General Anthropology
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
General Anthropology introduces students to the holistic study of humanity, exploring human evolution, cultural diversity, social structures, language, and archaeology. This course covers the four primary subfields of anthropology cultural anthropology, biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and archaeology offering insights into human origins, adaptation, and social organization. Students will examine case studies from a wide variety of societies, past and present, to better understand how culture shapes experiences and impacts the modern world. Through lectures, discussions, and hands-on activities, the course encourages critical thinking about globalization, cultural relativism, and the complexities of human behavior.
Recommended Textbook
The Essence of Anthropology 3rd Edition by William A. Haviland
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16 Chapters
1823 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Essence of Anthropology
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117 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following are archaeological and paleoanthropological methods except:
A) analyzing artifacts
B) analyzing material culture
C) processing fossils
D) doing oral life histories
Answer: D
Q2) Theories based on assumptions about the world and reality that come from the researcher's own particular culture are referred to as ______________ theories.
Answer: culture-bound
Q3) Compare the different beliefs about the body in reference to harvesting organs in North America and Japan?
Answer: In North America the body is viewed as a machine that can be repaired making the practice of organ transplantation acceptable.Here the body and the mind are separate.By contrast, in Japan, a person's identity is located throughout the body making organ transplantation less acceptable.
Q4) An ethnographer may work among stock brokers in New York City.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Biology and Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the A-B-O blood system, an individual with type O has an OO
Answer: genotype
Q2) _______________ are the smallest working units of biological classification systems.
Answer: Species
Q3) New mutations arise continuously.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Compare and contrast cladogenesis with anagenesis.
Answer: Both are processes of speciation, but in cladogenesis, the original species branches out and separates, and in anagenesis, the original species itself changes over time into a new species.
Q5) Anatomical features that have evolved from a common ancestral feature are called:
A) homologies
B) taxonomy
C) morphology
D) adaptation
Answer: A
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Living Primates
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Sample Questions
Q1) What do we call vision that allows three-dimensional perception?
A) prehensile
B) opposable
C) binocular
D) stereoscopic
Answer: D
Q2) Flexible and changing behavioral patterns among non-human primates interest scientists because they provide clues about:
A) the earliest development of human cultural behavior
B) the psychological challenge that non-human primates face
C) migration behavior and possible human physical developments
D) the evolution of the great apes
Answer: A
Q3) Ritual cleaning of another animal is called _______________.
Answer: grooming
Q4) Distinguish between the strepsirhines and the haplorhines.
Answer: Strepsirhines are a subdivision in the Primate Order that includes lemurs and lorises and haplorhines is the group of tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans.They are "sub"-grouped because of shared characteristics.
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Chapter 4: Human Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best illustrates human childbirth?
A) human infants today are much less likely to die during childbirth because the birth canal is significantly larger than it was 200,000 years ago
B) human infants are much more susceptible to death during childbirth now that human heads are comparatively larger
C) biological evolution is completely dependent on cultural practices
D) cultural beliefs and practices mark every aspect of birth
Q2) When did diurnal anthropoids first appear?
A) about 40 million years ago
B) approximately 65 million years ago
C) over 500 million years ago
D) over 200 million years ago
Q3) Compare and contrast the robust with the gracile australopithecines.
Q4) Describe the two different hypotheses associated with the modern human origins debate.
Q5) Why does the shape of the pelvis vary between bipeds and other apes?
Q6) _______________ separates humans from other evolving animals.
Q7) How is bipedalism "written upon the human body"?
Q8) How do "lumpers" differ from "splitters"?
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Chapter 5: The Neolithic Revolution: The Domestication of Plants
and Animals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why did Jared Diamond call contemporary food foragers "walking encyclopedias"?
Q2) The average birth spacing interval for hunters and gatherers is:
A) 4-5 years
B) 3-4 years
C) 2-3 years
D) 1-2 years
Q3) Who were the Natufians?
