Fundamentals of Physics Final
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Fundamentals of Physics provides a comprehensive introduction to the core principles that govern the physical universe. Covering topics such as mechanics, thermodynamics, electricity and magnetism, waves, and optics, this course builds a strong conceptual foundation and emphasizes problem-solving techniques. Students will explore laws and theories developed by prominent physicists, engage in experimental investigations, and develop analytical skills needed to describe, predict, and explain natural phenomena. This course is essential for students pursuing studies in science, engineering, and related fields.
Recommended Textbook
College Physics Strategic Approach with Mastering Physics 2nd Edition by Randall D. Knight
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Representing Motion
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Q1) The length of a certain piece of wood is stated as 12.946 cm.Thinking in terms of accuracy and significant figures,what value would you obtain if you measured this board with a ruler whose smallest division is the millimeter?
Answer: Since 1 cm = 10 mm,you could only measure this board to 1/10 of a centimeter,therefore,12.9 cm.
Q2) If the average speed of an object is zero,then its average velocity must be zero;but if its average velocity is zero,its average speed is not necessarily zero.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) If a vector pointing to the right has a positive magnitude,then one pointing to the left has a negative magnitude.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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3
Chapter 2: Motion in One Dimension
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Q1) A ball is projected upward at time t = 0.0 s,from a point on a roof 60 m above the ground.The ball rises,then falls and strikes the ground.The initial velocity of the ball is 28.4 m/s.Consider all quantities as positive in the upward direction.At time t = 4.3 s,the acceleration of the ball is closest to:
A)zero
B)+5 m/s<sup>2</sup>
C)+10 m/s<sup>2</sup>
D)-5 m/s<sup>2</sup>
E)-10 m/s<sup>2</sup>
Answer: E
Q2) A person in a car is driving down a straight road.The instantaneous acceleration is decreasing with time,but is directed in the direction of the car's motion.The speed of the car is
A)increasing with time.
B)decreasing with time.
C)constant.
Answer: A
Q3) What quantity is measured by your speedometer (be as specific as possible)?
Answer: Your speedometer tells you the instantaneous speed of your car.
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Vectors and Motion in Two Dimensions
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Q1) A ship moving initially at 10.7 m/s due North,drifts due NE at the same speed.To correct the bearing,the captain accelerates the engine and turns the rudder NW.If the engines deliver a constant acceleration of 4.4 m/s<sup>2</sup>,how long will it take to assume the original course again?
A)2.4 s
B)3.4 s
C)1.7 s
D)1.2 s
Answer: A
Q2) A small boat is moving at a velocity of 3.35 m/s when it is accelerated by a river current perpendicular to the initial direction of motion.If the current acceleration is 0.750 m/s<sup>2</sup>,what will the new velocity of the boat be after 33.5 s?
A)25.3 m/s at 82.4° from initial direction of motion
B)25.3 m/s at 7.59° from initial direction of motion
C)640.1 m/s at 82.4° from initial direction of motion
D)640.1 m/s at 7.59° from initial direction of motion
Answer: A
Q3) Are projectiles subject to constant acceleration in two dimensions?
Answer: Yes,they are subject to the constant acceleration (g)along the vertical.
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Forces and Newtons Laws of Motion
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Q1) You are making a circular turn in your car when you hit a big patch of ice,causing the force of friction between the tires and the road to become zero.While the car is on the ice,it
A)moves along a straight-line path.
B)continues to follow a circular path,but with a radius larger than the original radius.
C)moves along a path that is neither straight nor circular.
D)continues to follow the same circular path as initially.
Q2) A Ferrari accelerates from 0 to 100.0 km/h in 4.80 s.What force (in Newtons)does a passenger of mass 68.0 kg experience during acceleration?
A)394 N
B)82.0 N
C)342 N
D)311 N
Q3) Newton's Third Law suggests that a book sitting on a flat table experiences an upward force due to the table.If this is true,why doesn't the book start moving upward?
Q4) Three children pull on a toy in three different directions,yet the toy does not move.Explain how this could be possible.
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Chapter 5: Applying Newtons Laws
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Q1) A 15,000 kg rocket blasts off from Earth with a uniform upward acceleration of 2.0 m/s2 and feels no air resistance.The thrust force its engines must provide during this acceleration is 30,000 N upward.
