + guanine + cytosine bases
Q2) This is the next larger.
A)gene
B)base
C)nucleotide
D)genome
E)base pair
Q3) Once replication in a DNA molecule is complete,each new DNA molecule contains
A)one old strand and one new strand.
B)the paired old strands and the paired new strands.
C)new DNA polymerase.
D)a new sequence of nucleotides.
Q4) A strand of DNA has the sequence GCAATTCG.The sequence of the complementary strand is ________.
Q5) A chemical that disrupts hydrogen bonds is added to a test tube containing DNA.What would be the result of this reaction?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: How Genes Work
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Sample Questions
Q1) During transcription,
A)the DNA strands replicate,producing four mRNA molecules.
B)each strand in the DNA molecule directs the production of an mRNA molecule.
C)a template strand of DNA directs the production of an mRNA molecule.
D)a template strand of DNA directs the production of all of the tRNA molecules needed for producing the gene's protein product.
Q2) Fewer tRNA molecules are produced.
A)Transcription is up-regulated
B)Transcription is down-regulated
C)Translation is up-regulated
D)Translation is down-regulated
Q3) Which of the following is a codon?
A)U
B)UU
C)UUU
D)UUUU
Q4) The process of using an RNA template to make proteins is called ________.
Q5) If a molecule of mRNA is a sentence,its bases are the letters and the codons are the ________.
Q6) The genetic code is ________,which means that all cells use the same code.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Evidence for Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) A group of scientists proposed that mammals with fur that contrasts with their background are hunted more by predators than mammals with fur that blends in with their background.After running several experiments,the scientists found that dark mice were attacked 25 percent of the time in a dark habitat and 75 percent of the time in a light habitat.The light colored mice were attacked 25 percent of the time in a light habitat and 75 percent of the time in a dark habitat.These data
A)support the hypothesis because dark-colored mice are attacked more often in both light and dark environments.
B)support the hypothesis because dark-colored mice were attacked more in light environments and light-colored mice were attacked more in dark environments.
C)do not support the hypothesis because although dark-colored mice are captured more often in light environments,they are also captured more often in dark environments.
D)do not support the hypothesis because light-colored mice are attacked more often in both light and dark environments.
Q2) Dogs have vestigial digits called dewclaws.Describe the most likely origin of these structures.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Mechanisms of Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Gene flow occurs
A)as a result of genetic drift.
B)when an individual migrates between two otherwise isolated populations of a species.
C)as a result of mutations in one population but not in another.
D)when individuals within a population interbreed.
Q2) New world vultures are related to raptors,while old world vultures are more closely related to storks.However,both of these birds eat carrion (decaying animals)and have a similar beak structure.Explain how this similarity in beak structures arose.
Q3) A gene has two alleles,D and The frequency of the D allele is 0.2.What is the frequency of the d allele?
A)0.2
B)0.4
C)0.64
D)0.8
Q4) Two populations of geese live near each other.As time passes,the populations are becoming more genetically alike.This is probably due to ________.
Q5) The original source of genetic variation within a population is ________.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Adaptation and Species
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Sample Questions
Q1) Adaptive evolution allows species to
A)reduce mutation rate.
B)decrease genetic variation.
C)adjust to environmental changes.
D)hybridize.
Q2) Adaptive evolution
A)is large-scale movement of a single species over a new geographic area.
B)occurs when a more adapted species causes the extinction of a less adapted one.
C)is the process by which natural selection improves the match between an organism and its environment over time.
D)is an increase in the adaptiveness of many species that have already evolved.
Q3) Bacteria reproduce asexually,so scientists classify them based on
A)the morphological species concept.
B)reproductive isolation.
C)the biological species concept.
D)the idea that they are all strains of the same species.
Q4) Explain how a change in the depth,either a lengthening or shortening,of flowers that contain nectar eaten by a particular species of hummingbird would potentially lead to a change in the hummingbird.
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Chapter 13: The History of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements about bird evolution is NOT correct?
A)Scientific studies have revealed so many errors in the traditional dinosaur-bird evolutionary tree that none of it is considered useful to understanding the evolution of birds and flight.
B)Scientific studies of the Xiaotingia fossil caused scientists to adjust the traditional dinosaur-bird evolutionary tree.
C)Scientific comparisons of Archaeopteryx and Xiaotingia fossils caused scientists to adjust the traditional dinosaur-bird evolutionary tree.
D)It is important to understand the dinosaur-bird evolutionary tree in order to have a better understanding of how flight evolved.
Q2) The Cambrian explosion occurred primarily in the oceans.Which of the following were the first challenges that had to be overcome during the mass colonization of dry land in the Ordovician period?
