Fundamentals of Psychology Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Fundamentals of Psychology provides an introduction to the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This course explores key psychological concepts, principles, and theories, including perception, learning, memory, motivation, emotion, development, personality, and social interaction. Students will examine major research methods used in psychology, investigate the biological bases of behavior, and discuss psychological disorders and treatment approaches. Through lectures, discussions, and practical examples, the course aims to build a foundational understanding of how psychological principles can be applied to everyday life and various professional fields.
Recommended Textbook
Psychology Themes and Variations 9th Edition by Wayne Weiten
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5057 Verified Questions
5057 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Oliver is studying motivation in chimpanzees.His roommate doesn't think that Oliver's research will produce much useful information about human motivation because he believes that information from animal studies will not provide meaningful information about human experiences.Oliver's roommate apparently has
A) a humanistic perspective.
B) an evolutionary perspective.
C) a biological perspective.
D) a cognitive perspective.
Answer: A
Q2) Dr.Escher believes that individuals may inherit a predisposition for some psychological disorders,but that the disorders will not actually develop unless there is some stressful event that acts as a trigger.Dr.Escher's views reflect the underlying theme that
A) genetic factors and experience interact to shape behavior.
B) our cultural backgrounds exert a considerable influence over our behavior.
C) motives and expectations can color our experiences.
D) theoretical diversity is an important component in science.
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: The Research Enterprise in Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of your friends is writing a research paper and wants to obtain information about the depth of personal information people typically reveal during a first date.Directly observing a large number of people during a first date will be difficult,so your friend asks for your advice on the best way to collect this type of data.The best suggestion would be for your friend to use
A) the case study approach.
B) archival research.
C) a double-blind observational study.
D) a survey.
Answer: D
Q2) The ____ is an index of the amount of variability in a set of data.
A) statistical significance
B) central tendency
C) standard deviation
D) correlation coefficient
Answer: C
Q3) The first step in a research study is the formulation of a(n)____________________.
Answer: Testable hypothesis
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Biological Bases of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) The brain imaging method that uses multiple X-rays to generate a picture of a horizontal slice of the brain is
A) an electroencephalograph.
B) computerized tomography.
C) stereotaxic instrumentation.
D) EKG.
Answer: B
Q2) A hormone is
A) a chemical secreted into the blood by a gland.
B) a brain structure below the hypothalamus.
C) a location in the brain where a specific memory is stored.
D) a neurotransmitter that crosses into the bloodstream.
Answer: A
Q3) What event causes the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft?
A) the arrival of the action potential at the postsynaptic neuron
B) the arrival of the resting potential at the postsynaptic neuron
C) the arrival of the action potential at the terminal buttons
D) the arrival of the resting potential at the terminal buttons
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) In explaining color vision,contemporary researchers claim that at the level of the cones color vision occurs via a(n)____ process but along the neural pathway from the LGN to the visual cortex the process is a(n)____ one.
A) opponent process; trichromatic
B) trichromatic; opponent process
C) trichromatic; additive
D) opponent; subtractive
Q2) The structure of the eye that absorbs light,processes images and sends visual information to the brain is the
A) fovea.
B) lens.
C) rods and cones.
D) retina.
Q3) ____________________ color mixing works by removing some wavelengths of light leaving less light than was originally there while,____________________ color mixing works by superimposing lights,putting more light in the mixture than exists in any one light.
Q4) Briefly distinguish between sensation and perception.
Q5) Using appropriate examples,show how perceptual experiences can be subjective.
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Chapter 5: Variations in Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a common effect of hypnosis?
A) auditory and visual hallucinations
B) the reduction of inhibitions
C) some resistance to pain
D) total loss of personal control
Q2) One possible theory as to the reason humans need REM and slow wave sleep focuses on the possibility that they contribute to
A) keeping the individual safe from predators.
B) the firming up of the learning that took place during that day.
C) impairing the individuals creative response.
D) helping the individual keep their body temperature low.
Q3) Describe the typical sleep pattern.What type of EEG pattern is seen at each stage?
Q4) The EEG pattern associated with normal,waking,alert states is A) gamma.
B) beta.
C) alpha.
D) delta.
Q5) Describe the changes in sleep patterns that occur as one ages.
Q6) Pick two sleep disorders and briefly discuss the symptoms for each disorder.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) While new responses are more easily established with ____ reinforcement,responses maintained with ____ reinforcement are more resistant to extinction.
A) continuous; intermittent
B) intermittent; continuous
C) primary; secondary
D) secondary; primary
Q2) When a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus,the process is
A) operant conditioning.
B) primary reinforcement.
C) Skinnerian conditioning.
D) classical conditioning.
Q3) In order to weaken or eliminate a conditioned response,you would present
A) the US before the CS several times.
B) the CS alone several times.
C) the US alone several times.
D) extra pairings of the CS and US.