A)True
B)False
Q2) At breakfast one morning,you notice something printed on your cereal box which says "1.0 lb = 0.454 kg." What is wrong with this information?
Q3) If you were to move into outer space far from any stars or planets,
A)your mass would change,but your weight would not change.
B)your weight would change,but your mass would not change.
C)both your weight and mass would change.
D)neither your weight nor your mass would change.
E)None of these is true.
Q4) In the figure above,the external force P is closest to:
A)170 N
B)190 N
C)210 N
D)230 N
E)250 N
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Circular Motion,orbits,and Gravity
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Q1) A person ties a rock to a string and whirls it around in a vertical circle such that sometimes the rock is going straight upward and sometimes the rock is going straight down.She whirls the rock at the minimum speed (constant in time)such that the string is always taut (no sag).When is the tension the highest?
A)It is highest when the rock is at the lowest elevation.
B)It is highest when the rock is at the highest elevation.
C)The tension is constant as the rock moves around in a circle.
Q2) An ordinary car would not be able to go around an unbanked curve of a perfectly smooth road,no matter how the driver turned the wheels.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Find the orbital speed of an ice cube in the rings of Saturn,if the mass of Saturn is 5.67 x 10<sup>26</sup> kg and the rings have an average radius of 100,000 km.
A)19.5 km/s
B)27.5 km/s
C)13.8 km/s
D)1.95 km/s
Q4) Can a satellite be in an elliptical orbit under uniform circular motion?
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Chapter 7: Rotational Motion
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Q1) If a spinning object has a negative angular acceleration,it must be slowing down.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A solid,uniform sphere of mass 2.0 kg and radius 1.7 m rolls without slipping down an inclined plane of height 7.0 m.What is the angular velocity of the sphere at the bottom of the inclined plane?
A)5.8 rad/s
B)9.9 rad/s
C)11.0 rad/s
D)7.0 rad/s
Q3) Through what angle in degrees does a 33 rpm record turn in 0.32 s?
A)63°
B)35°
C)46°
D)74°
Q4) There must be equal amounts of mass on either side of the center of mass.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Equilibrium and Elasticity
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Q1) A 50 kg uniform ladder,5.0 m long,is placed against a smooth wall at a height of h = 3.7 m.The base of the ladder rests on a rough horizontal surface whose coefficient of static friction is 0.40.An 80 kg block is suspended from the top rung of the ladder,just at the wall.In the figure,the magnitude of the force exerted on the base of the ladder,due to contact with the rough horizontal surface is closest to:
A)1580
B)1560
C)1550
D)1600
E)1610
Q2) In the figure,the Achilles tendon exerts a force F = 720 N.What is the torque it exerts about the ankle joint?
A)12.2 N m
B)16.2 N m
C)21.2 N m
D)25.9 N m
E)36.0 N m
Q3) Do all points on a rigid,rotating body have the same angular acceleration? Support your answer.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Momentum
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Q1) In the figure,determine the character of the collision.The masses of the blocks,and the velocities before and after are given.The collision is:
A)perfectly elastic.
B)partially inelastic.
C)completely inelastic.
D)not possible because momentum is not conserved.
Q2) Three cars,Car X,Car Y,and Car Z,begin accelerating from rest,at the same time.Car X is more massive than Car Y,which is more massive than Car Z.The net force exerted on each car is identical.After 10 seconds,which car has the most amount of momentum?
A)They all have the same amount of momentum.
B)Car X
C)Car Y
D)Car Z
Q3) In a collision between a small car and a large truck,the car and the truck undergo the same change in their velocities.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Energy and Work
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Q1) A rubber ball is dropped from a height h above the ground.Describe the motion of the ball for many bounces if the collision is completely elastic.
Q2) Two pendulums of equal length l = 0.45 m are suspended from the same point.The pendulum bobs are steel spheres.The first bob is drawn back to make a 35° angle with the vertical.If the first bob has mass 0.25 kg and the second has mass 0.85 kg,how high will the second bob rise above its initial position when struck elastically by the first bob after it is released?
