Gender and Society
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Gender and Society explores the complex ways in which gender shapes, and is shaped by, social structures, institutions, and everyday practices. This course examines the historical development of gender roles, identities, and relations, focusing on how concepts of femininity, masculinity, and non-binary identities interact with factors such as race, class, sexuality, and cultural norms. Students will analyze the influence of gender on socialization, family, education, media, politics, and the workplace, while also investigating contemporary debates and movements surrounding gender equality, intersectionality, and social justice. Through critical readings, discussions, and research, the course encourages a deeper understanding of the ways in which gender impacts individual lives and broader societal dynamics.
Recommended Textbook
Public and Private Families An Introduction 8th Edition by Andrew J Cherlin
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Public and Private Families
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Sample Questions
Q1) The adherents of the symbolic interaction theory see the world as a place where people rarely create and sustain meaning because doing so involves more costs than benefits.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The ________ can be described as the tendency to obtain public goods by allowing others to do the work of providing them.
A)boundary problem
B)externality problem
C)utilitarian problem
D)free-rider problem
Answer: D
Q3) Most people have used the ________ perspective in thinking about families throughout most of history.
A)optimist
B)functionalist
C)private
D)public
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: The History of the Family
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Q1) Which of the following was one of the characteristics of the True Woman as described by historian Barbara Welter?
A)assertiveness
B)fearlessness
C)piousness
D)talkativeness
Answer: C
Q2) According to contemporary research, the breadwinner-homemaker family was
A)dominant in the aftermath of the Depression and World War II in the 1950s.
B)always dominant in U.S.history.
C)never dominant in U.S.history.
D)basically only found among African Americans.
Answer: A
Q3) The True Woman was
A)sexually active prior to marriage.
B)religious, spiritual, moral, and pure.
C)a hard worker.
D)independently wealthy.
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Gender and Families
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Q1) Sex chromosomes, reproductive organs, and physical characteristics are all __________ characteristics that distinguish us humans by __________.
A)social; sex
B)social; gender
C)biological; gender
D)biological; sex
Answer: D
Q2) Socialization research is focused on the effect of ________ on children's beliefs of proper behavior for boys and girls.
A)the media
B)parents
C)peer groups
D)all of these factors
Answer: D
Q3) The asymmetry of gender change is due to a greater change in men's than in women's lives over the past few decades.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Social Class and Family Inequality
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Q1) Which of the following is not a value emphasized by working-class parents?
A)good manners
B)obedience to authority
C)creativity
D)conformity
Q2) In what ways do the poor actively construct extended kin networks? How can they be both a help and a hindrance?
Q3) Each class socializes its children to fill the same positions as their parents have filled.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The increase in the importance of education has made the three status groups model of social classification more relevant.
A)True
B)False
Q5) In what respects is the husband's role within the household minimized in a female-centered kinship system?
Q6) Discuss social class and parental values as described in your textbook. Was your own experience different or similar?
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Chapter 5: Race, Ethnicity, and Families
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Q1) Nagel wrote of "ethnic renewal" where people increasingly identify themselves as
A)American Indian.
B)Black American.
C)Hispanic American.
D)Asian American.
Q2) The racial-ethnic group with the greatest number of children under 18 not living with either parent is
A)non-Hispanic white.
B)Hispanic.
C)American Indian.
D)African American.
Q3) Which of the following is the reason for the prevalence of intermarriages among American Indians?
A)a growing identity crisis among the American Indians
B)the large proportion of American Indians who consider themselves multiracial
C)a growing movement among American Indians to spread their way of life
D)the collapse of the traditional kinship systems of American Indian communities
Q4) Why have social scientists been reluctant to acknowledge the role of culture (as compared to the role of economics) in explaining the differences between African American and white families?
7
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Chapter 6: Sexualities
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Q1) Compare the social constructionist perspective with the integrative perspective. Which perspective makes the most sense to you and why?
Q2) Sexual monogamy is the exception rather than the rule among married persons.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The way sexual preferences are currently socially organized is no more than ________ years old.
A)200
B)175
C)150
D)75
Q4) Discuss the social constructionist perspective on sexuality. How does it differ from the integrative perspective?
Q5) What sociological, demographic, political, and economic factors can you think of to explain the fact that in a current textbook, such as yours, homosexuality is openly discussed, while in a 1940s textbook it never would have been mentioned?
Q6) What did theorists mean by the "zombie category" in relation to families?
Q7) Describe how the idea of sexual identity developed.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Cohabitation and Marriage
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Q1) Why do people still marry?
Q2) Recent studies suggest that cohabitation is
A)an alternative way of being single.
B)most common among college-educated young adults.
C)not seen as an alternative to marriage by most young adults.
D)declining in its prevalence and acceptance.
Q3) Discuss what is meant when people refer to a positive selection into marriage and a negative selection out of marriage.
Q4) What factors contributed to the recognition of adolescence as a stage of life in the United States?
Q5) For lesbians and gay men, cohabitation was the only form of partnership available until the legalization of same-sex marriage.
A)True
B)False
Q6) How does organized religion support marriage today?
Q7) Discuss the rise and fall of dating.
Q8) How did Maud look at the difference between romantic love and spiritual love, and which did she choose?
