Gender and Society Test Preparation
Course Introduction
Gender and Society explores the ways in which gender identities and relations are constructed and experienced across different social, cultural, and historical contexts. This course examines theoretical perspectives on gender, with an emphasis on intersectionality and the interplay between gender, race, class, sexuality, and other social categories. Students will analyze the roles and representations of gender in institutions such as family, education, work, media, and politics, and evaluate the impact of social policies and movements on gender equality. Through critical readings, discussions, and case studies, the course encourages students to develop informed perspectives on contemporary gender issues and their implications for individuals and society.
Recommended Textbook
Transformations Women Gender and Psychology 3rd Edition by Mary Crawford
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Chapter 1: Paving the Way
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the late '60s/early '70s, some psychologists lobbied the American Psychological Association to form the ________, which was officially approved in 1973.
A) Association for Women in Psychology (AWP)
B) Division of the Psychology of Women (Division 35)
C) Women's Studies Program (WSP)
D) Society for Personality and Social Psychology (SPSP)
Answer: B
Q2) ________ views some gender differences in values and social behaviors as either an essential part of womanhood or so deeply socialized that they are virtually universal and unlikely to change.
A) Radical feminism
B) Liberal feminism
C) Cultural feminism
D) Global feminism
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Gender, Status, and Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mention the three levels at which gender distinctions tend to occur.
A) Developmental, societal, and universal
B) Individual, interactional, and universal
C) Societal, interpersonal, and individual
D) Biological, developmental, and social
Answer: C
Q2) When people ascribe to themselves the traits, behaviors, and roles normative for people of their sex in their culture, they are becoming ________.
A) gender-typed
B) sexually typed
C) encultured
D) stereotyped
Answer: A
Q3) Men are more likely than women to try to take over the conversation using ________.
A) the outgroup homogeneity effect
B) androgyny
C) intrusive interruptions
D) body language
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Images of Women
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Sample Questions
Q1) Idealized images of feminine beauty have changed with the fashions, but what hasn't changed is the fact that
A) all require substantial modification of women's natural appearance.
B) all are initiated by men.
C) all include women with long hair.
D) all include women wearing high heels.
Answer: A
Q2) In the largest study of face-ism to date, Konrath et al. (2012) used 6610 politicians' official website photographs from 25 countries to explore the relationship between face-ism and the level of gender equality in each country. They found that there was more face-ism
A) in cultures where there were more educated men than women.
B) in the more gender-equal cultures.
C) in female-dominant societies.
D) in evoked cultures.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: The Meanings of Difference
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Sample Questions
Q1) It has been stated that women are better at decoding emotions than men are. What does it mean to say this is not merely a sex difference?
Q2) What are some of the criticisms of standardized tests that are used as evidence of gender differences in math ability? Discuss the negative effects of SAT and other standardized tests on women.
Q3) Parents of girls tend to attribute their daughters' success in math to A) good luck.
B) her ability to follow directions carefully.
C) hard work.
D) her teacher's ability to teach.
Q4) When the effects of two or more variables are mixed and it becomes impossible to decide which variable is causing experimental effects, it leads to ________.
A) stereotyping
B) self-objectification
C) autonomy
D) confounding
Q5) Describe the differences between cultures that value an independent self versus those that value an interdependent self.
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Chapter 5: Sex, Gender, and Bodies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following terms refers to an official psychiatric category for those individuals who experience a disjunction between their assigned sex and their core gender identity?
A) gender dysphoria
B) stereotypical threat
C) transgender identity
D) identity moratorium
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of individuals with Turner syndrome?
A) They are males with an XY chromosomal composition in the strictly genetic definition of sex.
B) They are born with an XO chromosomal composition.
C) They are highly likely to have problems with gender identity and gender typing.
D) They are females in whom the vagina, clitoris, and labia are absent.
Q3) Describe the problems associated with physicians who decide the "optimal gender" for a child and how these problems are likely to affect families and intersex individuals as they grow old.
Q4) Describe the term "transgender identity" and the concept of fluid gender identities.