A)1.7 cm
B)1.4 cm
C)2.0 cm
D)2.3 cm
Q3) Three cars (car F,car G,and car H)are moving with the same velocity,and slam on the brakes.The most massive car is car F,and the least massive is car H.Assuming all three cars have identical tires,which car travels the longest distance to skid to a stop?
A)They all travel the same distance in stopping.
B)Car F.
C)Car G.
D)Car H.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Using Energy
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Sample Questions
Q1) An important feature of the Carnot cycle is that
A)its efficiency can be 100%.
B)its efficiency depends only on the absolute temperature of the hot reservoir used.
C)its efficiency is determined by the temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs between which it works and by the properties of the working substance used,and on nothing else.
D)it is an example of an irreversible process that can be analyzed exactly without approximations.
E)no engine can be more efficient than a Carnot engine operating between the same two temperatures.
Q2) A Carnot engine operates between a high temperature reservoir at 435 K and a river with water at 280 K.If it absorbs 3700 J of heat each cycle,how much work per cycle does it perform?
A)1318 J
B)2382 J
C)1449 J
D)2251 J
Q3) Is liberating heat through combustion a reversible or an irreversible process?
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Chapter 12: Thermal Properties of Matter
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Q1) A constant-volume gas thermometer is filled with air whose pressure is 104 Pa at the triple point of water.What would the pressure be at 32.0 K?
A)12.2 Pa
B)1.13 × 10<sup>-3</sup> Pa
C)888 Pa
D)84.1 Pa
Q2) A constant-volume gas thermometer has a pressure of 132.48 Pa at the triple point of water.What is the change of pressure that occurs for each one degree Kelvin change of temperature?
A)0.48 Pa
B)132.48 Pa
C)131.52 Pa
D)2.07 Pa
Q3) An ideal gas goes from point A to point B on a PV diagram.If A and B are at the same temperature,then they must be the same point.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If a piece of metal has a hole in it and the metal is heated,how does the area of the hole change?
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Chapter 13: Fluids
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Q1) A venturi is constructed of a 9.0 cm diameter pipe with a 2.0 cm diameter throat.Water pressure in the pipe is twice atmospheric pressure and it flows with a velocity of 0.30 m/s. What is the pressure in the throat?
A)1.8 atm
B)0.18 atm
C)2.2 atm
D)2.0 atm
Q2) An aspirator operates as a pump.Water flows by a small tube perpendicular to the flow of the water.If the water flows at 3.7 m/s,what pressure differential is present if the other end of the tube is maintained at atmospheric pressure?
A)0.93 atm
B)0.69 atm
C)0.31 atm
D)-0.31 atm
Q3) If a uniform sphere is compressed to half of its original diameter,its mass remains the same but its density becomes 8 times as great.
A)True
B)False
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15
Chapter 14: Oscillations
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Q1) A mass on a spring has an angular oscillation frequency of 2.81 rad/s.The mass has a maximum displacement (when t = 0 s)of 0.232 m.If the spring constant is 29.8 N/m,what is the potential energy stored in the mass-spring system when t = 1.42 s?
A)0.350 J
B)0.256 J
C)0.329 J
D)0.399 J
Q2) An object (object A) of mass M is attached to a spring with spring constant k. The other end of the spring is attached to a rigid wall. A second object (object B) of mass M is attached to two springs (one on each side of the object), each with a spring constant of k/2 (the other ends of the springs are attached to rigid walls). Each object is displaced and let go, causing harmonic motion. How does the frequency of oscillation of object A compare to that of object B?
A)The frequencies are the same.
B)The frequency of object B is higher than that of A.
C)The frequency of object B is lower than that of A.
Q3) If you double the mass of a pendulum,the period of vibration does not change.
A)True
B)False
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Traveling Waves and Sound
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Q1) The howler monkey is the loudest land animal and can be heard up to a distance of 2.5 km.Assume the acoustic output of a howler to be uniform in all directions.The acoustic power emitted by the howler,in mW,is closest to:
A)0.079
B)0.026
C)0.26
D)0.79
E)2.6
Q2) The speed of sound in steel is 5000 m/s.What is the wavelength of a sound wave of frequency 660 Hz in steel?
