Gender and Psychology Exam
Answer Key
Course Introduction
Gender and Psychology explores the complex interaction between gender identity, roles, and psychological processes. This course examines how gender influences individual development, cognition, emotion, and social behavior, with a focus on both biological and sociocultural perspectives. Topics include theories of gender development, gender stereotypes and biases, gender differences and similarities, and the impact of gender on mental health and well-being. Students also analyze the ways in which cultural, historical, and institutional factors shape the understanding and experience of gender. Through critical discussion and review of empirical research, the course encourages students to reflect on gender diversity and its implications in psychological practice and beyond.
Recommended Textbook
Transformations Women Gender and Psychology 3rd Edition by Mary Crawford
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Chapter 1: Paving the Way
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true about womanism?
A) It stresses that qualities characteristic of women have been devalued and should be honored and respected in society.
B) It views some gender differences in values and social behaviors as either an essential part. of womanhood or so deeply socialized that they are virtually universal and unlikely to change.
C) It emphasizes male control and domination throughout history.
D) It focuses on issues of importance to minority communities: poverty, racism, jobs, health care, and access to education.
Answer: D
Q2) A woman who is wealthy and privileged may actually have more in common with A) poor women than with wealthy and privileged men.
B) women from ethnic minorities than with poor women.
C) wealthy and privileged men than with poor women.
D) poor women than with women from ethnic minorities.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Gender, Status, and Power
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Q1) In a study conducted by Grady (1977), people were asked to describe the person who had just sold them a subway token. Grady found that
A) people mentioned sex as the first or second characteristic half the times.
B) people were more likely to mentioned sex when it was statistically useful.
C) people mentioned sex as the first or second characteristic 100 percent of the time.
D) people mentioned race and age more frequently, as token sellers were all women.
Answer: C
Q2) High-status individuals are more likely than low-status individuals to look away when the subordinate speaks. This tendency is called ________.
A) visual dominance
B) doing gender
C) self-presentation
D) more intrusive interruption by men of women
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Images of Women
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Q1) Women who are particularly strong, either in personality or physical skills, are likely to be stereotyped as
A) lesbians.
B) politicians.
C) conservatives.
D) being married.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is a less prejudiced person most likely to do when stereotypes are activated by our culture?
A) stop and think about the stereotypes
B) replace the stereotypes with more accurate information
C) make conscious choices not to stereotype
D) All of these answers are correct.
Answer: D
Q3) Which of the following is NOT one of the four main subtypes of the female role?
A) housewife
B) athletic woman
C) sexy woman
D) friendly woman
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: The Meanings of Difference
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Q1) Which of the following behaviors by men are often not labeled as emotionality?
A) threats
B) emotional displays
C) narcissistic behaviors
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of two all-male military colleges in the 1990s?
A) They denied admission to women.
B) They required women to go through more rigorous training than the men.
C) They required women to pass more rigorous tests of neatness and respect than the men.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q3) When meta-analysis practitioners decide which studies to include, ________.
A) they rely on their own judgments
B) they statistically analyze the effect size before deciding to include a study
C) they include all studies
D) they use a simple review technique
Q4) What are some of the criticisms of standardized tests that are used as evidence of gender differences in math ability? Discuss the negative effects of SAT and other standardized tests on women.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Sex, Gender, and Bodies
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Q1) In the context of hormones and sexual orientation, discuss the problems encountered by women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).
Q2) Which of the following is included in the costs of genital surgery?
A) visible scarring
B) loss of the ability to reach orgasm
C) loss of sexual sensation
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q3) Identify the key assumptions about sex that were so fundamental in our society in the past that most people never thought about them.
A) There are two, and only two, sexes.
B) Sex exists as a biological fact independently of anyone's beliefs about it.
C) Sex and gender naturally go together.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q4) Each human being has a set of ________ chromosomes in each cell of the body.
A) 46
B) 50
C) 23
D) 25
Q5) What is gender dysphoria? Why do people choose to have sex changes?
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Chapter 6: Gendered Identities: Childhood and Adolescence
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Q1) Which of the following is true of children and gender in the United States?