A)support of body structure without buoyancy in water,movement,and reproduction
B)photosynthesis,cellular respiration,and reproduction
C)DNA replication,photosynthesis,and cellular respiration
D)DNA replication,phagocytosis,and cellular respiration
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Human Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) The infamous American outlaw,Jesse Woodson James,died April 3,1882.His body was originally interred on the James' farm but was later moved to Mt.Olivet Cemetery in Kearney,Nebraska.Some people have hypothesized that his death was staged.Researchers have exhumed the body and analyzed mitochondrial DNA found in the teeth with that of mitochondrial DNA from hair samples from the James' farm burial site;they matched.These samples were then compared to the mitochondrial DNA of Jesse's sister Susan's great-grandson and her great-great-grandson.Which of the following would support the hypothesis that the body buried in Mt.Olivet Cemetery is NOT Jesse James?
A)The mitochondrial DNA from the grave matches the mitochondrial DNA obtained from Susan's great-grandson and great-great-grandson.
B)The mitochondrial DNA from the grave does not match the mitochondrial DNA obtained from Susan's great-grandson and great-great-grandson.
C)The mitochondrial DNA from the grave matches Susan's mitochondrial DNA.
D)The mitochondrial DNA from the grave matches not only the mitochondrial DNA obtained from Susan's great-grandson and her great-great-grandson,but it also matches mitochondrial DNA from Susan's daughter.
Q2) All of your mitochondrial DNA was inherited from your ________.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: General Principles of Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Earth
A)biotic
B)abiotic
C)biosphere
D)weather
E)climate
Q2) Atmospheric scientists anticipate a 3.5°C temperature rise in the next century.If so,what impacts will such change bring?
A)Some plant and animal species will migrate to cooler locations,whereas others will become extinct.
B)There will be a positive impact on the world's agricultural systems as ocean evaporation and terrestrial rainfall increases.
C)Sea levels could rise high enough to improve the ease of navigability and shipping.
D)The polar ice caps will increase in size.
Q3) Describe how a decrease in plant populations can affect the water cycle.
Q4) Nonliving factors in the biosphere are called ________ factors.
Q5) Drought,species extinction,and melting of glaciers are all consequences of
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Chapter 16: Growth of Populations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following populations would be most vulnerable to an outbreak of disease?
A)10 grasshoppers living in an area of 100 square meters
B)100 rabbits living in an area of 10,000 square meters
C)200 sparrows living in an area of 20,000 square meters
D)250,000 people living in an area of 100,000 square meters
Q2) Predation increases are responsible for density-________ changes in population size.
Q3) Which of the following would likely occur as a population reaches carrying capacity?
A)Density-independent deaths would increase.
B)Density-dependent deaths would increase.
C)Use of resources,such as food and space,would decrease.
D)Birth rates would increase to maintain population size.
Q4) Density-dependent factors are more likely to limit population growth when
A)there are more individuals living in the same amount of space.
B)the population moves into a larger habitat.
C)food is abundant.
D)weather conditions become milder.
Q5) Weather is a density-________ factor that can affect the size of a population.
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Chapter 17: Communities of Organisms
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Sample Questions
Q1) The general process by which species in a community are replaced over time is called ________.
Q2) In a typical prairie food web,energy moves from grass to grasshopper to field mouse to fox.Which organism is the secondary consumer?
A)the grass
B)the grasshopper
C)the mouse
D)the fox
Q3) Human cells contain mitochondria,which are responsible for processing the energy needed by our cells.Remember that the ancestors of mitochondria may once have been free-living prokaryotes.If mitochondria were still considered to be separate organisms within our cells,which of the following would best describe our relationship with them?
A)parasitic
B)competitive
C)mutualistic
D)pathogenic
Q4) Define the two key pieces of information used to examine diversity within a community.
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19
Chapter 18: Ecosystems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Human activities
A)rarely affect nutrient cycles.
B)can alter nutrient cycles on local and global scales.
C)tend to cause only local changes in nutrient cycles.
D)generally improve nutrient cycling in ecosystems.
Q2) On average,what percentage of the energy from one trophic level of an energy pyramid is transferred to the next trophic level?
A)10 percent
B)33 percent
C)50 percent
D)90 percent
Q3) A group of living communities interacting with one another and their shared physical environment is a(n)________.
Q4) All of the living organisms present in an ecosystem comprise the ________ or biotic portion of the ecosystem.
A)community
B)abiotic
C)population
D)biome
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Chapter 19: Applying the Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) Scientists working for a major cosmetics company are attempting to determine if a new face cream can reduce the number of fine lines and wrinkles on a person's face.This is an example of
A)applied research.
B)basic research.
C)meta-analysis.
D)cohort study.
Q2) Why would it be beneficial for you to be scientifically literate when choosing whether or not to purchase expensive workout apparel that claims to reduce muscle fatigue and promote circulation better than other brands of apparel?
Q3) You are reading an article written by Neil Shubin et al.regarding the pectoral fin of Tiktaalik roseae in the peer-reviewed journal Nature.Dr.Shubin is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and is employed by The University of Chicago.This article represents a
A)primary literature presentation of basic research.
B)primary literature presentation of applied research.
C)secondary literature presentation of basic research. D)secondary literature presentation of applied research.
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