Fundamentals of Sociology Final Exam
Course Introduction
Fundamentals of Sociology introduces students to the systematic study of human society, social relationships, and social institutions. The course covers key sociological concepts, theories, and research methods, helping students understand how social structures, culture, group dynamics, and socialization influence behavior and shape societies. Students will explore topics such as social inequality, race and ethnicity, gender, family, education, and social change, developing critical thinking skills and a sociological perspective on contemporary social issues.
Recommended Textbook Essentials of Sociology 9th Edition by
David B. Brinkerhoff
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15 Chapters
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Study of Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research findings result in the creation of a new theory,which ends the research process.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The exact procedure by which a variable is measured is called an operational definition.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Marie grew up in Spanish Harlem with a household income slightly above poverty level.John's family makes $150,000 a year.Who would be most likely to study Marie and John's individual attitudes and behavior?
A) symbolic interactionist
B) conflict theorist
C) structural functionalist
D) social theorist
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Give an example of material and non-material culture.
Answer: An example of material culture might be a cellular phone and an example of non-material culture might be the American value of equality.
Q2) Cultural capital serves as a symbolic boundary to keep the social classes isolated from one another.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The "rule" against going to a nice restaurant and talking with your mouth full is an example of a mos (singular of mores).
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Sociobiology is defined in your text as the:
A) systematic study of human social interaction.
B) study of the biological basis of all forms of human behavior.
C) study of biological adaptations to social environments.
D) study of social evolution as influenced by biology.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) A number of studies cited in your text lead to the conclusion that the normal intellectual and social development of children:
A) depends largely on heredity.
B) requires nurturance.
C) is retarded by too much attention.
D) is accelerated by a large number of siblings.
Answer: B
Q2) The psychological theory known as cognitive development was originated by:
A) George Herbert Mead.
B) Georg Simmel.
C) John Piaget.
D) Sigmund Freud.
Answer: C
Q3) As an agent of socialization,religion:
A) has no real affect.
B) gives guidance as to appropriate values and behaviors.
C) merely reinforces the lessons of other agents of socialization.
D) is the most important influence.
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Social Structure and Social Interaction
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Sample Questions
Q1) In everyday encounters,what are the primary reasons that people do what they do?
A) manipulating the identities of others to obtain a desired end
B) managing identity to conform to others' expectations
C) projecting our identities onto others
D) managing identities to enhance our position and support our self-esteem
Q2) When social change is extremely rapid,social institutions continue to be mutually reinforcing and provide stable patterns for society.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Corporations help to fuel the behavior of college students on spring break.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Agricultural societies are distinguished from horticultural societies in that they:
A) plant crops rather than rely on what nature provides.
B) include social institutions in addition to the family.
C) rely less on military conquest.
D) use more advanced technology and sources of energy.
Q5) What is the difference between ascribed and achieved statuses?
Q6) What are spoiled identities?
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Chapter 5: Groups, Networks, and Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) In preindustrial societies:
A) there were few secondary groups.
B) there were few primary groups.
C) the number of secondary and primary groups was about equal.
D) there were no groups.
Q2) People who share a trait,such as being blond,living in the dorm,or playing a sport,are termed a:
A) crowd.
B) group.
C) category.
D) aggregate
Q3) Which of the following is the best example of fulfilling an instrumental need?
A) building a house
B) comforting a child who has fallen down and scraped her knee
C) listening to a friend and giving advice
D) listening to your favorite CD
Q4) Weak ties between people are of little social value.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is meant by the term organizational culture?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) A similarity between differential association and deterrence theories is that they both:
A) see deviance as the result of social inequality.
B) view deviance results, at least in part, because there are greater rewards for deviance than for conformity.
C) locate the source of deviance in the social structure.
D) see deviance as the result of strain between goals and means of attaining them.
Q2) Internalization occurs when:
A) a person exercises self-restraint because of fear of what others will think.
B) sanctions such as fines, expulsion, and imprisonment are used to enforce conformity.
C) illegal acts are avoided because of fear of getting caught.
D) we don't even think of violating the norms and values of our group because conformity is a part of our self?concept.
Q3) According to deterrence theories,inadequate sanctioning systems are the primary reason that deviance occurs.
A)True
B)False
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8
Chapter 7: Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the U.S.,the cutoff point for the poverty level is established as the:
A) amount earned by an individual working full-time, full-year at minimum wage.
B) average income of workers working full-time, full-year.
C) amount needed to meet the minimum requirements of a decent living standard.
D) amount needed to prevent starvation.
Q2) A status that is optional,one that we can reach (or fail to reach)on the basis of our own efforts,is called:
A) an achieved status.
B) an ascribed status.
C) a flexible status.
D) an active status.
Q3) Which macrosociological view of social change is based on evolutionary and functional theory?
A) modernization theory
B) world-systems theory
C) industrialization theory
D) resource depletion theory
Q4) What is the American Dream? How is it related to social inequality?
Q5) What role did international inequality play in the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Racial and Ethnic Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) White privilege benefits all white Americans.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Approximately what percentage of African American families is headed by an unmarried woman?
A) 7%
B) 10%
C) 22%
D) 46%
Q3) The following are all factors causing prejudice discussed in your text EXCEPT:
A) socialization
B) scapegoating
C) competition for scarce resources
D) biological inheritance.
Q4) The largest group of Hispanics in the U.S.are the:
A) Puerto Ricans.
B) Cubans Americans.
C) Mexican Americans.