Q4) On a cumulative recorder,a rapid response rate produces a(n)____________________ slope.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Human Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ____________________ memory allows for the sensation of a visual pattern,sound,or touch to linger for a brief moment after the sensory stimulation is over; while the ____________________ memory allows the maintenance of unrehearsed information for about 20 seconds.
Q2) Massed practice refers to learning material
A) across several large sessions.
B) all at once.
C) in a quiet place with no distractions.
D) with large numbers of people.
Q3) When you mentally picture the road between your house and school,you are relying on which component of working memory?
A) the visuospatial sketchpad
B) the conceptual hierarchy
C) the rehearsal loop
D) the executive control system
Q4) Declarative memory appears to be handled by the A) medial temporal lobe.
B) medulla and the structures within the midbrain.
C) limbic system and the connections it makes with the prefrontal cortex.
D) hippocampal complex and the areas of the cortex with which it communicates.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Language and Thought
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Sample Questions
Q1) When Alaina is working on her bicycle,she brings her entire tool kit out on the driveway and starts pulling wrenches from the tool kit at random,trying them until she finds one that fits.Alaina's approach when she is working on her bicycle could be best described as
A) alternate outcomes analysis.
B) working backward.
C) trial and error.
D) forming subgoals.
Q2) The 1950s brought a "cognitive revolution" in psychology because
A) some theorists recognized that an exclusive focus on observable behavior would yield an incomplete picture of human functioning.
B) it was finally recognized that cognition is a uniquely human capability.
C) introspection became more objective and reliable as a research tool.
D) behaviorists recognized that language could not be studied objectively.
Q3) Briefly discuss cultural variations in cognitive style as they relate to problem solving.
Q4) Compare and contrast the behaviorist and nativist theories of language acquisition.What is the interactionist view,and how has it arisen out of dissatisfaction with the other two approaches?
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Intelligence and Psychological Testing
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Sample Questions
Q1) Francis has applied for admission to a computer science program,and one of the requirements for admission is the completion of a test that measures sequencing skills and abstract reasoning skills.Her score on this test will be a major factor in the decision about whether to admit her to the program.In this case,the test that Francis is scheduled to take would be classified as
A) an achievement test.
B) a projective test.
C) a normative test.
D) an aptitude test.
Q2) Which theorist set out to improve on the measurement of intelligence in adults with an intelligence test with two major innovations; the first was that the score was less dependent on a subject's verbal ability and the second was the use of a deviation intelligence quotient?
A) Sir Francis Galton
B) Lewis Terman
C) Theodore Simon
D) David Wechsler
Q3) How are modern day intelligence tests scored? What is the meaning of an individual's score on a modern intelligence test?
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
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Q1) The argument,"If we don't ban cyberporn,the next thing you know,grade school children will be watching smut all day long in their school libraries" illustrates the common fallacy of
A) slippery slope.
B) circular reasoning.
C) false dichotomy.
D) weak analogy.
Q2) Tension reduction is the goal according to which motivational theory?
A) drive theory
B) evolutionary theory
C) instinct theory
D) incentive theory
Q3) Which pair of individuals would be expected to be MOST similar in body mass index?
A) a husband and wife
B) an adopted child and the adoptive parent
C) two fraternal twins reared together
D) two identical twins reared apart
Q4) Briefly explain the parental investment theory and describe the research findings on human gender differences in sexual activity.
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Chapter 11: Human Development Across the Life Span
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Sample Questions
Q1) Piaget called the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem while neglecting other aspects ____________________.
Q2) Which of the following is associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy?
A) increased risk of microcephaly
B) heart defects
C) conduct problems
D) decreased risk of sudden infant death syndrome
Q3) Both of Karlee's parents are teachers,and two of her uncles are teachers.For as long as she can remember,she has wanted to be a schoolteacher,just like these role models.According to James Marcia,Karlee would be considered to be in a state of identity ____________________.
Q4) The characteristic mood,activity level,and emotional reactivity of an infant refers to the infant's
A) attachment.
B) behavioral qualities.
C) personality.
D) temperament.
Q5) The ____________________ stage of prenatal development refers to the first two weeks after conception.
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Chapter 12: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) The trait of __________ is less prevalent among people from higher socioeconomic levels.
A) conscientiousness
B) extraversion
C) openness to experience
D) agreeableness
Q2) According to Rogers,parents who give their children affection both when the children meet,and also when they fail to meet expectations,provide their children with
A) conditional love or affection.
B) unconditional love or affection.
C) continual love or affection.
D) generalized love or affection.
Q3) The occurrence of so-called copycat crimes where someone hijacks an airliner after seeing a movie about a hijacking provides anecdotal evidence for
A) Bandura's social cognitive theory.
B) Skinner's operant conditioning theory.
C) Freud's psychoanalytic theory.
D) Adler's individual psychology.
Q4) Briefly describe the revisions of Freud's theory proposed by Jung and Adler.