A)7.58 m
B)2.41 m
C)1.21 m
D)0.829 m
E)0.132 m
Q3) As light passes from air into glass,its wavelength decreases and its frequency increases so that its speed does not change.
A)True
B)False
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Superposition and Standing Waves
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Q1) A gamma ray (a pulse of electromagnetic energy)has a frequency of 2.42 \(\times\) 10<sup>20</sup> Hz.What is the ratio of its wavelength to the radius of the nucleus which produced it (radius = 5.0 \(\times\)10<sup>-13</sup> cm)?
A)248
B)39.4
C)1.21 × 10<sup>8</sup>
D)0.015
Q2) A tube open at one end and closed at the other produces sound of fundamental frequency of 350 Hz.If you now open the closed end,the fundamental frequency becomes 175 Hz.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Calculate the light intensity 1.45 m from a 100.0 W light bulb.Assume that the light radiates equally in all directions.
A)3.79 W/m<sup>2</sup>
B)4.36 W/m<sup>2</sup>
C)47.6 W/m<sup>2</sup>
D)54.7 W/m<sup>2</sup>
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Chapter 17: Wave Optics
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Q1) A 17 mm wide diffraction grating has rulings of 530 lines per mm.Light is incident normally on the grating.The longest wavelength that forms an intensity maximum in the fifth order is closest to:
A)377 nm
B)352 nm
C)402 nm
D)427 nm
E)452 nm
Q2) Why are only about 6-10 minima seen when light illuminates a single slit?
Q3) A 2-slit arrangement with 60.3 m separation between the slits is illuminated with 482.0 nm light.Assuming that a viewing screen is located 2.14 m from the slits,find the distance from the first dark fringe on one side of the central maximum to the second dark fringe on the other side.
A)51.3 mm
B)34.2 mm
C)68.4 mm
D)24.1 mm
Q4) Explain what you see when you squeeze your eyes almost shut while looking at a small light source far away in a dark room.
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Chapter 18: Ray Optics
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Q1) A drop of unknown liquid is placed at the point on a glass surface where internal reflection is occurring at = 48°.The drop is heated until internal reflection occurs.What is the refractive index of the liquid if n<sub>g </sub>= 1.60?
A)1.19 B)2.38
Q2) In Situation 18.2,the object is moved to a new position,such that the new lateral magnification is +2.5.The new object distance,in cm,is closest to:
A)18
B)24
C)30
D)36
E)42
Q3) A flashlight forms a 10 ft spot on a far wall.How can you tell if the filament is between the focal point and the spherical reflector or outside of it?
Q4) In old spy movies diamonds are hidden in a bottle of water or vodka.Would this really work?
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Optical Instruments
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Q1) A farsighted boy has a near point at 2.0 m and requires eyeglasses to correct his vision.Corrective lenses are available in increments in power of 0.25 diopters.The eyeglasses should have lenses of the lowest power for which the near point is no further than 25 cm.The boy borrows eyeglasses that have a power of + 2.75 diopters.With these eyeglasses,the near point of the boy,in cm,is closest to:
A)31
B)28
C)33
D)37
E)40
Q2) What optical element would you need and how would you use it to determine the focal length of a concave lens.
Q3) A blue filter absorbs the blue light as white light passes through it.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A nearsighted person requires glasses with diverging lens to read.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 20: Electric Fields and Forces
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Q1) What is the magnitude of an electric field that balances the weight of a plastic sphere of mass 6.4 g that has been charged to -3.0 nC?
A)2.1 × 10<sup>7</sup> N/C
B)2.4 × 10<sup>6</sup> N/C
C)4.5 × 10<sup>6</sup> N/C
D)6.4 × 10<sup>6</sup> N/C
Q2) A point charge Q = -12 C,and two other charges,q<sub>1</sub> and q<sub>2</sub>,are placed as shown.The electric force components on charge Q are F<sub>x</sub> = +0.005 N and F<sub>y</sub> = -0.003 N.In the figure,the number of excess electrons in charge Q is closest to:
A)5.5 × 10<sup>13</sup>
B)6.5 × 10<sup>13</sup>
C)7.5 × 10<sup>13</sup>
D)8.5 × 10<sup>13</sup>
E)9.5 × 10<sup>13</sup>
Q3) The reaction 8p+ + 6e- 2p+ violates charge conservation because there are more charges before the reaction than afterwards.