Q9) Describe and explain the current context of marriage.
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Chapter 8: Work and Families
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Q1) Why is it in U.S. businesses' best interests to make their workplaces more responsive to women?
Q2) The labor market seems to be moving toward longer hours among the college educated and shorter hours among the less well educated.
A)True
B)False
Q3) As a woman's income rises, a dual-earner family is less likely to hire outside care for their children.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The United States has been a frontrunner among industrialized nations in implementing family-friendly policies for workers.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The presence of modern tools of communication has been observed to sometimes compound problems related to task size.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Children and Parents
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Q1) How does being raised by same-sex parents affect children?
Q2) Conservative Protestant fathers are less likely to spend time hugging or praising and more likely to spend time yelling at their children than are fathers from "mainline" protestant groups.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following people are most likely to seek to enhance their children's talents and opinions through concerted cultivation?
A)working-class mothers
B)middle-class mothers
C)working-class fathers
D)lower-income fathers
Q4) Describe and explain why the adoption system in the United States has changed in the past three or four decades.
Q5) Why might studies of lesbian mothers not be as scientifically accurate as other studies?
Q6) In the United States, parents treat sons and daughters differently.
A)True
B)False
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Older People and Their Families
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Q1) There seems to be a growing (and perhaps manufactured) tension between the elderly, nonworking population of the United States and the current workers, mostly baby boomers, over Social Security. Why is Social Security, as it exists currently, a divisive issue for these two groups? What about the future, as baby boomers age?
Q2) The average monthly Social Security benefit has doubled in purchasing power since 1960, even taking into account inflation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In terms of kinship ties, why are elderly males at risk?
Q4) The group level process that consists of mixed feelings across multiple children is known as ________.
A)social tuning
B)reflexivity
C)collective ambivalence
D)assimilation
Q5) Discuss why, over the past few decades, a modest but growing percentage of grandchildren have been living with their grandparents. Be sure to mention skipped-generation households.
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Chapter 11: Domestic Violence
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Q1) How does the "kinship care" option of foster care differ from more traditional foster care arrangements?
Q2) When compared to women who cohabit, all of the following are possible explanations for the lower risk married women have of experiencing domestic violence except
A)a selection effect by which women refuse to marry violent men.
B)cohabitating women are more likely to have been abused as children, which is associated with further abuse as an adult.
C)the increased chance men who cohabit have of being unemployed.
D)the lower degree of commitment within cohabitating unions.
Q3) Why is it important to distinguish between rising abuse and rising reports? Don't they indicate the same thing?
Q4) Why do you think cohabiting partners would report a higher rate of physical assault than dating or married partners?
Q5) Using the sociological knowledge you have gained in this course so far, what do you think explains the relatively high frequency of and persistence of men's violence against women in the United States?
Q6) Why is it so difficult to define child abuse in the United States?
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Chapter 12: Divorce
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Q1) Why would an African American woman be more likely to divorce than her comparable (in age and education, for example) white female friend?
Q2) Which of the following is a prerequisite in a married stepfamily?
A)It requires that all children from the stepfamily live in the same household.
B)It requires that every child born to the stepfather be under the physical custody of the stepfather.
C)It requires that at least one of the adults have a child from a previous marriage or relationship.
D)It requires that the biological mother in the stepfamily be previously married to the biological father of her children.
Q3) On the basis of what we know of the currently available research reports, children of divorced parents
A)experience a crisis period after the divorce.
B)resume normal development within two years after the divorce.
C)may experience problems that may persist into adulthood.
D)experience all of these.
Q4) How does legal custody differ from physical custody in a divorce settlement?
Q5) Describe the major racial and ethnic differences in divorce.
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Chapter 13: Stepfamilies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true about developmental idealism?
A)It states that countries should aspire to the social organization values of the developing countries.
B)It advocates that the ideals of Europe are superior to those set by the West.
C)It states that the ideals set by all developing and underdeveloped countries are superior to those set by the developed countries.
D)It advocates that the economic system of the Western developed countries should be followed by other countries.
Q2) Explain the emergence of transnational families.
Q3) What is modernization theory, and what are its basic assumptions?
Q4) Explain the concepts of love marriage and hybrid marriage.
Q5) What were the effects of postmodern ideals around the world?
Q6) In the context of transnational families, the cash payments sent to family members in the country of origin are called ________.
A)remittances
B)family wages
C)rebates
D)chargebacks
Q7) What are the changing trends in marriages across the world?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: The Family, the State, and Social Policy
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Q1) The Earned Income Tax Credit is only for families in which both parents are working.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The program of financial assistance to low-income, single-parent families that has become commonly known as "welfare" has been modified from
A)the Job Training Program (JTP) to Medicaid.
B)Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) to Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF).
C)the Work Incentive Program (WIN) to Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF).
D)Social Security Supplemental Income (SSI) to Medicaid.
Q3) Which of the following statements is true about the conservatives' viewpoint on family policies?
A)They encourage heterosexual, marriage-based families.
B)They believe that economic changes cause an erosion of norms and values in family life.
C)They are in favor of partial-birth abortion.
D)They oppose all government interventions into family life.
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Page 16