Gender Roles and Stereotypes
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Course Introduction
This course explores the social construction of gender roles and the pervasive impact of stereotypes on individuals and societies. Students will examine historical and contemporary perspectives on gender, analyze how cultural norms shape expectations for men, women, and non-binary individuals, and investigate the influence of media, institutions, and interpersonal relationships on the perpetuation of stereotypes. Through discussion, case studies, and research, the course encourages critical thinking about power dynamics, intersectionality, and the ongoing efforts to challenge and redefine traditional roles.
Recommended Textbook
Transformations Women Gender and Psychology 3rd Edition by Mary Crawford
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Chapter 1: Paving the Way
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Q1) How is feminist psychology similar to and different from "regular" psychology?
Answer: Feminist psychology is similar to "regular" psychology in that it seeks to understand and explain human behavior, emotions, and mental processes. Both feminist psychology and "regular" psychology aim to improve the well-being of individuals and address mental health issues. However, feminist psychology differs in its focus on the impact of gender and social power dynamics on psychological development and behavior. It also critiques traditional psychological theories and methods for their lack of consideration of gender and other social identities. Feminist psychology emphasizes the importance of intersectionality, recognizing that individuals are influenced by multiple social factors such as race, class, sexuality, and ability in addition to gender. Additionally, feminist psychology seeks to challenge and change the traditional power dynamics within the field of psychology itself, advocating for more inclusive and diverse perspectives. Overall, while both feminist psychology and "regular" psychology share common goals, feminist psychology offers a more critical and inclusive approach to understanding human behavior and mental processes.
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Chapter 2: Gender, Status, and Power
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Q1) Discuss the concept of backlash against women. Give a suitable example.
Answer: The concept of backlash against women refers to the negative and often hostile reactions that occur in response to advancements or changes in gender equality. This can manifest in various forms, such as discrimination, harassment, or violence, and is often fueled by a fear of losing power or privilege.
One suitable example of backlash against women is the phenomenon known as "mansplaining." This occurs when a man condescendingly explains something to a woman, assuming that she is ignorant or uninformed simply because of her gender. This behavior undermines women's intelligence and expertise, and is a clear example of backlash against women's progress in being taken seriously and respected in professional and academic settings. It reflects a resistance to women's empowerment and a desire to maintain traditional gender roles and power dynamics.
Q2) ________ is to ________ as nature is to nurture.
A) Gender; sex
B) Sex; gender
C) Gender-typing; gender
D) Sex-typing; sex
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Images of Women
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Q1) Which of the following best describes stereotype threat in terms of math performance?
A) Women stereotype their own math abilities.
B) The fear of confirming the stereotype that women are bad at math is likely to have a negative effect on women's math performances.
C) Boys and men stereotyping girls' and women's math abilities more than girls and women do.
D) None of the answers is correct.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is true about articles on female politicians, athletes, and authors that prioritize women's appearances?
A) The articles objectify these females.
B) The articles gender mark these females.
C) The articles embody these females.
D) None of these answers is correct.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: The Meanings of Difference
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Sample Questions
Q1) Every culture has certain rules that govern which emotions may be expressed, under what circumstances, and how, and these rules are called
A) sentiment rules.
B) display rules.
C) narcissist rules.
D) operational rules.
Q2) In feminist theory and political movements, the similarities tradition stems from
A) cultural feminism.
B) liberal feminism.
C) radical feminism.
D) socialist feminism.
Q3) In classrooms where gender interacts with race, ________ get the most attention and ________ get the least attention.
A) White boys; minority boys
B) White boys and minority boys; White girls
C) White boys; minority girls
D) White boys; White girls
Q4) Explain why women's "emotionality" is rooted in a sociocultural context.
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Chapter 5: Sex, Gender, and Bodies
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Q1) Describe the term "transgender identity" and the concept of fluid gender identities.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a possible result of intersexuality?
A) An individual with a penis and testicles happens to menstruate.
B) A person who has lived as a man happens to have a baby.
C) A person has both a penis and a vagina.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q3) Identify a true statement about autosomes.