Q5) What is gender dysphoria? Why do people choose to have sex changes?
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Chapter 6: Gendered Identities: Childhood and Adolescence
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Q1) Do parents' ideologies about gender roles influence their children's behavior? Cite evidence to support your answer.
Q2) Which of the following leads to selective attention and selective memory?
A) gender constancy
B) gender schemas
C) imitation
D) relational aggression
Q3) ________ uses a cognitive approach to explain gender typing.
A) Observational learning theory
B) Social learning theory
C) Gestalt theory
D) Gender schema theory
Q4) Describe the phenomenon of self-silencing that occurs in girls during adolescence. Contrast this phenomenon with relational authenticity.
Q5) If you decide to raise your child to be gender-aschematic, describe how you would go about it.
Q6) Cite research evidence to show that ethnicity and class have an effect on gender stereotyping. What theories explain these results?
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Sex, Love, and Romance
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Q1) What is meant by the terms "sexual scripts" and "sexual double standard"?
Q2) ________ are the most effective means of preventing STIs during heterosexual contact.
A) Pills
B) IUDs
C) Depo-Provera and Norplant
D) Condoms
Q3) Which of the following statements indicates the result of a comparison of Asian and non-Asian students in a Canadian university?
A) Asian students were more likely to had sexual intercourse than non-Asian students.
B) Asian students were more likely to masturbate than non-Asian students.
C) Asian students had fewer partners if sexually active than non-Asian students.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q4) Define the term "lesbian." Identify some of the problems that are encountered while trying to produce a definition of such women.
Q5) Why is the relationship between romantic love and sexual activity important? How is this relationship communicated?
Q6) Describe a few ways in which different cultures control women's sexuality.
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Chapter 8: Commitments: Women and Close Relationships
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Q1) Which of the following is a way in which women justified marital inequality instead of challenging husbands or admitting the relationship was unequal?
A) They minimized conflict or blamed themselves when conflicts happened.
B) They used distancing and vague, hypothetical terms when talking about equality.
C) They made positive comparisons between their own husbands and other people's husbands.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q2) Janet, a 22-year-old secretary, and Ryan, her 30-year-old boss, have recently married. Discuss the type of marriage they could have (traditional, modern, egalitarian, dual earner). What factors will help determine which type they find themselves in? Which one do you think they are most likely to be in and why?
Q3) Studies of divorce and remarriage suggest that second marriages are ________ than first marriages to end in divorce.
A) slightly less likely
B) equally as likely
C) much less likely
D) even more likely
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Chapter 9: Mothering
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Q1) Postnatal depression ________ in countries such as India, China, Mexico, and Kenya.
A) is virtually unknown
B) occurs slightly less in the U.S. than C) occurs much more in the U.S. than
D) occurs slightly more in the U.S. than
Q2) Which of the following is included in the feminist concept of reproductive freedom?
A) the belief that having children is an individual choice
B) the right to comprehensive and unbiased sex education
C) access to safe and legal abortion
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q3) The neurotransmitter ________, which is associated with depression in non-pregnant people, drops during pregnancy.
A) progesterone
B) norepinephrine
C) epinephrine
D) estrogen
Q4) What are the myths about women who choose never to have children? What has research found about such women?
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Chapter 10: Work and Achievement
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Q1) Which of the following is a reason for "tokens" to feel a lot of performance pressure?
A) Others tend to go out of their way to help them feel at home.
B) Everyone wants to talk to them.
C) Mistakes are taken as evidence that "those people" should not have been hired.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q2) A criticism of achievement motivation research is that
A) it focuses on women and men having different definitions of achievement.
B) achievement for women has been equated with motherhood.
C) scores predicted the achievement behavior of men but not women.
D) it focuses on women and men having different definitions of achievement, and achievement for women has been equated with motherhood.
Q3) Which of the following is true of sexual harassment?
A) It is an expression of men's formal power in the workplace.
B) It is a reflection of the high status of women.