A)True
B)False
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Page 22
Chapter 21: Electric Potential
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Q1) A charge of 3.0 C and a second charge are initially far apart.If it takes 29 J of work to bring them to a final configuration in which the 3.0 C is at x = 1.0 mm,y - 1.0 mm,and the other charge is at x = 1.0 mm,y = 3.0 mm,find the magnitude of the unknown charge.(The value of k is 9.0 \(\times\) 10S1U1P19S1S1P0 N·m<sup>2</sup>/C<sup>2</sup>. )
A)2.15 C
B)4.30 C
C)10.74 C
D)4.30 nC
Q2) A hydrogen atom consists of a proton and an electron.If the orbital radius of the electron increases,the potential energy of the electron A)increases.
B)decreases.
C)remains the same.
D)depends on the zero point of the potential.
Q3) The potential is zero on the surface of a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium.
A)True B)False
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Page 23
Chapter 22: Current and Resistance
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Q1) A copper wire of length L and radius b is attached to another copper wire of length L and radius 2b,forming one long wire of length 2L.This long wire is attached to a battery,and a current is flowing through it.Relative to the electric field within the wire of radius b,the magnitude of the electric field within the wire of radius 2b is
A)four times weaker.
B)four times stronger.
C)two times weaker.
D)two times stronger.
E)equal.
Q2) The resistivity of gold is 2.44 × 10<sup>-8 </sup> ·m at a temperature of 20°C.A gold wire,1.8 mm in diameter and 14 cm long,carries a current of 480 ma.The power dissipated in the wire is closest to:
A)0.31 mW
B)0.077 mW
C)0.14 mW
D)0.19 mW
E)0.25 mW
Q3) Why is it that electrons rather than positive ions flow from a wire?
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Page 24
Chapter 23: Circuits
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Q1) The high potential end of a resistor is the end at which the current enters it.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Of voltmeters and ammeters,which is/are connected in series?
Q3) A 4.0 F capacitor is connected in series to a resistor.If an emf source is connected in series to this arrangement,and if the voltage drop across the capacitor is one-half the applied emf .0 ms after the emf source has been connected,what is the resistance of the circuit?
A)2.9 k
B)1.4 k
C)0.35 k
D)0.72 k
Q4) The potential across the terminals of a store-bought 1.5 V AAA battery always remains at 1.5 V unless the battery has gone dead.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which will drain a battery faster,a circuit with a resistance of 10 k or a circuit with a resistance of 1 ?
Q6) Why is it appropriate that electromotive force be measured in volts?
Page 25
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Chapter 24: Magnetic Fields and Forces
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Q1) A wire carrying a current is shaped in the form of a circular loop of radius 4.0 mm.If the magnetic field strength at its center is 1.1 mT with no external magnetic fields contributing to it,what is the magnitude of the current that flows through the wire?
A)7.0 A
B)28 A
C)14 A
D)17 A
Q2) A metallic weight is suspended from a metal spring.If now a current is passed through the spring,
A)the spring will contract,raising the weight.
B)the spring will extend,lowering the weight.
C)the weight will not move.
D)whether or not the weight moves up or down depends on what the weight is made of (i.e. ,whether or not it is magnetizable).
E)None of these are true.
Q3) The net magnetic field inside a conductor must be zero.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 25: Electromagnetic Induction and Electromagnetic Waves
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Q1) A magnet,with its north pole pointed downwards,is falling down directly above a wire loop.As the magnet approaches the wire loop (before it passes through the loop),
A)an induced current flows through the wire loop,in a clockwise orientation (as seen from above).
B)an induced current flows through the wire loop,in a counterclockwise orientation (as seen from above).
C)no current flows through the wire loop.
Q2) In the figure,the orientation of the transmission axis for each of three polarizing sheets is labeled relative to the vertical direction.A beam of light,polarized in the vertical direction,is incident on the first polarized with an intensity of 1000 W/m<sup>2</sup>.What is the intensity of the beam after it has passed through the three polarizing sheets when <sub>1</sub> = 30º, <sub>2</sub> = 30º,and <sub>3</sub> = 60º?