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Chapter 13: Social Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change,when people ponder the content and logic of persuasive messages,it is referred to as the
A) objective route.
B) subjective route.
C) central route.
D) peripheral route.
Q2) People who are physically attractive are viewed as ____ than less attractive people.
A) more conceited and insecure and less competent
B) more sociable and poised and less competent
C) more friendly, well adjusted, and competent
D) more arrogant, insecure, and competent
Q3) Individuals' productivity typically ____ in larger groups,partly due to ____.
A) declines; reduced efficiency due to the loss of coordination among group members' efforts
B) declines; positive reinforcement from other group members for reduced productivity
C) increases; concern about being observed and evaluated by other group members
D) increases; commitment to the group's goals
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Chapter 14: Stress,Coping,and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Studies have shown that if people can give up smoking,
A) their risk of cardiovascular disease declines, but their risk of pulmonary disease increases
B) their overall health risks decline reasonably quickly
C) their risk of pulmonary disease declines, but their risk of cardiovascular disease increases
D) their health risks never decline to the level of those who never smoked
Q2) ____________________ refers to various types of aid provided in times of stress by a person's friends and family.
Q3) Which of the following is an example of a stressful situation that involves pressure?
A) you just transferred to a different college
B) you are stuck in a traffic jam on your way to work
C) you are meeting your significant other's parents tomorrow and your friend wants you to make a good impression
D) you can't decide whether to study for your psychology exam or work on your history paper
Q4) What is stress,what impact do minor stressors have on our lives and how accurate are our appraisals of stress?
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders
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Q1) How does insanity differ from abnormality? Explain what happens to an individual after they are found not guilty by reason of insanity and how often the insanity defense leads to an acquittal?
Q2) The medical model of abnormal behavior proposes that
A) abnormal behaviors are very similar to physical diseases.
B) abnormal behaviors are best treated by medical doctors.
C) it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease.
D) it is useful to think of abnormal behaviors as being caused by infectious agents.
Q3) Behavior that interferes with an individual's social or occupational functioning may be considered to be
A) deviant.
B) maladaptive.
C) personally distressing.
D) insane.
Q4) Depressed people often to invite social rejection because they tend to be irritable and pessimistic.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Carl Rogers believed that psychological disorders are caused by A) current stressful situations in one's life.
B) inconsistency between one's self-concept and reality. C) unconscious conflicts left over from early childhood.
D) maladaptive patterns of thinking established in childhood.
Q2) Cognitive therapy is designed to A) create a negative response to a stimulus that has elicited problematic behavior. B) correct habitual thinking errors and maladaptive beliefs.
C) reduce phobic responses.
D) improve interpersonal skills.
Q3) Electroconvulsive therapy and drug therapy for psychological disorders are two types of A) behavior therapy. B) biomedical therapy.
C) cognitive therapy.
D) emotion therapy.
Q4) Aversion therapy takes advantage of the automatic nature of responses produced through ____________________ conditioning.
Q5) Antipsychotic drugs are used primarily in the treatment of
18
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Chapter 17: Statistical Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) A table that uses an organized arrangement to indicate how frequently each score or group of scores occurs in a set of data is a
A) frequency polygon.
B) histogram.
C) frequency distribution.
D) frequency table.
Q2) Lydia has designed a study to examine whether a new method of learning historical facts will improve the ability of sixth-grade students to recall such facts.Her prediction that the new method will improve memory is her
A) alternative hypothesis.
B) null hypothesis.
C) inferential hypothesis.
D) research hypothesis.
Q3) In a normal distribution,____ of the scores fall within plus or minus 1 standard deviation of the mean.
A) 24 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 68 percent
D) 99 percent
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Chapter 18: Industrial organizational Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which piece of legislation prohibits discrimination based on race,color,religion,sex,and national origin?
A) Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
B) The Americans with Disabilities Act
C) EEOC
D) BFOQ
Q2) The shared assumptions,beliefs,values,and customs of the people in an organization is called
A) organizational culture
B) work norm
C) work role
D) organizational efficacy
Q3) Two of the most widely studied work attitudes are?
A) job satisfaction and employee pay
B) job satisfaction and organizational commitment
C) organizational commitment and goal setting
D) goal setting and employee pay
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Chapter 19: Psychology and Environmental Sustainability: Conservation Psychology
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Q1) Recent studies have shown that nature-based therapies
A) are similar to traditional therapies.
B) reduce clients' resiliency.
C) improve social functioning.
D) eliminate PTSD.
Q2) The first peer-reviewed ecological psychology journal Ecopsychology published its first volume in this year.
A) 1979
B) 1989
C) 1999
D) 2009
Q3) The bystander effect may contribute to climate change because A) people deny climate change is real.
B) climate change effects are too obvious.
C) climate change activates injunctive norms.
D) climate change is ambiguous.
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