Fundamentals of Human Biology
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Fundamentals of Human Biology introduces students to the core concepts and principles underlying the structure and function of the human body. This course explores topics such as cell biology, genetics, organ systems, metabolism, homeostasis, and the basics of human development, with an emphasis on how these systems interact to maintain health. Students will gain foundational knowledge necessary for understanding more advanced biological processes and will develop critical thinking skills through laboratory exercises and application-based learning.
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Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology 6th Edition by Valerie C. Scanlon
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Page 2
Chapter 2:Organization and General Plan of the Body-Part
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of organs and organ systems (Select all that apply)?
A)An organ is made of several kinds of tissues.
B)The stomach is an organ,but the liver is not.
C)A kidney is an organ,but a bone is not.
D)An organ can never be part of two organ systems.
E)If an organ contains muscle tissue,it will probably move something.
F)All of the organs in an organ system have specific functions that contribute to the functioning of the system as a whole.
Answer: A,E,F
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of body areas (Select all that apply)?
A)The femoral area is both dorsal and ventral.
B)The iliac area is medial to the umbilical area.
C)The most distal area of the lower limb is the femoral area.
D)The deltoid area is superior to the sacral area.
E)The axillary area is to the upper limb as the inguinal area is to the lower limb.
F)The hepatic area is superficial to the cutaneous area.
Answer: A,D,E
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Chapter 2:Organization and General Plan of the Body-Part
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Q1) The body responds to changes and remains healthy in a state called ___________________.
Answer: homeostasis
Q2) The inferior site of attachment of the upper limb to the trunk is the ________________ area.
Answer: axillary
Q3) The temporal area is ___________________ to the nasal area. Answer: lateral
Q4) Both positive and negative feedback mechanisms occur in the body,but the type that is more common is the _______________________ mechanism. Answer: negative
Q5) A __________________ section separates the body into upper and lower parts. Answer: trAnswerverse
Q6) The bones of the skull are rigid and hard,which is part of their __________________.
Answer: anatomy
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Q7) The organ system that takes oxygen from the lungs to the tissues is the _______________ system.
Answer: circulatory
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Chapter 2:Organization and General Plan of the Body-Part
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Q1) The areas of the body that have names similar to the bones within them are the:
A)parietal area
B)femoral area
C)both A and B
D)both A and B,and the iliac area
Answer: D
Q2) The pectoral areas would be separated from the sacral area by which section of the body?
A)midtransverse
B)midsagittal
C)both of these
D)neither of these
Answer: A
Q3) The lower left abdominal quadrant contains the:
A)large intestine
B)small intestine
C)both A and B
D)both A and B,and the spleen
Answer: C
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Chapter 3:Some Basic Chemistry-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of elements (Select all that apply)?
A)C,H,and O stand for carbon,hydrogen,and oxygen.
B)Cu and Cl stand for copper and chlorine.
C)Fe and I stand for iron and iodine.
D)N and Na stand for nitrogen and potassium.
E)Ca and K stand for calcium and sodium.
F)Z and M stand for zinc and magnesium.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of pH and solutions (Select all that apply)?
A)A solution with a pH of 7 is considered neutral.
B)Only a pH of 8 or higher is alkaline.
C)The entire pH scale ranges from 1 to 15.
D)As the number of H+ ions in a solution increases,so does the pH value.
E)A solution with a pH of 4 is four times as acidic as a solution with a pH of 1.
F)The pH of the blood is important for the chemical reactions that take place in the blood.
G)A body fluid such as gastric juice has the same pH range as blood because both are extracellular fluids.
H)Among the organs that help regulate the pH of the blood are the kidneys.
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Chapter 3:Some Basic Chemistry-Part B
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Q1) A solution with a pH of 10 is ________________,and has many _________________ ions.
Q2) The energy products of cell respiration are __________________ and _______________.
Q3) An anion is an ion with a __________________ charge.
Q4) The name for the water within blood vessels is _____________________.
Q5) When atoms gain or lose electrons,a(n)__________________ bond is formed.
Q6) The subunits of the true fats are ____________________ and ____________________.
Q7) The monosaccharides that are part of DNA and RNA are the ________________________.
Q8) A disaccharide such as sucrose is used by the body for ____________________________.
Q9) The polysaccharide that humans cannot digest is ______________________________.
Q10) The inorganic molecular products of cell respiration are ________________ and _______________.
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Q11) On the pH scale,bases are indicated by numbers
Q12) An atom of oxygen has ________ electrons to share with other atoms.
Q13) The particular function of an enzyme depends on the ___________________ of its ____________________________.
Q14) An ionic bond is formed when atoms gain or lose _______________________.
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Chapter 3:Some Basic Chemistry-Part C
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Q1) The element that provides strength in bones and teeth is:
A)iron
B)calcium
C)zinc
D)iodine
Q2) Biologically useful energy is released in cell respiration in the form of:
A)light
B)heat
C)ATP
D)movement
Q3) Two elements that are necessary for cell respiration are:
A)sodium and potassium
B)calcium and phosphorus
C)iodine and sulfur
D)iron and copper
Q4) Which statement is NOT true of pH and human body fluids?
A)Blood has a very narrow normal pH range.
B)Gastric juice may have a pH of 2.
C)The pH of urine may be acidic or alkaline and still be in the normal range.
D)The normal pH range of intestinal secretions is acidic.
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Chapter 4:Cells-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of the processes of mitosis and meiosis (Select all that apply)?
A)In one cycle of mitosis,two cells are formed.
B)In one cycle of mitosis,one cell divides once.
C)In mitosis,the new cells have the haploid number of chromosomes.
D)In one cycle of meiosis,four cells are formed.
E)In one cycle of meiosis,two cells divide twice each.f.In meiosis,the new cells have the diploid number of chromosomes.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of solutions (Select all that apply)?
A)Any substance that dissolves in water is called a solute.
B)Compared to human cells,hypertonic solutions have a greater percentage of water.
C)Compared to human cells,hypotonic solutions have a smaller percentage of water.
D)Human cells placed in a hypotonic solution will shrivel.