A) a Neolithic culture in Southeast Asia
B) a Paleolithic culture in Europe
C) a Neolithic transition culture in Southwest Asia
D) a Mesolithic transition culture in Southwest Asia
Q4) The Neolithic climate included all of the following except:
A) increased flooding
B) replacement of hardwood forests with tundra
C) sea levels increasing
D) warming climate
Q5) As people became _______________, disturbed habitats became more extensive and resources in proximity to settlements were depleted.
Q7) _______________ crops are highly productive but very unstable. Page 7
Q6) Plant variants that do well in disturbed habitats are called _______________.
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Page 8
Chapter 6: The Emergence of Cities and States
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bronze is made from:
A) copper and tin
B) iron and lead
C) lead and copper
D) tin and gold
Q2) All of the following were significant challenges to early state societies except:
A) waste disposal
B) infectious disease
C) warfare
D) social egalitarianism
Q3) The world's first cities developed in:
A) China
B) the Indus Valley
C) Egypt
D) Mesopotamia
Q4) Describe the Code of Hammurabi.
Q5) Changes in farming methods at the time of early civilizations were classified as _____________________.
Q6) How is Çatalhöyük unlike the early cities?
Page 9
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Chapter 7: Modern Human Diversity: Race and Racism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why was it considered acceptable to exhibit a human being as part of the Bronx Zoo collection in the early 19 -century United States?
Q2) What is the relationship between race and culture? Discuss how these terms are used interchangeably and how they affect each other.
Q3) Through genetic analysis in the 1970s, an evolutionary biologist showed that there was a very low percentage of human variation existing among groups seen as racially separate. Who was this individual?
A) Samuel Morton
B) Ashley Montagu
C) Franz Boas
D) Richard Lewontin
Q4) High crime rates, alcoholism, and drug use among certain groups can be explained with reference to _______________ rather than biology.
Q5) What was the primary focus of the early European studies of human variation?
Q6) Why has racism played a significant role in many previously European colonies, such as Haiti?
Q7) Why does race matter?
Q8) What are the primary weaknesses with a biological definition of race?
Page 10
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Chapter 8: The Characteristics of Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) The surplus of women among the Kapauku is due to:
A) loss of males through warfare
B) unbalanced sex ratio at birth
C) astute trading for women with neighboring groups
D) in-migration to the area
Q2) In the barrel model of culture subsistence is part of the _______________.
Q3) The term "ethnicity" comes from the _______________ word ethnikos.
A) Portuguese
B) German
C) Greek
D) Latin
Q4) Among the Kapauku Papuans, how does pig breeding translate into political power?
Q5) What is most characteristic about Apache dwellings?
Q6) Which common problem do all pluralistic societies face?
A) these societies are extremely adaptive and tend to fracture very easily
B) there is little variation in how individuals respond to changing situations
C) individuals face challenges in interpreting different standards in operation
D) groups constantly have difficulties over administering resources
Q7) Why do Muslims and Jews have religious prohibitions against eating pork?
Page 11
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Chapter 9: Language and Communication
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Sample Questions
Q1) Languages acknowledge different aspects of the color spectrum.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Whistled speech is a form of _______________.
Q3) What is paralanguage?
Q4) The idea that distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that language alone is known as ________________________.
Q5) American Sign Language is a fully developed language.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The rules or principles of phrase and sentence-making in a language are called the:
A) linguistics
B) grammar
C) phonology
D) syntax
Q7) Phonemes have no meanings by themselves.
A)True
B)False
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Q8) When a language family breaks into subgroups it is called _________________.
Chapter 10: Social Identity, Personality, and Gender
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Samoa, boys who take on the identity of females are called:
A) winkte
B) bardah
C) hemanah
D) fa'afafines
Q2) _______________ is a term for the development of a delusional system of which the culture does not approve.
Q3) Industrial societies have some of the earliest ages for the development of self-awareness in children.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which anthropologist pioneered studies of cross-cultural personality and gender?
A) Irving Hallowell
B) Emily Martin
C) Francis Hsu
D) Margaret Mead
Q5) Children are biologically ill-equipped to survive without _______________.
Q6) "Hermaphrodites" are a category of intersexuals.