A)141 W/m<sup>2</sup>
B)316 W/m<sup>2</sup>
C)433 W/m<sup>2</sup>
D)563 W/m<sup>2</sup>
E)188 W/m<sup>2</sup>
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Chapter 26: Ac Electricity
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Q1) At 3.68100017 kHz the reactance in a circuit of a 9.0 F capacitor and an inductor are equal in magnitude.What is the value of the inductor?
A)0.00021 H
B)0.000020 mH
C)0.00021 mH
D)0.000020 H
Q2) The inductor in a radio receiver carries a current of amplitude 200 mA when a voltage of amplitude 2.4 V is across it at a frequency of 1400 Hz.What is the value of the inductance?
A)1.43 mH
B)1.36 mH
C)9.20 mH
D)4.42 mH
E)1.97 mH
Q3) In a purely resistive AC circuit,when the voltage is at its maximum,the current is at its maximum value as well.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If a circuit doubles its peak voltage,what happens to its rms voltage?
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Chapter 27: Relativity
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Q1) Calculate the kinetic energy of an electron moving at 0.737 c.Express your answer in keV.
A)250 keV
B)210 keV
C)280 keV
D)320 keV
Q2) An astronaut is traveling in a rocket at 90% the speed of light.If she measures 1.0 s between her heart beats,observers in all other intertial reference frames will measure more than 1.0 s between her heart beats.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A hydrogen atom and a neutron fuse to form deuterium.If the energy released is 3.6 × 10<sup>-13</sup> J,what is the mass of the deuterium? Take the H atom nucleus as a single proton.
A)3.3 × 10<sup>-27</sup> kg
B)3.4 × 10<sup>-27</sup> kg
C)2.0 × 10<sup>-30</sup> kg
D)1.3 × 10<sup>-27</sup> kg
Q4) Explain why it is impossible for an object to travel at the speed of light.
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Chapter 28: Quantum Physics
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Q1) A molecule of roughly spherical shape has a mass of 1.80 × 10<sup>-25</sup> kg and a diameter of 0.6 nm.The uncertainty in the measured position of the molecule is equal to the molecular diameter.The minimum speed of the molecule is closest to:
A)1 m/s
B)10 m/s
C)100 m/s
D)0.1 m/s
E)0.01 m/s
Q2) Typical photoelectric work functions are in the range of a few joules.
A)True
B)False
Q3) For what wavelength does a 100 mW laser deliver 1.6 × 10<sup>17</sup> photons in one second?
A)320 nm
B)330 nm
C)340 nm
D)350 nm
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Chapter 29: Atoms and Molecules
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Q1) The shortest wavelength of a photon that can be emitted by a hydrogen atom,for which the initial state is n = 12,is closest to:
A)92 nm
B)82 nm
C)72 nm
D)62 nm
E)52 nm
Q2) The shortest wavelength of a photon that can be emitted by a hydrogen atom,for which the initial state is n = 3,is closest to:
A)820 nm
B)850 nm
C)880 nm
D)910 nm
E)940 nm
Q3) Although the electron has an inherent spin angular momentum,this does not mean that it is actually a spinning ball of matter.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 30: Nuclear Physics
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Q1) Two radioactive nuclides X and Y both decay to stable products.The half-life of X is about a day,while that of Y is about a week.Suppose a radioactive sample consists of a mixture of these two nuclides.If the mixture is such that the activities arising from X and Y are initially equal,then a few days later the activity of the sample will be due
A)predominantly to nuclide Y.
B)predominantly to nuclide X.
C)entirely to nuclide Y.
D)to nuclides X and Y equally.
Q2) About how many days are required for a radioactive sample,with an initial activity of 10<sup>5</sup> Bq,to decay to an activity of 100 Bq? The half-life of the material is 4.5 days.
A)about 45 days
B)about 36 days
C)about 54 days
D)about 31 days
Q3) In beta-plus decay,a proton in the nucleus is converted to a neutron,a positron,and a neutrino.
A)True
B)False
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