E)Human cells placed in a hypertonic solution will swell and burst.
F)Blood plasma is isotonic to red blood cells.
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Chapter 4:Cells-Part B
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Q1) In mitosis,the centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell during
Q2) The human haploid number of chromosomes is ________________.
Q3) The Golgi apparatus is a cell organelle that ____________________ cellular products.
Q4) Growth and repair of body tissues depend on the process of ________________________.
Q5) In mitosis,the centromeres of the chromatid pairs divide during _____________________.
Q6) In the process of active transport,molecules move from an area of ______________________ to an area of ___________________________.
Q7) Channels in a cell membrane are made of _________________________.
Q8) Receptor sites on cell membranes,for hormones or other molecules,are often made of _____________________.
Q9) A solution with the same salt concentration as human cells is said to be
Q10) Mitochondria are cell organelles that are the site of
Page 11
Q11) The diffusion of water through a membrane is called
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Chapter 4:Cells-Part C
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Q1) The cell organelles that are the site of protein synthesis are the:
A)ribosomes
B)mitochondria
C)lysosomes
D)Golgi apparatus
Q2) In protein synthesis,a function of ribosomes is to:
A)copy the gene from DNA
B)form peptide bonds between amino acids
C)copy the gene from mRNA
D)attach amino acids to tRNA
Q3) The transport of materials through a membrane with the help of carrier enzymes is called:
A)facilitated diffusion
B)diffusion
C)active transport
D)osmosis
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Chapter 5:Tissues and Membranes-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of serous membranes (Select all that appl
A)The parietal pleura lines the lungs.
B)Serous fluid permits diffusion of gases around the lungs.
C)The mesentery lines the abdominal organs.
D)The parietal pericardium lines the visceral pericardium.
E)Serous membranes are found in all open body cavities.
F)The thoracic counterpart of the peritoneum is the visceral pleura.
G)None of the above.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of cardiac muscle (Select all that apply)?
A)Cardiac muscle forms the walls of the chambers of the heart.
B)Intercalated discs are the specialized nuclei of cardiac muscle cells.
C)Cardiac muscle is a type of voluntary muscle.
D)Cardiac muscle cells must receive nerve impulses in order to contract.
E)The cardiac muscle of the valves of the heart pushes blood through.
F)The pumping of the heart moves blood through blood vessels.
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Chapter 5:Tissues and Membranes-Part B
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Q1) The type of muscle tissue that constricts the pupil of the eye is
Q2) The type of muscle tissue found in the uterus is __________________________.
Q3) The surface area of the lining of the small intestine is increased by the presence of ________________________ on the lining cells.
Q4) The most important physical characteristic of collagen is that it is __________________.
Q5) The function of red blood cells is to ____________________________.
Q6) Fibrous connective tissue is made primarily of _________________________.
Q7) The transporting fluid of blood is called ___________________.
Q8) The function of platelets is ________________________________.
Q9) The general function of white blood cells is to ______________________________.
Q10) The ________________________ tissue of the small intestine creates waves of contraction called peristalsis.
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Q11) Fibrous connective tissue is made primarily of the protein ___________________,and its cells are called
Q12) The general function of serous fluid in all its locations is to
Q13) The ________________________ connective tissue that forms tendons is strong.
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Chapter 5:Tissues and Membranes-Part C
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Q1) Which statement is NOT true of the tissues of the trachea?
A)Cartilage keeps the trachea open.
B)Ciliated epithelium sweeps dust up and out.
C)The lining is a serous membrane.
D)The lining has goblet cells that secrete mucus.
Q2) Which of these is NOT a location of mucous membranes?
A)lining the stomach
B)lining the nasal cavities
C)lining the urinary tract
D)lining the chest cavity
Q3) The neurotransmitters of a neuron enable a nerve impulse to:
A)leave the cell body
B)speed up along the axon
C)slow down along the axon
D)cross a synapse
Q4) The connective tissue that forms tendons is:
A)adipose tissue
B)areolar connective tissue
C)elastic connective tissue
D)fibrous connective tissue
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Chapter 6:The Integumentary System-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of the integumentary system (Select all that apply)?
A)Functions of the system include immune responses and vitamin E production.
B)An important function is to separate the internal environment from the external environment.
C)Temperature regulation involves the arterioles of the epidermis.
D)The entire dermis is living tissue.
E)The skin is an organ,because it is made of different kinds of tissues.
F)Subcutaneous tissue is between the epidermis and the muscles.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of the layers of the skin (Select all that apply)?
A)The dermis contains fibrous connective tissue,which provides waterproofing for the skin.
B)The epidermis is made of stratified columnar epithelium.
C)The subcutaneous tissue is directly external to the dermis.
D)The dermis contains elastic connective tissue that provides recoil when the skin is stretched.
E)The papillary layer of the dermis contains capillaries to nourish the stratum corneum.
F)The epidermis is thickest on the palms and soles.
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Chapter 6:The Integumentary System-Part B
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Q1) The visible portion of a nail is made of _____________________.
Q2) Information about the environment outside the skin is provided by __________________.
Q3) Prevention of water loss or entry is a function of the stratum _______________ of the epidermis.
Q4) The living part of a hair is the _________________,where the process of ____________ takes place.
Q5) The arterioles in the dermis will dilate when the external environment becomes _____________________.
Q6) Sunlight on the skin stimulates production of vitamin __________________,which is important for the absorption of ________________________ from food.
Q7) Vitamin ___________ is produced in skin that is exposed to __________________________.
Q8) The outer layer of the skin is the __________________________.
Q9) The arterioles in the dermis will constrict when the external environment becomes _______________.
19
Q10) Langerhans cells are found in the _____________________ of the skin,where they _______________________________.
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Chapter 6:The Integumentary System-Part C
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Q1) The subcutaneous tissue that stores potential energy is:
A)areolar connective tissue
B)fibrous connective tissue
C)elastic connective tissue
D)adipose tissue
Q2) The activity of melanocytes is determined by:
A)genetics
B)exposure to the sun
C)both A and B
D)both A and B,and by the helper keratinocytes
Q3) Adipose tissue that cushions some bones is found in the:
A)epidermis
B)dermis
C)subcutaneous tissue
D)fibrous connective tissue
Q4) Which statement is NOT true of the stratum corneum?