A) Autosomes are similar in size to the X chromosome.
B) Each human being has 23 pairs of autosomes in each cell of the body.
C) Autosomes contain fewer than 50 genes each.
D) Autosomes are significantly smaller in size than the Y chromosome.
Q4) Sexually ambiguous bodies are likely to result from
A) congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
B) partial androgen insensitivity.
C) Turner syndrome.
D) congenital adrenal hyperplasia and partial androgen insensitivity.
Q5) What is the role of appearance in the development of gender identity? Cite evidence to support your answer.
Q6) What is gender dysphoria? Why do people choose to have sex changes?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Gendered Identities: Childhood and Adolescence
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Q1) According to Phillips (1998), ________ tend to tie their self-esteem to their weight and are least likely to feel attractive.
A) White girls
B) African American girls
C) Latina girls
D) Asian American girls
Q2) Which of the following is revealed by meta-analyses of parental treatment of children?
A) Overall, parents treat children similarly across gender.
B) Mothers are likely to encourage gender-typed play and activities.
C) Fathers stereotype more than mothers.
D) No conclusions can be made.
Q3) Which of the following terms refers to the act of stifling one's own feelings and thoughts in an effort to fit in and be seen as a nice girl?
A) self-silencing
B) self-debasement
C) self-efficacy
D) None of these answers is correct.
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Chapter 7: Sex, Love, and Romance
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Q1) In a meta-analysis of studies on teens' sexual decision making including nearly 70,000 adolescents in 15 countries, von de Bongardt et al. (2015) found that
A) beliefs about others' behavior were more important than the actual sexual attitudes of peers.
B) there were positive outcomes for both boys and girls who decided to have early sex. C) the experience of first intercourse was almost similar for both young women and men.
D) adolescents who opted for friends with benefits were romantically involved and always had sex with their partners.
Q2) In a study in which college students were asked to write descriptions of their orgasms, ________.
A) the students determined that women's orgasms had more emotional imagery than men's orgasms
B) judges concluded that men's orgasms had more power imagery than women's orgasms
C) the students included more details from women's than men's experiences
D) judges were unable to reliably distinguish women's and men's descriptions
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Chapter 8: Commitments: Women and Close Relationships
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Q1) There are various alternatives to heterosexual marriage (lesbian relationships, cohabitation, and divorce that may or may not lead to remarriage). Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of each for women.
Q2) Which of the following is a reason people choose to cohabit?
A) have a "trial marriage" with a partner
B) show their independence from their parents
C) pay the rent more easily
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q3) Compare equality in lesbian relationships with equality in heterosexual relationships.
Q4) Which of the following is a characteristic of traditional marriages?
A) The wife's job is less important than the husband's.
B) The husband's leisure activities take place apart from his wife.
C) The wife has veto power over the husband's decision-making responsibility.
D) The spouses have a "senior partner-junior partner" relationship.
Q5) What social and economic factors account for the current trend of marrying later in the United States and Western Europe?
Q6) How does egalitarian marriage differ from traditional and modern marriage? Why is it so rare?
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Chapter 9: Mothering
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true of the use of anesthetics during childbirth?
A) Anesthetics are helpful in sparing the mother unnecessary pain.
B) Anesthetics are dangerous because they can prolong labor.
C) Anesthetics are psychologically restrictive because they reduce the mother's awareness.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q2) Describe ways in which the government and anti-abortion advocates continue to make abortions difficult to obtain in the United States.
Q3) Describe the Lamaze method and what its effects seem to be for mothers and fathers.
Q4) According to Crawford, becoming a mother is a major life transition because it A) is a kind of biological destiny for women.
B) involves changes in work, lifestyle, and relationships with significant others.
C) is pathological not to feel positive about motherhood.
D) involves changes in the physical self but not the psychological identity of women.
Q5) What are the pros and cons of using anesthetics during labor?
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Chapter 10: Work and Achievement
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Q1) Which of the following terms defines the different distribution of women and men in employment?