A) Parents are usually okay with the fact that they treat daughters and sons differently.
B) Children's understanding of gender changes progressively, as they grow older.
C) Male children are generally more valued than female children.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q2) In groups, girls tend to use ________, while boys rely more on ________.
A) cooperation and negotiation; competition and confrontation
B) cooperation; persuasion, competition, and negotiation
C) competition and persuasion; dominance and negotiation
D) teasing and scapegoating; persuasion and negotiation
Q3) Learning gender-typed behavior is particularly easy for children when
A) they are exposed to adults other than their parents.
B) they have siblings.
C) parents set up gender-differentiated environments (e.g., bedrooms).
D) their parents are divorced.
Q4) Cite evidence indicating that boys are "the preferred sex." How does this preference affect children?
Q5) Why are girls at a disadvantage in mixed groups in terms of communication and persuasion?
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Chapter 7: Sex, Love, and Romance
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Q1) What is meant by the terms "sexual scripts" and "sexual double standard"?
Q2) For both boys and girls, one of the strongest predictors of sexual activity is the
A) actual level of sexual activity of their best friends.
B) perceived level of sexual activity of their best friends.
C) raging hormones that guide the behavior of their friends.
D) actual level of sexual activity of their best friends and raging hormones.
Q3) Unlike feminists, egalitarians ________.
A) were aware of cultural constraints on all women
B) were unsure of being sexually assertive
C) endorsed the sexual double standard
D) were likely to engage in sex for positive reasons
Q4) Which of the following statements is true about romance novels?
A) They help women gain information about sexuality.
B) They help women admire the spunky, feminine-but-strong heroines.
C) They help women explore alternative kinds of relationships with men.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q5) Are egalitarian heterosexual dating relationships possible? Are they possible at your college or university? Discuss.
Q6) Describe the pros and cons of sex education for girls and women.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Commitments: Women and Close Relationships
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Q1) Who do wives and husbands most often turn to when confiding their deepest secrets?
A) Husbands turn to male friends or relatives; wives turn to female relatives.
B) Wives turn to husbands; husbands turn to wives.
C) Wives turn to female relatives or friends; husbands turn to wives.
D) Husbands turn to male friends or relatives; wives turn to husbands.
Q2) Which of the following is a reason many women feel more negative about their marriages after they have children?
A) The division of household chores becomes increasingly lopsided.
B) They resent the burden of the increased workload at home.
C) They are disappointed that their husbands do less household work/child care than they expected.
D) None of these answers is correct.
Q3) Discuss the various causes and consequences of divorce.
Q4) How does egalitarian marriage differ from traditional and modern marriage? Why is it so rare?
Q5) Does the experience of divorce make second marriages better? Support your answer with evidence.
Q6) What are the factors responsible for women losing out financially with divorce?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Mothering
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Q1) Describe the factors that may contribute to the occurrence of postpartum depression.
Q2) What are the pros and cons of using anesthetics during labor?
Q3) In which of the following ways do African American women cope with single parenting?
A) by forming extended households
B) by using informal adoption
C) by relying on family members for child care
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q4) How do attitudes toward pregnant women and mothers vary by class and sexual orientation?
Q5) What myths are included in the "motherhood mystique"?
Q6) Describe the Lamaze method and what its effects seem to be for mothers and fathers.
Q7) Pregnancy often elicits ________ because pregnant women are seen as
A) resentment; wanting special treatment
B) embarrassment; extremely sexual
C) friendliness; happy with their lives
D) benevolent sexism; fragile and dependent
Q8) Why is fathering a feminist issue? Page 11
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Chapter 10: Work and Achievement
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Q1) Which of the following is a role of a woman in a two-person career?
A) sending birthday cards to extended family members
B) responding to invitations to the company's Fourth-of-July picnic
C) sending holiday cards to friends
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q2) Has housework become easier in the last 50 years? Why or why not?
Q3) Ashley is a token woman in her law firm. Her performance has been more impressive than many of her coworkers' performances. It is likely that
A) her token status will diminish as her coworkers recognize her competence.