A)The cells are called keratinocytes.
B)Keratin prevents movement of most water in or out.
C)The stratum corneum is made of one layer of dead cells.
D)The cells die after they produce keratin.
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Chapter 7:The Skeletal System-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of synovial joints (Select all that apply)?
A)Synovial fluid prevents friction.
B)The joint capsule is made of elastic connective tissue.
C)Ligaments are bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bone to bone.
D)Sutures are not synovial joints.
E)The synovial membrane lines the joint capsule. f.Bursae cushion the articular cartilages in a joint.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of the paranasal sinuses (Select all that apply)?
A)They are lined with simple squamous epithelium that is smooth to prevent friction.
B)They are air cavities in the frontal and parietal bones.
C)If they fill with mucus,they may become painful.
D)An upper respiratory pathogen may infect these sinuses.
E)They make the skull lighter in weight.
F)They provide more air to vibrate when we speak.
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Chapter 7:The Skeletal System-Part B
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Q1) Gliding joints are found between ____________________,which are the bones of the wrist.
Q2) In a synovial joint,the joint capsule is lined with the ___________________________,which produces
Q3) The primary hemopoietic tissue is ___________________________________.
Q4) The vertebrae in the small of the back are called ______________ vertebrae,and there are _____ of them.
Q5) The nutrient needed for the absorption of calcium in the small intestine is _____________.
Q6) Long bones stop growing when all of their __________________________ has been replaced by _____________________________.
Q7) The hormone that provides energy for bone growth only from glucose is _________________.
Q8) The metacarpal of the thumb and the adjacent carpal form a(n)_________________ joint.
Q10) The mandible and temporal bone form a(n)________________________ Page 22
Q9) Bone matrix is made primarily of salts of _________________ and _____________________.
Red bone marrow produces _______________,______________,and
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Chapter 7:The Skeletal System-Part C
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Q1) The hormone that increases energy production from all food types is:
A)insulin
B)thyroxine
C)GH
D)PTH
Q2) An example of a ball-and-socket joint is the:
A)humerus and scapula
B)ulna and humerus
C)tibia and fibula
D)radius and ulna
Q3) Which statement is NOT true of PTH and calcitonin?
A)Calcitonin contributes to the maintenance of a strong bone matrix.
B)PTH increases the reabsorption of calcium from bones.
C)PTH increases the absorption of calcium by the small intestine.
D)Calcitonin is secreted by the pituitary gland.
Q4) The fibers of ligaments merge with the ___ of a bone.
A)periosteum
B)epiphysis
C)diaphysis
D)meriosteum
Page 24
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Chapter 8:The Muscular System-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of the structure of sarcomeres (Select all that apply)?
A)Myosin filaments are in the center of the sarcomere.
B)The T tubules of the sarcolemma are close to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
C)Troponin and tropomyosin are inhibiting proteins.
D)The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores sodium ions that stimulate contraction.
E)Actin filaments are attached to the Z lines in the center of the sarcomere.
F)The contracting proteins are actin and myosin.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of energy sources for muscle contraction (Select all that apply)?
A)The most abundant energy source is ATP.
B)The direct (immediate)energy source is glycogen.
C)When creatine phosphate is used for energy,the waste product urea is formed.
D)Glycogen is stored in muscles for use during exercise.
E)The first step in the use of glycogen for energy is its conversion to glucose.
F)The energy from creatine phosphate is used to make more ATP.
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Chapter 8:The Muscular System-Part B
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Q1) The muscle on the back of the lower leg that plantar flexes the foot is the
Q2) During depolarization of a muscle fiber,_________________ ions rush ____________ the cell.
Q3) When oxygen is not present in contracting muscles,__________________ is formed that contributes to __________________________.
Q4) The muscle in the inguinal area that flexes the thigh is the ___________________________.
Q5) The muscle on the shoulder that abducts the arm is the ____________________.
Q6) During polarization,the muscle fiber has a _______________ charge outside the membrane and a ___________________ charge inside.
Q7) Conscious muscle sense is a function of the _____________________ lobes of the _______________________.
Q8) The more movable attachment of a muscle to a bone is called the ______________________.
Q9) The state of slight contraction present in healthy muscles is called
Page 26
Q10) Muscles with the same or similar function are called
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Chapter 8:The Muscular System-Part C
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Q1) During exercise,the main purpose of increased heart rate is to:
A)remove excess body heat
B)circulate more blood to muscles
C)bring more glucose to muscles
D)increase the blood supply within muscles
Q2) Which statement is NOT true of muscle sense?
A)The receptors are called stretch receptors.
B)The brain creates a mental picture of where the muscles are.
C)We don't have to see our muscles to know where they are.
D)Muscle sense is not necessary for coordination.
Q3) The muscle on the anterior side of the thigh that flexes the lower leg is the:
A)sartorius
B)hamstring group
C)tibialis anterior
D)gastrocnemius
Q4) The frontal lobes of the cerebrum:
A)initiate muscle contraction
B)coordinate muscle contraction
C)integrate conscious muscle sense
D)integrate unconscious muscle sense
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Chapter 9:The Nervous System-Part A
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Q1) The cranial nerve pair that is motor to the tongue is the _____________________.
Q2) The brain and spinal cord form the _______________________ nervous system.
Q3) The ____________________ lobe of the cerebrum enables us to perform movements in sequence.
Q4) The part of the brain that suppresses unimportant sensations is the ___________________.
Q5) The cranial nerve pair that is sensory for equilibrium is the ________________________.
Q6) Ascending tracts of the spinal cord may also be called ____________________ tracts,and descending tracts may also be called ______________________ tracts.
Q7) The cranial nerve pair that is sensory for hearing is the ________________________.
Q8) A group of neurons with shared functions in the CNS is called a(n)___________________.
Q9) The part of the brain that regulates coordination of voluntary movement is the __________________________.