A) role conflict
B) occupational segregation
C) gender pay gap
D) glass escalator
Q2) The director of an automobile manufacturer's assembly lines believes that only men should be promoted from assembly line worker to shift supervisor. The director says that research shows that many men do not like being supervised by women and, in addition, women are, on average, more concerned with workers' emotional well-being than with production. Criticize the director's policy.
Q3) In the context of workplaces, which of the following statements is true of mentoring?
A) Having a mentor increases job satisfaction and career advancement for both women and men.
B) Mentors are uncomfortable with people that they perceive as more similar to themselves.
C) High-status men are always willing to mentor women.
D) Women find it easier to find mentors than men do.
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Chapter 11: The Second Half: Midlife and Aging
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Q1) What are the costs and rewards of caregiving for women?
Q2) Research suggests that ________ women are most concerned about their appearances and most invested in treating their bodies as improvement projects.
A) working-class
B) African American/Black
C) White middle-class and affluent
D) Latina
Q3) What does the statement "like gender, age is a system of social classification" mean?
Q4) Which of the following is most likely a factor that limits sexual expression for older heterosexual women?
A) an incapability of enjoying sexual intimacy
B) dating older men, which is seen as ridiculous
C) being aggressively focused in their dating pursuits
D) a shortage of men to go around
Q5) What are some factors that affect a person's likelihood to give care to elderly parents?
Q6) In the context of work and achievement, what are the consequences of poverty in later life on women?
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Chapter 12: Violence Against Women
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true of common couples violence?
A) The male perpetrator feels that he owns his woman and is entitled to control her by any means.
B) It occurs fairly often in a relationship and always escalates over time.
C) Women and men both report inflicting violence on their partners about equally often.
D) It is entirely gender-neutral in heterosexual couples.
Q2) Differentiate between common couples violence and patriarchal terrorism.
Q3) Which of the following is a characteristic of abusive families?
A) They are patriarchal.
B) They are emotionally distant and unaffectionate.
C) They are conflictual.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q4) Some scholars believe the term ________ should be reserved for material combining sexual themes with violence, dehumanization, degradation, or abuse.
A) pornography
B) erotica
C) sexually explicit media
D) XXX
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Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders, Therapy, and Womens
Well-Being
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Q1) In what ways can men benefit from feminist therapy?
Q2) Which of the following is true of people who have power in society?
A) They do not have the ability to define themselves.
B) They are likely to be punished for engaging in undesirable behavior.
C) They decide what is normal, typically in reference to their social group.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q3) Outline the sexist biases in the treatment of psychological disorders. Include in your discussion Salpêtrière, Charcot and his influence on Freud, Mitchell's rest cure, and reasons for institutionalization in the nineteenth century.
Q4) Rosenfield (2000) suggests that women's higher rates of ________ disorders and men's higher rates of ________ disorders are due to gender socialization.
A) substance abuse; depressive
B) externalizing; internalizing
C) internalizing; externalizing
D) depressive; substance abuse
Q5) Provide examples of ways in which the DSM is biased against women. Discuss the social construction of mental illness using previous and current versions of the DSM.
Page 15
Q6) Why is psychological diagnosis so much more problematic than physical diagnosis?
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Chapter 14: Making a Difference: Toward a Better Future for Women
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true of feminists?
A) They are often portrayed as lesbians.
B) They are often portrayed as man-hating women.
C) They are often portrayed as fighting with each other.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q2) In an ethnically diverse sample of nearly 500 college students, psychologist Kristin Anderson and her colleagues (2009) found that feminists
A) had significantly less hostility toward men than non-feminists.
B) were more likely to have non-feminist mothers than non-feminists.
C) were less likely to take women's studies courses than non-feminists.
D) had more problems seeing through and rejecting unrealistic ideals for women than non-feminists.
Q3) The second wave of feminists most likely worked on issues such as
A) LGBTQ rights.
B) global trafficking in girls and women.
C) sexism in the media.
D) reproductive rights in a high-tech era.
Q4) Describe the backlash against feminism over the last century. How is that backlash alive today?
Page 16
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