Fundamentals of Logic Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Fundamentals of Logic introduces students to the basic principles and methods of logical reasoning. The course covers topics such as the structure of arguments, validity and soundness, propositional and predicate logic, truth tables, and common formal fallacies. Students develop skills in translating everyday language into logical expressions, constructing proofs, and analyzing the logical consistency of statements. By the end of the course, learners gain a foundational understanding of how logical systems underpin mathematical reasoning, scientific inquiry, and effective problem-solving across various disciplines.
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THiNK 3rd Edition by Judith A. Boss
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Critical Thinking: Why Its Important?
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Sample Questions
Q1) There is a strong correlation between self-esteem and good critical thinking skills.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) When is an opinion reasonable?
A) when it is correct
B) when it has logical support
C) when it is believed by the majority of people
D) when it is scientific
Answer: B
Q3) Who said " freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor"?
A) Socrates
B) John Rawls
C) Martin Luther King, Jr.
D) John Stewart Mill
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Reason and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Science can prove that the world exists.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Gender stereotypes can be harmful for which of the following reasons?
A) They reveal that women are as incapable of reasoning as men.
B) They harm men that wish to pursue traditionally female careers.
C) They may prevent women from taking on roles that require caring for others.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Answer: B
Q3) Critical rationalists interpret the story of Abraham and Isaac as a test only of Abraham's faith in God.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Plato taught that we are at our best when the nonrational parts of our soul are subordinated to the rational part of our soul.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Language and Communication
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of good definitions?
A) A good definition provides all of the essential characteristics of what is being defined.
B) A good definition can use the word being defined (or a variation of that word) as a part of the definition.
C) A good definition makes use of figurative language.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is true of lexical definitions?
A) Lexical definitions cannot be found in dictionaries.
B) A word can have more than one lexical definition.
C) Lexical definitions cannot be correct or incorrect.
D) Lexical definitions never change.
Answer: B
Q3) Miscommunication is always due to content.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Knowledge, Evidence, and Errors in Thinking
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Sample Questions
Q1) The German philosopher Immanuel Kant defended rationalism and rejected empiricism.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What conclusion did the U.S.Air Force draw in their Blue Book report?
A) Evidence from alien autopsies confirm that UFOs exist and merit further study.
B) Since there is no evidence that UFOs exist, we can safely conclude that they do not exist.
C) Most UFO sightings can be explained without accepting the existence of extraterrestrial beings, but a small number of these sightings have yet to be explained and deserve continuing study.
D) All UFO sightings can be explained as hoaxes or natural phenomenon such as ball lightening.
Q3) Most people blame themselves when they fail.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A confirmation bias can prevent us from accurately interpreting data.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Informal Fallacies
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Sample Questions
Q1) If I conclude that all actors are wealthy on the grounds that Brad Pitt is an actor and wealthy,then I have committed the fallacy of amphiboly.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The following argument commits the post hoc fallacy: "I stepped on a crack in the sidewalk and then my mother's back was broken.So my stepping on the crack caused her back to be broken."
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following best describes an informal fallacy?
A) an argument that at first appears to be correct but has a false premise
B) an argument that has a structure that renders it invalid
C) an argument that is psychologically appealing, but provides no support for its conclusion
D) an argument that does not provide enough detail for you to determine whether it provides support for its conclusion or not
Q4) An appeal to ignorance is a fallacy of relevance.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments
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Sample Questions
Q1) Conclusions follow from conditional statements alone.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The purpose of argumentation is to persuade others of your view.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is true of conditional statements?
A) Conditional statements are arguments.
B) Claims follow from conditional statements.
C) Conditional statements take the form "If then ".
D) None of these answers is correct.
Q4) The conclusion of an argument is always stated or written down.
A)True
B)False
Q5) All issues can be reduced to two sides.
A)True
B)False
Q6) "Since" always indicates a premise.
A)True
B)False Page 8
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Page 9
Chapter 7: Inductive Arguments
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best describes a causal argument?