Q10) The _________________________ division of the autonomic nervous system has its ganglia near or in the visceral effectors. Page 29
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Chapter 9:The Nervous System-Part B
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of a nerve impulse (Select all that apply)?
A)Depolarization is the reversal of charges on either side of the neuron membrane.
B)The entry of Na+ ions brings about depolarization of a neuron.
C)During repolarization,the negative charge is restored to the outside of the neuron membrane.
D)The entry of K+ ions brings about repolarization.
E)An action potential is polarization followed by depolarization.
F)The maximum speed of a nerve impulse is about 2 feet per second.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of nerve tissue (Select all that apply)?
A)The myelin sheath provides electrical insulation.
B)Astrocytes contribute to the blood-brain barrier.
C)Synaptic transmission requires rapid electrical impulses.
D)Myelin is produced by Schwann cells in the PNS and microglia in the CNS.
E)An axon carries impulses toward the cell body of a neuron.
F)The function of an inactivator is to inactivate an electrical impulse when it is no longer needed.
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Chapter 9:The Nervous System-Part C
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Q1) The receptor of a reflex arc:
A)detects the stimulus
B)generates an electrical impulse
C)both A and B
D)both A and B,and receives the return impulse
Q2) An autonomic pathway from the CNS to an effector consists of:
A)one motor neuron
B)two motor neurons
C)one sensory and one motor neuron
D)two sensory and two motor neurons
Q3) The number of pairs of spinal nerves-cervical,thoracic,lumbar,sacral,and coccygeal-in order,are:
A)7,12,5,5,1
B)7,7,5,5,2
C)8,12,4,4,1
D)8,12,5,5,1
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Chapter 10:The Senses-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of the characteristics of sensations (Select all that apply)?
A)Projection of a sensation means how the body will make use of it.
B)The contrast of a sensation is the length of time it is felt.
C)When a sensation seems to continue after the stimulus has stopped,it has an after-image.
D)Adaptation means that the conscious brain may eventually ignore a continuing stimulus.
E)Increasing intensity means that more receptors are generating more impulses.
F)Adaptation may occur when there is no longer a change for receptors to detect.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of the cutaneous senses (Select all that apply)?
A)Most of the receptors are in the epidermis.
B)The receptors for pain,touch,and temperature are encapsulated nerve endings.
C)The sensitivity of an area of skin depends on how close the receptors are to the surface.
D)Irritating substances in the skin can trigger itch or pain sensations.
E)Adaptation occurs with the senses of touch and pressure.
F)Contrast is an important aspect of cutaneous temperature sense.
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Page 33
Chapter 10:The Senses-Part B
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Q1) The utricle and saccule have receptors called _____________________,which are embedded in a gel with crystals called ______________________.
Q2) The receptors for hearing are located in the ___________________ of the inner ear.
Q3) Information from arterial pressoreceptors and chemoreceptors may be used by the _____________________ of the brain to regulate
Q4) The layer of the eyeball that forms the white of the eye is the
Q5) Pain that originates in an internal organ but is felt as cutaneous pain is called
Q6) The only part of the eye that adjusts to focus light rays is the
Q7) Being aware of a sensation even after the stimulus has stopped is called a(n)________________________.
Q8) The cranial nerve pair for the sense of smell is the
Q10) The _____________________ glands produce tears. Page 34
Q9) The function of the canal of Schlemm is to reabsorb
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Chapter 10:The Senses-Part C
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Q1) The part of the eye that absorbs light within the eyeball to prevent glare is the:
A)conjunctiva
B)sclera
C)retina
D)choroid layer
Q2) The part of the eye that forms the optic nerve is the:
A)rods
B)cones
C)bipolar neurons
D)ganglion neurons
Q3) The hair cells in the semicircular canals of the ear bend in response to:
A)sound waves
B)motion
C)electrical energy
D)vibrations from the cochlea
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36
Chapter 11:The Endocrine System-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)and oxytocin (Select all that apply)?
A)Both of these hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the anterior pituitary gland.
B)ADH may also be called vasopressin because in large amounts it causes vasoconstriction.
C)Oxytocin inhibits contractions of the uterus to prevent premature labor.
D)After birth,oxytocin causes release of milk from the mammary glands.
E)ADH causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water to increase urinary output.
F)The stimulus for secretion of ADH is any decrease in body water.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of parathyroid hormone (PTH)and calcitonin (Select all that apply)?
A)Both hormones are secreted by the parathyroid glands.
B)PTH increases the storage of calcium in bones.
C)Calcitonin increases the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys.
D)PTH stimulates the activation of vitamin C by the kidneys.
E)PTH increases the absorption of calcium from food in the small intestine.f.Calcitonin is secreted when the blood calcium level decreases.
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Chapter 11:The Endocrine System-Part B
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Q1) In women,the hormone that stimulates ovulation is ___________________ from the ________________________ gland.
Q2) The hormone that causes contractions of the uterus is ______________________,which is secreted by the ____________________________ gland.
Q3) The hormone that initiates the development of egg cells in the ovary is _______________,which is produced by the _________________________ gland.
Q4) The hormone that conserves glucose for use by the brain is ______________________.
Q5) The target organs of PTH are __________________,_________________,and ___________________.
Q6) The endocrine glands that have two distinct parts are the __________________________ and the _______________________________.
Q7) Insulin enables cells to take in amino acids and use them for ________________________.
Q8) Prostaglandins are produced by most cells from parts of their ________________________.
Q9) The endocrine parts of the pancreas are called __________________________________. Page 38
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Chapter 11:The Endocrine System-Part C
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Q1) The hormone that initiates development of egg cells in the ovaries is:
A)LH
B)FSH
C)ACTH
D)GH
Q2) The hormone progesterone is produced by the:
A)interstitial cells in the ovary
B)follicle in the ovary
C)corpus luteum in the ovary
D)myometrium of the uterus
Q3) The hormone whose major function is to stimulate vasoconstriction throughout the body is:
A)thyroxine
B)norepinephrine
C)aldosterone
D)epinephrine
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Chapter 12:Blood-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of blood viscosity and pH (Select all that apply)?