B) she will be perceived as "a workaholic" or "too aggressive."
C) she will be perceived as too demure.
D) she will be honored and celebrated.
Q4) In the context of achievement in workplaces, discuss the importance of mentoring.
Q5) Which of the following is a quality of successful, high-achieving women?
A) being persistent despite setbacks
B) setting high standards for themselves
C) a desire to be financially independent
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q6) How do you define a "successful" woman?
Page 13
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Chapter 11: The Second Half: Midlife and Aging
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Q1) Why are women more likely than men to be caregivers for elderly relatives and aging spouses? How does personality affect who gets assigned care work? What are the psychological costs and rewards of being a caregiver?
Q2) Grandmother roles provide many women with
A) an awareness that they are growing older.
B) a sense that they are the "second shift."
C) things to do, since few grandparents have activities and hobbies.
D) a meaningful and important place in their families.
Q3) Discuss the various effects of age stereotypes.
Q4) Sexuality and sexual activity in older people is
A) often considered disgusting or ridiculous due to stereotypes.
B) viewed as an important part of well-being.
C) actually a very important part of life for many.
D) typically a cause of many problems and concerns.
Q5) What does the statement "like gender, age is a system of social classification" mean?
Q6) How do women become invisible as they age? Provide examples in your discussion.
Q7) What are some factors that affect a person's likelihood to give care to elderly parents?
Q8) Discuss the positive aspects of growing older from a woman's perspective.
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Chapter 12: Violence Against Women
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Q1) In New Delhi, India, a young bride is beaten and sexually assaulted by the groom and his friends. In the United States, women workers in a Minnesota mine are groped, grabbed, pressured for sex, threatened, and harassed. Which of the following is most likely reflected by these examples?
A) Violence against women is a global problem.
B) They are relatively isolated incidents in women's treatment by men.
C) They reflect a kind of semiofficial or unofficial terrorism.
D) None of these answers is correct.
Q2) Describe the growing resources available to women in abusive relationships as well as the barriers that women face when they want to leave abusive relationships.
Q3) Which of the following is one of the widely held set of myths and misconceptions about rape and rape victims in North America?
A) Women cannot prevent rape regardless of how badly they may want to.
B) Rapists' subconscious motivations are those of power and not a drive for sex.
C) Victims precipitate rape by dressing provocatively.
D) None of these answers is correct.
Q4) What is stalking? Discuss the features of cyberstalking.
Q5) Differentiate between common couples violence and patriarchal terrorism.
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Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders, Therapy, and Womens
Well-Being
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Q1) Which of the following is true of women with anorexia?
A) They have intense fears of gaining weight or becoming fat.
B) They have a body image disturbance.
C) They are in denial of the seriousness of their low weight.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q2) Recent studies on gender and depression indicate that A) gender-related differences have begun to disappear.
B) girls and women may respond to negative life events with thinking patterns that contribute to low mood.
C) multiple roles contribute to depression in women but not in men.
D) role conflict and role strain are important sources of depression for both women and men.
Q3) According to some feminist critics of the DSM, which of the following affects whether a behavior is tolerated from particular individuals in a given cultural context?
A) gender
B) race/ethnicity
C) class (socioeconomic status)
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q4) How have tranquilizers and sedatives been targeted at women?
Page 16
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Chapter 14: Making a Difference: Toward a Better Future for Women
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Q1) How have women of color challenged and changed the concepts of feminism and women's issues?
Q2) In the news media, conservative commentators try to scare men and turn women away from working together for equality by referring to "feminazis" and characterizing any criticism of the status quo as
A) female privilege.
B) "male-bashing."
C) double standard.
D) a trivialization of male needs.
Q3) Which of the following statements is true about all feminists?
A) They share the idea that women are unworthy and powerless.
B) They share the idea that collective action is unnecessary.
C) They share the idea that social change is necessary.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q4) Attempts to put women, and particularly feminists, in their "place" is referred to as
A) the "Jekyll and Hyde" approach.
B) quarreling.
C) the war among women.
D) backlash.
Page 17
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