D) Central and South Americans.
Q5) Define colorblind racism.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Sex,Gender,and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Throughout the world,there is an almost universal preference for male children.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What are gender roles?
Q3) Of all the people aged 16 and over,_____ of men and _____ of women are in the labor force.
A) 45%; 49%
B) 72%; 59%
C) 56%; 61%
D) 93%; 92%
Q4) Liberal feminists are responsible for:
A) increasing opportunities for women within politics, education, and sports.
B) bringing attention to the problem of date rape.
C) founding the domestic violence movement.
D) securing the right to vote for women.
Q5) All of the following reinforce biological sex differences EXCEPT:
A) doctors giving hormone shots to boys to prevent them from being "too short."
B) doctors prescribing birth control pills to women to prevent menstrual cramps.
C) plastic surgeons performing breast implants on women.
D) plastic surgeons performing pectoral impacts on men.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Health and Health Care
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ are more likely to have diabetes; __________ are more likely to have arthritis.
A) Women; women
B) Men; men
C) Women; men
D) Men; women
Q2) What is the difference between Medicare and Medicaid?
Q3) Why did insurance companies approve gastric bypass surgery for coverage?
A) They realized that people were truly suffering from being obese.
B) They were convinced that gastric bypass surgery was the best treatment for obesity. C) They saw that allowing people the surgery actually reduced their costs in the long run.
D) They wanted to insure that obese people were not discriminated against in terms of medical treatment.
Q4) What percentage of deaths in the United States can be attributed to tobacco use?
A) 1%
B) 5%
C) 18%
D) 28%
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Chapter 11: Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) Adults in the U.S.are most likely to pick ________ as the worst time of their life.
A) childhood
B) adolescence
C) middle age
D) old age
Q2) What has happened to the divorce rate in the United States over the last 100 years?
Q3) Research reported in the text finds that bachelorette parties serve to do all of the following EXCEPT:
A) celebrate female friendship.
B) celebrate female sexuality.
C) help the bride-to-be make the transition to a loss of some personal freedom.
D) help the bride-to-be set up her household
Q4) Research shows that growing up with gay or lesbian parents:
A) has no measurable effect on children at all.
B) has no measurable effect other than an increased likelihood the child will be accepting of nontraditional gender behavior.
C) causes the child to be gay or lesbian.
D) causes substantial behavior and emotional problems in the child.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT true of people who are more religious?
A) They tend to be more satisfied with their lives.
B) They tend to be happier.
C) They tend to be more supportive of corporal punishment.
D) They tend to be more accepting of difference, including gays and lesbians.
Q2) Critics of school choice programs argue that they:
A) perpetuate inequality because only upper- and middle-class student can afford to participate in them.
B) perpetuate inequality, but this negative is offset by the increased racial integration they achieve.
C) benefit lower-income children at the expense of higher-income students.
D) All of these are criticism of school choice programs.
Q3) Which of the following statements is true?
A) School segregation has increased over the last twenty years.
B) School segregation has decreased over the last twenty years.
C) Opportunities in school are the same regardless of income or ethnicity.
D) School segregation is legal.
Q4) Why do schools use tracking? Compare and contrast the structural-functional and the conflict theory point of view.
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Chapter 13: Politics and the Economy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the various reasons that have been suggested for why so many people in the U.S.do not vote.
Q2) What does the text suggest is the lesson of the crisis in the U.S.economy?
Q3) __________ is the process through which government services are farmed out to private,capitalistic firms.
A) Transnationalism
B) Welfare capitalism
C) Globalization
D) Privatization
Q4) Rational-legal authority is best described as:
A) authority based on extraordinary personal characteristics.
B) authority based on the sanctity of time honored routines.
C) authority based on submission to a set of reasonably established rules.
D) exercise of power through force or threat of force.
Q5) Research indicates that the factor MOST strongly related to whether or not a person is likely to vote is:
A) age.
B) social class.
C) race.
D) sex.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Population and Urbanization
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Sample Questions
Q1) The pressure on the environment cause by the most industrialized countries,including the U.S.,is the result of over-population.
A)True
B)False
Q2) With modern levels of mortality,replacement level fertility requires an average of _______ children per woman.
A) 1.0
B) 1.8
C) 2.0 D) 2.1
Q3) Which two factors contributed to the rise of the post-Industrial city?
Q4) What is the impact of immigrants on wages in the US?
Q5) Since 1950,the average number of births per woman has:
A) decreased in every part of the world.
B) increased in every part of the world.
C) remained the same in every part of the world.
D) increased everywhere except for Western Europe.
Q6) Compare and contrast urbanization in the U.S.to the less-developed world.
Q7) What are three problems associated with the growth of suburbs?
Q8) What is the most common pattern of migration in the developing world?
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Chapter 15: Social Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) You have resisted getting a Smartphone because you think it is unnecessary.However,your new job requires you to use one.This is an example of:
A) a normal accident
B) the technological imperative
C) material culture
D) technological norms
Q2) Preexisting organizations that can provide the new movement with leaders,members,phone lines,copy machines,and other resources are known in political process theory as:
A) political opportunities.
B) pork.
C) extravagancies.
D) process opportunities.
Q3) Explain relative-deprivation and resource mobilization theories of social movement formation.Describe the criticisms that each would have of the other.
Q4) Distinguish between collective behavior and social movements.Give a current example of each.
Q5) What is the technological imperative?
Q6) What is a social movement?
17
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