A)Plasma proteins decrease blood viscosity,so that blood flows smoothly.
B)The normal pH range of blood is 7.35 to 7.45.
C)Blood viscosity contributes to normal blood pressure.
D)Oxygen has a greater effect on blood pH than does carbon dioxide.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of blood disorders (Select all that apply)?
A)Thrombocytopenia is a deficiency of platelets,and may lead to bleeding episodes.
B)Leukemia is an excess of WBCs,but the WBCs are not functional.
C)Anemia is a deficiency of RBCs or of hemoglobin.
D)A deficiency of WBCs is leukocytosis.
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Chapter 12:Blood-Part B
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Q1) Bilirubin is made from the _______________ of old RBCs,and is excreted by the __________________ into _________________.
Q2) As a consequence of a mismatched blood transfusion,the most serious damage occurs in the ________________________ because of the circulating ______________________________.
Q3) The term for a low RBC count is _____________________.
Q4) The Rh blood group has two major types; these are ______________________ and _______________________.
Q5) The most numerous WBCs are the _________________________,and the least numerous are the _________________________.
Q6) The stimulus for the secretion of erythropoietin is ___________________,and its function is to _______________________.
Q7) Lymphatic tissue is found in the ______________________,and produces some _______________________.
Q8) The part of a CBC that measures the percentage of RBCs in a sample of blood is the ______________________,and a normal range is _________% to _________%.
Q9) The life span of RBCs is approximately ______________________.
Q10) The vitamin necessary for chemical clotting is ________________.
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Chapter 12:Blood-Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) Blood viscosity is created by ___,and is important to maintain normal ___.
A)platelets/flow
B)reticulocytes/blood oxygen level
C)WBCs/immunity
D)albumin/blood pressure
Q2) Clotting factors such as prothrombin and fibrinogen are synthesized by the:
A)spleen
B)red bone marrow
C)liver
D)all of these
Q3) Hemostasis due to vascular spasm occurs when the:
A)smooth muscle in large vessels relaxes
B)smooth muscle in large vessels contracts
C)fibrous connective tissue fills the break in the vessel
D)striated muscle in the large vessels contracts
Q4) Which statement is NOT true of a person with type AB negative blood?
A)The RBCs have no Rh antigen.
B)The plasma contains anti-Rh antibodies.
C)The RBCs have A antigens and B antigens.
D)The plasma has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies.
Page 43
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Chapter 13:The Heart-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of the nervous regulation of heart rate (Select all that apply)?
A)The cardiac centers are in the medulla of the brain.
B)Only the sympathetic nervous system has nerves to the heart muscle.
C)Heart rate changes in response to changes in blood pressure or blood gas levels.
D)Sympathetic nerve fibers to the heart are part of the vagus nerves.
E)The neurotransmitter norepinephrine decreases heart rate.f.The heart generates its own beat,but the neurotransmitter acetylcholine can increase the rate.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of the cardiac conduction pathway (Select all that apply)?
A)The electrical events along the pathway are triggered by the mechanical events of the chambers.
B)The AV node depolarizes most rapidly.
C)The heart's natural pacemaker is the SA node.
D)The right and left bundle branches are in the interatrial septum.
E)Purkinje fibers are in the walls of the ventricles.
F)The AV bundle (of His)has a slower natural rate of contraction than does the AV node.
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Chapter 13:The Heart-Part B
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Q1) During exercise,if cardiac output is 15,000 mL and stroke volume is 120 mL,then pulse is ___________________.
Q2) The outermost of the pericardial membranes is the ________________________ pericardium.
Q3) The amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in one beat is called ______________________.
Q4) A sudden drop in blood pressure will stimulate the cardiac ___________________ center in the ________________________ of the brain.
Q5) The normal range of resting heart rate for a healthy adult is __________ to _________ bpm.
Q6) The innermost of the pericardial membranes is the ______________________ pericardium.
Q7) The __________________ emerges from the left ventricle and takes blood to the ________________.
Q8) The aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood from the ___________________ to the ____________________ when the ____________________ relax.
Q9) The right and left AV valves close when the ______________________ contract. Page 45
Q10) The term diastole means ________________________ of the heart chambers.
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Chapter 13:The Heart-Part C
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Q1) Which statement is NOT true of the atria of the heart?
A)They are the upper chambers and have thin walls.
B)They produce the hormone ANP when blood pressure rises.
C)The right atrium receives blood from the lower body.
D)The left atrium receives blood from the upper body.
Q2) The vessel that takes blood from the right ventricle to the lungs is the:
A)aorta
B)pulmonary vein
C)pulmonary artery
D)aortic vein
Q3) Which statement is NOT true of the sensory and motor nerves from and to the heart?
A)Parasympathetic nerves innervate the SA node and AV node.
B)The sensation of pain in the heart is caused by lack of oxygen.
C)Sympathetic nerves are accelerator nerves.
D)The vagus nerves are sympathetic nerves.
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Chapter 14:The Vascular System-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of fetal circulation (Select all that apply)?
A)The foramen ovale permits fetal blood to flow from the right ventricle to the left ventricle.
B)The ductus arteriosus permits fetal blood to flow from the pulmonary artery to the aorta.
C)Gases,nutrients,and waste products are exchanged between fetal blood and maternal blood in the placenta.
D)The two umbilical veins take blood directly to the fetal heart.
E)The two umbilical arteries take blood from the fetus to the placenta.
F)Shortly after birth,the ductus arteriosus constricts and the flap of the foramen ovale closes.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of venous return (Select all that apply)?
A)Starling's law of the heart depends upon venous return.
B)Venous return is the volume of blood the veins return to the heart.
C)Ordinary walking increases venous return because it increases the skeletal muscle pump.
D)Breathing faster and deeper will increase venous return.
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Page 48
Chapter 14:The Vascular System-Part B
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Q1) A venous anastomosis provides an alternate pathway for blood to flow back to the
Q2) In fetal circulation,the _______________________ permits blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium.
