Fundamentals of Sociology
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Fundamentals of Sociology introduces students to the systematic study of human society, social structures, and social behavior. The course covers foundational concepts such as culture, socialization, social groups and institutions, social stratification, deviance, and social change. Through the exploration of sociological theories and empirical research, students gain an understanding of how individuals and groups interact within various social contexts, and how societal processes shape issues such as inequality, identity, and collective behavior. This course provides essential analytical tools for interpreting and critically assessing social phenomena in contemporary society.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Sociology 6th Edition by Richard P. Appelbaum
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16 Chapters
1118 Verified Questions
1118 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Sociology: Theory and Method
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78 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tori's father loses his job during a time of economic crisis when many people are losing their jobs. Her mother is a skilled daycare worker with years of experience, but like many daycare workers, she cannot find any jobs that pay well. Sociologists would likely see the struggle of Tori's parents as:
A) a personal trouble.
B) the fault of Tori's father for not providing for the family.
C) the result of a socialist economy.
D) a public issue.
Answer: D
Q2) ________ is when the research study ends, and the investigator discusses with the subjects their concerns and acknowledges whether strategies such as deception were used.
A) Informed consent
B) Debriefing
C) Sampling
D) Intensive interviewing
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Culture and Society
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70 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Karl notes that in all human societies, people use symbols to communicate ideas to one another. Karl is taking note of:
A) language.
B) morality.
C) marriage.
D) political economy.
Answer: A
Q2) Pablo studies clothing choices in subcultural groups. He is investigating:
A) values.
B) norms.
C) material culture.
D) instinct.
Answer: C
Q3) Jia Yin notes that in many countries, industrial development is, more or less, nonexistent. She is taking note of the:
A) urban core.
B) emerging of society.
C) industrializing of countries.
D) developing world.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Socialization, the Life Course, and Aging
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Sample Questions
Q1) Our ________ identity marks the way in which we are different from others.
A) individual
B) generalized
C) social
D) self-
Answer: D
Q2) Sal, a ten-year-old from Houston, lives with his two parents and four brothers. In addition to the family, one of the most important socializing agents for kids like Sal is/are their:
A) extended family.
B) teachers.
C) peer groups.
D) babysitters.
Answer: C
Q3) According to George Herbert Mead, children develop a sense of self by:
A) going through distinct stages of sensorimotor development.
B) going to school and learning to read.
C) going to church and gaining a soul.
D) imitating other people.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Social Interaction and Everyday Life in the Age
of the Internet
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define interactional vandalism and give an example. Why does interactional vandalism create problems in everyday interaction and conversation?
Q2) If a CEO wears a suit and tie to a board meeting and later in the day changes into jeans and a T-shirt to attend a football event with friends, he is engaging in:
A) social engineering.
B) impression management.
C) social positioning.
D) false impressions.
Q3) As a medical doctor, Enrique has the privilege of being called Dr. Chavez. This is because our society gives high ________ to medical doctors.
A) rates of disapproval
B) wages
C) status
D) expectations
Q4) What is impression management? Give an example of how a college student engages in impression management when interacting with professors.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Groups, Networks, and Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) In three to five sentences, please describe one organization that provides you with bridging social capital and explain why it does. In another couple of sentences, describe another organization that provides you with bonding social capital and explain why it does.
Q2) Jacob and Amara both graduated from college with a high GPA and a good résumé in the field of accounting. A year after graduation, Jacob was working as a waiter, and Amara was working at an accounting firm that her father's best friend headed. Amara most likely got this job because:
A) she had an advantage due to her father's social networks.
B) she had a better résumé than Jacob.
C) her father's best friend thought she was pretty.
D) Jacob did not put enough effort into looking for a job at an accounting firm.
Q3) Triads are generally more stable than dyads because:
A) three is always better than two.
B) the third person relieves some of the pressures on the other two.
C) the third person makes the relationship more intense.