C) It is an abuse of power.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q4) What are the differences between horizontal and vertical occupational segregation?
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Chapter 11: The Second Half: Midlife and Aging
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Q1) Current research on coronary heart disease indicates that
A) there is a shortage of information about women's symptoms.
B) women are less likely to be referred to a cardiac rehabilitation program than are men.
C) women receive very little information on heart disease.
D) there is a shortage of information about women's symptoms, and women are less likely to be referred to a cardiac rehabilitation program than are men.
Q2) Older women having weakness, lack of energy, and poor stamina
A) can "bounce back" only if they were athletic when they were younger.
B) often need to be told that this is a normal part of aging they must accept.
C) can improve strength, bone density, balance, and energy levels through exercise.
D) are typically not receiving the medications they need.
Q3) Elderspeak, speaking with elders differently than with others, ________.
A) helps older adults who are really suffering from cognitive impairment
B) is a form of ageism
C) is a result of difficulty in understanding elders
D) is a good way to get better acquainted with elders
Q4) Discuss the positive aspects of growing older from a woman's perspective.
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Chapter 12: Violence Against Women
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Sample Questions
Q1) In what ways do batterers maintain power and control over women? Provide examples in your discussion.
Q2) Describe the growing resources available to women in abusive relationships as well as the barriers that women face when they want to leave abusive relationships.
Q3) In the United States, the most common form of rape involves an assault by a A) stranger.
B) gang.
C) friend or former intimate partner.
D) drug fiend.
Q4) Which of the following statements is true of rape myths?
A) Men who endorse rape myths are more likely to endorse a proclivity to rape.
B) Rape myths play an insignificant role in coercive sex.
C) Rape myths magnify sexual assault and encourage perpetrator blaming.
D) Women tend to endorse rape myths more than men.
Q5) Violence is often used
A) to express passion and commitment.
B) as a means of control in sexual encounters and romantic relationships.
C) by men who hold traditional benevolent and protective beliefs about women.
D) by people who have effective communication skills they choose not to use.
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Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders, Therapy, and Womens
Well-Being
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Sample Questions
Q1) How have tranquilizers and sedatives been targeted at women?
Q2) Labeling women as masochistic
A) provided them with appropriate responsibility.
B) is unusual in industrialized nations.
C) provided a rationalization or justification for their subordinate status.
D) provided them with appropriate responsibility and is unusual in industrialized nations.
Q3) Identify a true statement about feminist therapy.
A) It is concerned only with women's pathology.
B) It relies on the use of diagnostic labels.
C) It tries to help clients understand that personal problems are sometimes social and political.
D) It sees gender as the only site of oppression.
Q4) In the context of eating disorders, identify a true statement about people suffering from anorexia nervosa.
A) They exert rigorous control over their physical activity.
B) They usually lose their appetites completely.
C) They engage in food binges followed by purging through vomiting.
D) They have a clear perception of body weight and size.
Q5) What is hysteria? Why is hysteria a biased diagnosis?
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Chapter 14: Making a Difference: Toward a Better Future for Women
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Q1) How is feminism made into a "women's problem"? What problems are likely to arise because of this attitude?
Q2) In a review of research on the relationship between feminist attitudes and psychological well-being, psychologist Kristin Anderson (2015) found that in virtually all the areas that were measured, feminist attitudes and feminist identity are linked with positive effects on women. Briefly discuss the findings of the research study.
Q3) Robnett and Anderson (2016) conducted a study to determine whether African-American, Asian-American, and Latina women were likely to identify as feminists. They surveyed 1,140 students at an urban university and asked them for their definitions of feminism and their reasons for identifying (or not) as feminists. Describe the study and its results.
Q4) What are the benefits and problems associated with feminism becoming a global movement?
Q5) How will you deal with the backlash and stereotypes that are faced by feminists?
Q6) Which of the following statements is true of contemporary feminism?
A) It is a global movement for empowering women.
B) It is a global movement aimed at young women.
C) It is a global movement to help people work naturally and easily with women.
D) All of these answers are correct.
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