Q3) A normal blood pressure is considered to be below ________________________.
Q4) Two hormones that affect blood pressure because they affect blood volume are _____________________ and ______________________.
Q5) In hepatic portal circulation,veins from abdominal organs unite to form the ______________ vein that empties blood into the ___________________ of the liver.
Q6) Hypertension is considered to be a blood pressure that is consistently higher than _____________________.
Q7) In fetal circulation,blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through the _________________________.
Q8) In hepatic portal circulation,blood from the ___________________ and the _______________ flows through the _________________ before returning to the heart.
Q9) The layer of the wall of an artery that helps prevent rupture is the
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Chapter 14:The Vascular System-Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement is NOT true of the effects of hormones on blood pressure?
A)Epinephrine increases heart rate and raises BP.
B)ANP increases urinary excretion of sodium and water and lowers BP.
C)Norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction and lowers BP.
D)Aldosterone increases sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys and raises BP.
Q2) Blood from the digestive organs and spleen flows into the liver through the:
A)inferior vena cava
B)portal vein
C)hepatic artery
D)hepatic vein
Q3) The nerves to the smooth muscle of all arteries and veins are:
A)sympathetic nerves
B)parasympathetic nerves
C)nerve tracts
D)visceral sensory nerves
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements are true of lymph nodes and lymph nodules (Select all that apply)?
A)Lymph nodules are found in all mucous membranes.
B)Lymph nodes are found along the pathways of lymph vessels.
C)Both nodes and nodules contain macrophages and lymphocytes.
D)The tonsils and Peyer's patches are the lymphatic tissue of the pharynx.
E)Two of the most important paired groups of lymph nodes are the axillary and the inguinal nodes.
F)Within nodes and nodules,antibodies are produced by IG cells.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of antibodies (Select all that apply)?
A)Antibodies destroy antigens by penetrating their cell membranes.
B)The only class of antibodies that can cross the placenta is IgM.
C)The IgA class of antibodies is found on mucous membranes and in breast milk.
D)Antibodies render toxins harmless because they change the shape of the toxins.
E)Antibodies label foreign antigens,and such a label stimulates phagocytosis by macrophages.
F)Antibodies are effective against viruses because they disable the nucleic acid of the virus.
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52
Chapter 15:The Lymphatic System and Immunity-Part B
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Q1) Examples of foreign antigens are bacteria,___________________ and ___________________.
Q2) In the young child,the thymus is located below the ________________________ and behind the _______________________.
Q3) In the embryo,T cells are produced in the _______________________ and ______________.
Q4) Blood plasma becomes tissue fluid by the process of ______________________.
Q5) Tissue fluid is made from __________________ by the process of ______________________.
Q6) The right lymphatic duct empties lymph into the ______________________ vein.
Q7) In adaptive immunity,the _____________________ T cells contribute to the recognition of an antigen as foreign.
Q8) In adaptive immunity,the process of complement fixation destroys cellular antigens by _______________________.
Q9) Lymphatic tissue is the site of ________________________ of lymphocytes.
Q11) Lymph nodules destroy pathogens that have entered the body by way of Page 53
Q10) In innate immunity,the body's outermost defense is an unbroken_______________________.
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Chapter 15:The Lymphatic System and Immunity-Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) An example of artificially acquired active immunity is:
A)a tetanus booster shot
B)the oral polio vaccine
C)the combination measles-mumps-rubella immunization
D)all of these
Q2) If a microorganism stimulates antibody production,it is considered to be a:
A)foreign antigen
B)potential pathogen
C)both of these
D)neither of these
Q3) With respect to its functions,the spleen is most similar to:
A)the liver
B)the red bone marrow
C)a lymph node
D)the yellow bone marrow
Q4) A vaccine is protective in that it takes the place of:
A)genetic immunity to the pathogen
B)the second exposure to the pathogen
C)the helper T cells and macrophages
D)the first exposure to the pathogen
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Chapter 16:The Respiratory System-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of external respiration and internal respiration (Select all that apply)?
A)The "P" in PO2 means "presence" of oxygen.
B)In the alveoli,PCO2 is low and PO2 is high.
C)In the tissues,PO2 is high and PCO2 is low.
D)Internal respiration takes place in the pulmonary capillaries.
E)External respiration takes place in the nasal cavities as the air is warmed.
F)The pressure gradient of a gas is much the same as a concentration gradient.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of respiratory acidosis and alkalosis (Select all that apply)?
A)A severe case of pneumonia may cause respiratory alkalosis.
B)Hyperventilation increases the amount of CO<sub>2</sub> exhaled and lowers the pH of body fluids.
C)Holding your breath will increase the pH of body fluids.
D)To compensate for metabolic alkalosis,respiration will increase in rate and depth.
E)To compensate for metabolic acidosis,the respiratory rate will decrease.
F)Chronic emphysema may result in respiratory acidosis.
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Chapter 16:The Respiratory System-Part B
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Q1) The function of the epiglottis is to cover the _______________________ during
Q2) The function of the apneustic center is to ________________________.
Q3) The laryngopharynx opens into the _____________________ and the _____________________.
Q4) The function of the soft palate is to cover the __________________________ during _____________________________.
Q5) The function of the pneumotaxic center is to help bring about _________________________.
Q6) The muscles that bring about inhalation are the _________________________ and the _____________________.
Q7) The external intercostal muscles contribute to ___________________________ by pulling the ribs __________________________.
Q8) The bronchioles can constrict or dilate because of the _________________________ tissue in their walls.
Q9) The chemoreceptors that most rapidly detect an increase in the blood CO? level are located in the _______________________.
Q10) During swallowing,the nasopharynx is covered by the ___________________________. Page 57
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Chapter 16:The Respiratory System-Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) During inhalation,the diaphragm:
A)contracts and moves downward
B)contracts and moves upward
C)relaxes and moves downward
D)relaxes and moves upward
Q2) The muscles of inhalation are the:
A)diaphragm and external intercostals contracting
B)diaphragm relaxing and external intercostals contracting
C)diaphragm and internal intercostals contracting
D)diaphragm relaxing and internal intercostals contracting
Q3) Which statement is NOT true of swallowing?