A)True
B)False
Page 13
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Chapter 11: Subsistence and Exchange
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Sample Questions
Q1) In societies without a money economy, the rewards for labor are usually indirect.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Food foragers practice a form of resource allocation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Work that involves all members of a community is referred to as
Q4) Originally, the Comanche were:
A) warlike horse raiders from the area of what is now Arizona
B) raiders and hunters from the area that is now southern Idaho
C) hunters/gatherers from the area that is now southern Utah
D) hunter/gatherers from the area that is now southern Idaho
Q5) Young Maya boys in Guatemala and Mexico commonly begin to make a substantial contribution to the household around age:
A) 7
B) 10
C) 12
D) 15
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Chapter 12: Sex, Marriage, and Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to a cross-cultural survey of 192 families, the most common family is:
A) nuclear
B) extended
C) conjugal
D) polygamous
Q2) Co-marriage is also known as __________________________.
Q3) Sexually restrictive societies are in a worldwide minority.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In traditional Muslim societies ______________ law regulates social behavior in strict accordance with religious standards of morality.
Q5) Why does the number of monogamous marriages often exceed polygynous ones in cultures where polygyny is preferred?
A) social sanctions
B) lack of economic resources
C) illegal status
D) lack of women
Q6) When a married couple forms a household in a separate location it is _______________ residence.
Page 15
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Chapter 13: Kinship and Other Methods of Grouping
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Sample Questions
Q1) In what country do we find the Maori?
A) New Zealand
B) Australia
C) Trobriand Islands
D) Papua New Guinea
Q2) The Eskimo system is also known as the _______________ system.
Q3) Which kinship terminology system uses the least number of kinship terms?
A) Hawaiian
B) Sudanese
C) Aranda
D) Eskimo
Q4) Kinship systems have been a central element within the history of anthropology. Why do you think anthropologists have focused so much attention on how people are related to each other within a society and how group affiliations are formed?
Q5) In matrilineal descent, women hold exclusive authority.
A)True
B)False
Q6) "Age grades" are also referred to by the term "age classes."
A)True
B)False
Page 16
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Chapter 14: Politics, Power, and Violence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the two ways that disputes can be settled among two parties.
Q2) Which type of political organization is least ordered by kinship?
A) band
B) state
C) tribe
D) chiefdom
Q3) What is the primary difference between a rule of law and a rule of custom?
A) laws employ overt coercion
B) customs employ overt coercion
C) laws involve few legal claims
D) customs involve legal sanctions
Q4) A prime technique for resolving disputes in a band is:
A) warfare
B) imprisonment
C) strong leadership
D) mobility
Q5) Describe an uncentralized political system. Give at least six characteristics.
Q6) What were the primary duties of the Igbo omu?
Q7) What is the relationship between carrying capacity and warfare?
Q8) How do anthropologists define "power"?
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Chapter 15: Spirituality, Religion, and the Supernatural
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not commonly used in the practice of contagious magic?
A) clips of hair from someone
B) images and likenesses of someone
C) fingernail clippings from someone
D) a special piece of jewelry that belongs to someone
Q2) What is a society's worldview?
Q3) When a group sees themselves as part of nature, they have a
worldview.
Q4) Which one of the following characteristics distinguishes spirituality from religion?
A) belief system
B) ceremonial practices
C) concern with the sacred
D) individual practice
Q5) In anthropology, religion and spirituality are classified as part of a culture's:
A) structure
B) infrastructure
C) substructure
D) superstructure
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Chapter 16: Global Changes and the Role of Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define globalization.
Q2) _______________ migration may be voluntary, involuntary, forced, or imposed.
Q3) The Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous peoples is largely a symbolic document.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Two or more neighboring ethnic groups maintaining a loose political union while retaining their own cultural identities is referred to as a:
A) pluralistic society
B) ethnocentric society
C) international society
D) multicultural society
Q5) The national language of Afghanistan is _______________.
Q6) Globally, although there is structural violence, equality is increasing rapidly.
A)True
B)False
Q7) How does the United States promote its business interests worldwide?
Q8) The most recent subprocess of modernization is _______________.
Page 19
Q9) The Basque struggle in Spain is an example of a _______________ movement.
Q10) _______________ is a radical version of traditional Islamic law.
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