D) the third person can get jealous.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Conformity, Deviance, and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) A mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior is called a:
A) conditioned response.
B) symbolic response.
C) sanction.
D) norm.
Q2) The New Jim Crow argues that a caste system that disproportionately disadvantages African Americans has been created by:
A) mass incarceration.
B) rising poverty rates.
C) housing discrimination.
D) increased crime among African American youth.
Q3) Compare the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) with victimization surveys, such as the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). Which method gives a better indication of the level of crime in the United States? Please explain in three to five sentences.
Q4) In three to five sentences, explain how Robert Merton understood crime. How would Merton's strain theory explain the crimes committed in the inner city?
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8
Chapter 7: Stratification, Class, and Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr. Ramirez is a sociology professor, and while he makes much less money than doctors and lawyers, he is viewed as having relatively high prestige because of:
A) his professional clothing.
B) his work hours.
C) his education.
D) his publications.
Q2) In systems of stratification, people are typically ranked by:
A) personality.
B) social categories.
C) intelligence.
D) social capital.
Q3) Eddie is a factory worker who makes about $32,000 a year. Eddie's husband, Dustin, works part time as a dental assistant and makes about $15,000. Their combined income is just enough to pay their mortgage and make ends meet. Eddie and Dustin are considered:
A) lower middle class.
B) upper middle class.
C) old middle class.
D) working class.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Global Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mustafa is a world-systems theorist who studies the world's most powerful countries and outlines how those nations take the largest shares of the world's wealth. He is studying what kind of countries?
A) core
B) peripheral
C) semiperipheral
D) futuristic
Q2) Famine and hunger are caused by both natural and social forces. In a short paragraph, explain some of the social forces that cause hunger, malnutrition, and starvation.
Q3) James lives in a country that has a mostly agricultural economy and has only recently begun to industrialize. He lives in a ________ country.
A) high-income
B) middle-income
C) low-income
D) socialist
Q4) What is the role of technology in deepening existing global inequalities? Please explain in three to five sentences.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Gender Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ refers to the psychological, social, and cultural differences between women and men.
A) Sex
B) Gender
C) Sexuality
D) Genetics
Q2) The TV show Shark Tank found that companies founded by men received an average valuation of nearly $1.7 million, while those founded by women received an average valuation of just $781,000. How do sociologists explain this phenomenon?
A) Funders have negative perceptions of women business owners.
B) Women are less assertive than men.
C) Women have less valuable ideas than men.
D) Women-owned businesses tend to focus on niche markets.
Q3) Six of the ten richest self-made women in the world are:
A) American.
B) Chinese.
C) German.
D) Indian.
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11
Chapter 10: Ethnicity and Race
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement is most consistent with the textbook's conclusions about race?
A) Racism is no longer a significant problem for blacks.
B) In explaining racial inequality between blacks and whites, gender disadvantages are more significant than racism.
C) In explaining racial inequality between blacks and whites, class disadvantages are more significant than racism.
D) Although class disadvantage can partially explain racial inequality, it is not the primary explanation.
Q2) Thinking in terms of fixed and inflexible categories, such as believing that all Muslims are religious fundamentalists, is best described as:
A) stereotyping.
B) discriminating.
C) racializing.
D) projecting.
Q3) What is a minority group and what are the key characteristics that define a minority group in the field of social science? Why might the term minority cause confusion, and what would a reasonable alternative label be?
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Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the 2012 summer issue of Atlantic magazine, Anne-Marie Slaughter, who was the first female director of policy planning at the State Department, wrote an article titled "Why Women Still Can't Have It All." In the article, she argues that women today still struggle to balance a family and their career. In a couple of sentences, please explain how a feminist perspective on the family may help shed light on this issue.
Q2) Which of the following factors decreases the likelihood that a person will get a divorce?
A) being married at a young age (under age twenty-one)
B) having less than a college degree
C) having a child before marrying
D) being of a similar social class background as a partner
Q3) The most common type of child abuse is:
A) neglect.
B) physical abuse.