A)The nasopharynx is blocked by the soft palate.
B)Swallowing is a reflex regulated by the medulla.
C)Breathing ceases.
D)The larynx is blocked by the glottis.
Q4) Which statement is NOT true of the respiratory muscles?
A)The diaphragm moves upward during inhalation.
B)The intercostal muscles are attached to the ribs.
C)The internal intercostal muscles contribute to a forced exhalation.
D)The external intercostal muscles assist in inhalation.
59
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Chapter 17:The Digestive System-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of the liver,gallbladder,and pancreas (Select all that apply)?
A)Amylase,lipase,and trypsin are all secreted by the pancreas.
B)The gallbladder stores bile and dilutes it to the proper concentration.
C)The liver produces bile to emulsify fats in the duodenum,a form a mechanical digestion.
D)The pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum distal to the common bile duct.
E)The common bile duct is formed by the hepatic duct from the liver and the subhepatic duct from the gallbladder.
F)The hormone cholecystokinin causes contraction of the gallbladder.
G)The bicarbonate juice produced by the pancreas helps lower the pH of the chyme in the duodenum.
H)Secretion of pancreatic enzymes is stimulated by the hormone secretin.
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Chapter 17:The Digestive System-Part B
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Q1) Bile is produced by the _____________________ and stored in the ______________________.
Q2) The ________________________ of a tooth provides the chewing surface,and is made of ___________________________.
Q3) The digestive system function of the pharynx is ________________________,during which the pharynx _________________.
Q4) The _______________________ colon turns medially at the liver and continues as the __________________________ colon.
Q5) Voluntary control of the defecation reflex is provided by the ________________________.
Q6) Two clotting factors produced by the liver are ____________________________ and ________________________.
Q7) The end products of carbohydrate digestion are _____________________________.
Q8) The changing of food to smaller pieces is called ______________________ digestion,and it creates more _____________________________.
Q9) The function of bicarbonate pancreatic juice is to neutralize the ________________ that comes from the ________________________.
Page 61
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Chapter 17:The Digestive System-Part C
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Q1) The Peyer's patches of the small intestine are:
A)bundles of smooth muscle where peristalsis is needed most
B)lymph nodules
C)the groups of epithelial cells that have microvilli
D)the parts of the mucosa with clusters of goblet cells
Q2) Which of these is NOT a function of the stomach?
A)begins the digestion of starch
B)produces a hormone to increase its own secretions
C)permits digestion to take place gradually
D)begins the digestion of protein
Q3) The function of the intrinsic factor in gastric juice is to:
A)begin the digestion of proteins
B)increase the secretion of gastric juice
C)promote the absorption of glucose by the small intestine
D)prevent the digestion of vitamin B12 by the stomach
Q4) The function of the enteric nervous system is to regulate:
A)the secretions and contractions of the alimentary tube
B)only the secretions of the entire digestive system
C)only the contractions of the alimentary tube
D)the secretions and contractions of the entire digestive system
Page 62
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Chapter 18:Body Temperature and Metabolism-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of heat production (Select all that apply)?
A)The skin is a large organ and produces 30% of the body's total heat.
B)The liver is a large organ and produces 20% of the body's total heat.
C)Heat production is a constant process because ATP production is a constant process.
D)Skeletal muscles produce heat only during exercise.
E)Heat is one of the energy products of cell respiration.
F)The brain is a large organ and produces about 20% of the body's total heat.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of human body temperature (Select all that apply)?
A)The thermostat of the human body is in the cerebrum,the thinking part of the brain.
B)The normal range of human body temperature is 36o to 38oF.
C)Body temperature is usually lowest in the early morning hours.
D)The average person's body temperature fluctuates 3o to 4oF in 24 hours.
E)Most heat comes from cell respiration,which is the production of ATP energy from food molecules.
F)The human thermostat balances heat production and heat loss.
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Chapter 18:Body Temperature and Metabolism-Part B
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Q1) In cell respiration,oxygen is not required for the stage of
Q2) In cell respiration,oxygen is required for the stages of the __________________________ and the
Q3) In cell respiration,metabolic water is made from the hydrogens that have come from ______________________ and the oxygen that has come from
Q4) A dessert consists of 12 grams of carbohydrates,6 grams of protein,and 40 grams of fat,which is ____________________ total calories.
Q5) The collective term for all of the decomposition reactions within the body is ____________________.
Q6) The pentose sugars are part of the larger molecules _________________ and _________________,and are synthesized from _________________________.
Q7) Two factors that will increase metabolic rate are __________________________ and _____________________________.
Q8) To be used in cell respiration,fatty acid molecules are changed to _______________________ in the process of
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Chapter 18:Body Temperature and Metabolism-Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement is NOT true of amino acid metabolism?
A)The most important use for amino acids is protein synthesis.
B)A gram of protein yields 4 kilocalories.
C)Excess amino acids are changed to simple carbohydrates to be used for energy.
D)The liver synthesizes the essential amino acids.
Q2) Five degrees C is closest to ___ degrees F.
A)36
B)41
C)46
D)51
Q3) The hormone that is most important for daily regulation of cell respiration and heat production is:
A)aldosterone
B)norepinephrine
C)epinephrine
D)thyroxine
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Chapter 19:The Urinary System-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of the ureter,urinary bladder,and urethra (Select all that apply)?
A)Peristalsis of the ureters is the function of their smooth muscle.
B)The spherical detrusor muscle is smooth muscle that forms the wall of the bladder.
C)In men,the urethra passes through the prostate gland and penis.
D)The internal urethral sphincter is striated muscle at the junction of the bladder and urethra.
E)The transitional epithelium of the bladder absorbs water to concentrate the urine. f.The external urethral sphincter is striated muscle that is under parasympathetic control.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of the urination reflex (Select all that apply)?
A)This is a flexor reflex over which we may exert voluntary control.
B)The effector of the reflex is the detrusor muscle,which contracts.