A) an event that brings about a change or effect
B) an argument that God must exist since the universe would not exist without a first cause
C) an argument that concludes one thing is the cause of other things
D) an argument that uses the word "because"
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a type of inductive argument?
A)modus ponens
B)generalization
C)analogy
D)causal argument
Q3) It is always clear when someone is using a metaphor.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A randomly selected sample is always representative.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Polls are never reliable.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Deductive Arguments
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Sample Questions
Q1) The following argument is valid: "All dogs are robust.All robust things smell.John is a dog.Therefore,John smells."
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which is true of the following argument: "All dogs are rabid.Some rabid things are mammals.Therefore,some dogs are mammals."
A) The argument is sound.
B) The argument is valid.
C) The argument is both unsound and invalid.
D) None of these answers is correct.
Q3) "All dogs are diseased.John is a dog.Therefore,John went to the vet." Which of the following is true of the preceding argument?
A) The argument is false.
B) The argument has a false conclusion because it has at least one false premise.
C) The argument is not deductively valid.
D) The argument is sound.
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11
Chapter 9: Ethics and Moral Decision Making
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a moral sentiment?
A) empathy
B) guilt
C) fear
D) resentment
Q2) The virtue ethicist claims that principles of duty are the fundamental concern of ethical philosophy.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is a moral sentiment felt when an injustice happens to you?
A) anger
B) resentment
C) guilt
D) shame
Q4) Which of the following is true of utilitarianism?
A) Utilitarianism is a moral theory originated by Immanuel Kant.
B) The utilitarian pays little attention to the rights of the individual.
C) Utilitarianism claims there are no universal moral truths.
D) All of these answers are true.
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Chapter 10: Marketing and Advertising
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Sample Questions
Q1) A strategic plan is a method by which an organization uses it resources to reach its goals.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following would count as a weakness of a company in the SWOT model?
A) limited financial resources
B) expertise in marketing
C) the existence of a powerful rival company
D) laws that the limit the ability of the company to conduct business
Q3) Which of the following is an opportunity for a company in the SWOT model?
A) expertise in marketing
B) emergence of a new and relevant technology
C) the existence of a powerful rival company
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q4) Which of the following is a method of marketing research?
A) keeping a dream journal
B) conducting surveys
C) disjunctive dilemmas
D) All of these answers are correct.
Page 13
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Chapter 11: Mass Media
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Sample Questions
Q1) Scientific sources are generally available to the public.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Government officials can manipulate the news by selectively giving access to preferred news outlets.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is a goal of the news media?
A) to inform the public about issues of importance
B) to appeal to a large audience
C) to present the news in an entertaining manner
D) All of these answers are correct.
Q4) Which of the following is true of reporting and science?
A) Most reporters are trained in science.
B) Reporters may intentionally distort science.
C) Reporters strictly avoid sensationalizing scientific reports.
D) The major news stations require all reporters reporting on scientific results to have a graduate degree in a scientific field.
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Page 14
Chapter 12: Science
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Q1) Which of the following is the attitude of most scientists?
A) When science and religion conflict, we should side with science.
B) When science and religion conflict, we should side with religion.
C) Science and religion cannot conflict since they both describe the same reality.
D) Science and religion cannot conflict because they are concerned with different aspects of reality.
Q2) Science attempts to explain which of the following?
A) measurable facts
B) untestable explanations
C) spiritual forces
D) hypotheses
Q3) Science can prove claims beyond all possible doubt.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A paradigm shift may take a long time to be fully completed.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Law and Politics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best describes the rule of law?
A) a condition in which government authority is exercised only in accordance with written laws
B) a condition in which government authority is exercised only insofar as the people approve of each such exercise
C) a condition in which the ruling classes can act as they want in any individual case
D) a condition in which the ruling classes can only act as international law permits
Q2) Thoreau claims that civil disobedience should be preceded by attempts to change the law that stay within legal limits.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Tacit consent is consent given by living in and abiding by the laws of a country.
A)True
B)False
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