C) emotional maltreatment.
D) sexual abuse.
Q4) Does cohabitation lead to divorce? Please explain your answer in two to four sentences, using research from the textbook.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the textbook, how do Marxist sociologists explain why education expanded so rapidly with the development of capitalism?
A) Working people fought for universal education to improve their conditions.
B) Employers needed certain personality characteristics in their workers-self-discipline, dependability, punctuality, obedience, and the like-and these are all taught in schools.
C) The state came to compete with the church as the agent of education.
D) Enlightenment values demanded equal access to a good and stable education.
Q2) ________ is one of the oldest human institutions.
A) School
B) The nation-state
C) Large-scale private property
D) Religion
Q3) Donald thinks that religions are best studied as being in competition with one another for followers. Sociologists call this view:
A) dialectical materialism.
B) idealism.
C) religious economy.
D) sectarianism.
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14
Chapter 13: Politics and Economic Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the main features of capitalism? Answer in two to four sentences.
Q2) Marie lives in Marseilles, France. She loves to watch the Olympics to see athletes compete. She is especially pleased when French athletes win events and the French national anthem is played during medal award ceremonies. She feels pride in her country and in its heritage. What term would sociologists probably employ to explain her reactions?
A) sovereignty
B) nationalism
C) alienation
D) citizenship
Q3) In a short paragraph, compare and contrast two of the three forms of democracy discussed in the text.
Q4) When was the welfare state firmly established in most Western societies?
A) in the seventeenth century
B) in the eighteenth century
C) in the nineteenth century
D) in the twentieth century
Q5) Using the concept of division of labor, describe two of the key differences in the nature of work in traditional versus modern societies.
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Chapter 14: The Sociology of the Body: Health, Illness, and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the biomedical model of health? Please explain your answer in three to five sentences.
Q2) Western attitudes toward sexual behavior:
A) were molded primarily by Christianity for nearly two thousand years, and the dominant view was that all sexual behavior was suspect. B) have rarely included the idea that sexual fulfillment can and should be sought through marriage.
C) have remained surprisingly constant throughout the past two or three centuries. D) have reflected similar assumptions about the sexual activities of men and women.
Q3) According to the textbook, a reversal in life expectancy has become a reality in recent years for:
A) women with less education.
B) men with more education.
C) men and women with more education.
D) women with more education.
Q4) In a short paragraph, describe changes in sexual practices over the past two centuries.
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Chapter 15: Urbanization, Population, and the Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Reducing population growth around the world faces which of the following challenges?
A) Few people still see a large family as desirable.
B) Some religions still forbid the use of contraception.
C) Contraception is widely available around the world.
D) Some populations are genetically predisposed to higher birth rates.
Q2) Countries whose populations have access to good healthcare and adequate nutrition generally have populations with:
A) longer life expectancies.
B) higher rates of fertility.
C) higher rates of fecundity.
D) higher rates of mortality.
Q3) Malthusianism is the belief that population growth tends to outstrip expansion of food production and that population growth can only be controlled by:
A) natural curbs on population, such as famine and war.
B) birth control methods, such as contraceptive pills.
C) advances in medical technology.
D) government policies that limit how many children women can have.
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17
Chapter 16: Globalization in a Changing World
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Sample Questions
Q1) Consider Smelser's Structural Strain framework for understanding the origins of collective action. Describe and contrast structural strain and generalized beliefs and ideologies, explaining how each factor might contribute to the likelihood of collective action.
Q2) New social movements are at the heart of ________, the sphere between the state and the marketplace occupied by family, community associations, and other noneconomic institutions.
A) civil society
B) structural strain
C) institutional control
D) social mobilization
Q3) According to the transformationalist perspective on globalization, the political structures of countries are adapting to challenges from:
A) new forms of economic and social organization.
B) a declining world economy.
C) resistant citizens.
D) terrorist organizations.
Q4) Explain how information technology and the flow of information play a role in propelling the process of globalization.
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