C)The stimulus for the reflex is stretching of the external urethral sphincter.
D)The part of the CNS directly involved in the reflex is the spinal cord.
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Chapter 19:The Urinary System-Part B
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Q1) The renal vein carries blood to the ________________________________.
Q2) The kidneys are located _________________ to the spine,___________________ to the diaphragm,and _______________________ to the peritoneum.
Q3) In the kidneys,the hormone that directly increases the reabsorption of water is ______________________.
Q4) In the process of tubular secretion,substances are moved from the _____________________ to the _________________________.
Q5) The trigone is on the ___________________ of the urinary bladder,and its boundaries are the openings of the _______________________ and _______________________.
Q6) In tubular reabsorption,water is reabsorbed by the process of ____________________.
Q7) The juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney secrete _________________ when _______________ decreases.
Q8) A Bowman's capsule has ______________ layers,and the layer that is very permeable is the ___________________ layer.
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Q9) The process of glomerular filtration is selective in terms of the __________________ of the materials in the blood.
Chapter 19:The Urinary System-Part C
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Q1) Which statement is NOT true of the nitrogenous waste products that are found in urine?
A)Creatinine is a product of muscle metabolism.
B)Amino acids are deaminated to produce urea.
C)Uric acid comes from fatty acid metabolism.
D)If the kidneys are not functioning properly,urine levels of these waste products will decrease.
Q2) The capillaries of the kidneys in which filtration takes place are the:
A)afferent capillaries
B)glomeruli
C)peritubular capillaries
D)periglomerular capillaries
Q3) In the kidneys,the process by which negative ions are reabsorbed is:
A)passive transport
B)active transport
C)osmosis
D)pinocytosis
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Chapter 20:Fluid Electrolyte and Acid Base Balance-Part
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6 Verified Questions
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of fluid volume and hormones (Select all that apply)?
A)Increased secretion of ADH will help prevent the loss of body fluid.
B)Aldosterone increases the excretion of sodium ions and the retention of potassium ions and water.
C)ANP increases the retention of sodium ions and has no effect on potassium ions.
D)Dehydration (any form or cause)will stimulate secretion of ADH.
E)An increase in BP stimulates secretion of aldosterone by way of the renin-angiotensin mechanism.
F)The kidneys are target organs of ADH,ANP,and aldosterone.
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Chapter 20:Fluid Electrolyte and Acid Base Balance-Part B
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Q1) Metabolic water is the water produced in the body during
Q2) With respect to the kidneys,the two hormones that increase the reabsorption of water are ____________________________ and _______________________.
Q3) The hormone that directly increases water reabsorption by the kidneys is ________________.
Q4) The hormone that increases reabsorption of water by the kidneys following reabsorption of sodium ions is _______________________________.
Q5) To compensate for acidosis,the kidneys will excrete more _________________ ions and retain more _____________________ ions.
Q6) The pH-regulating mechanisms,in order,from greatest to least capacity to buffer an ongoing pH imbalance,are the _________________________,________________________ and ______________________________.
Q7) The electrolyte that is part of DNA and RNA is ______________________.
Q8) The respiratory system is important for pH regulation because it controls the amount of _________________________ in body fluids,which in turn affects the number of _____________ present in body fluids.
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Chapter 20:Fluid Electrolyte and Acid Base Balance-Part
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Q1) A hormone that increases urinary output is:
A)aldosterone
B)ANP
C)both A and B
D)both A and B,and ADH
Q2) For the body,the sources of water (intake)include all of these except:
A)beverages
B)foods
C)inhaled air
D)metabolic water
Q3) A hormone that will maintain or increase blood volume is:
A)aldosterone
B)ADH
C)both A and B
D)both A and B,and ANP
Q4) Which statement is NOT true of ions and solutions?
A)Chloride is a cation.
B)In osmosis,water follows salt.
C)Osmosis is the diffusion of water.
D)Sulfate and phosphate are anions.
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Chapter 21:The Reproductive Systems-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of the uterus (Select all that apply)?
A)Both estrogen and progesterone contribute to the growth of the endometrium.
B)Growth of the endometrium includes growth of blood vessels and storage of fatty acids as potential nutrients.
C)The smooth muscle of the myometrium contracts in response to oxytocin at the end of gestation.
D)The functional layer of the endometrium is permanent until menopause,when it is no longer needed.
E)The uterus is anterior to the urinary bladder and medial to the ovaries.
F)The cervix of the uterus opens into the vagina.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of the menstrual cycle (Select all that apply)?
A)Menstruation is the loss of the functional layer of the endometrium.
B)The average menstrual cycle is 28 days,but may be shorter or longer.
C)The endometrium continues to grow during the luteal phase.
D)The permanent layer of the endometrium is the foundational layer.
E)The loss of the endometrium is stimulated by a decrease in FSh.
F)During the follicular phase,several ovarian follicles begin to develop.
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Chapter 21:The Reproductive Systems-Part B
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Q1) The uterus is _____________________ to the urinary bladder.
Q2) The ________________ of a sperm cell contains the chromosomes,the ____________________ provide ATP,and the _________________________ provides motility.
Q3) The vagina is between the _____________________ anteriorly and the __________________ posteriorly.
Q4) In the ovary,a mature follicle is called a ___________________ follicle,and after it ruptures it becomes the ______________________________.
Q5) The hormone that stimulates growth of the duct system of the mammary glands is _____________________.
Q6) The part of a sperm cell that contains enzymes to digest the membrane of the egg cell is the __________________________.
Q7) The hormone that stimulates growth of the secretory cells of the mammary glands is _________________.
Q8) A fallopian tube extends from the ________________ laterally to the __________________ medially.
Q9) The male reproductive gland with smooth muscle that contributes to ejaculation is the _________________________________.
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Chapter 21:The Reproductive Systems-Part C
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104 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) For men,the hormone inhibin:
A)increases secretion of FSH
B)decreases secretion of FSH
C)increases secretion of testosterone
D)decreases secretion of testosterone
Q2) An erection occurs when the arteries to the penis ___,and the cavernous tissue
A)dilate/empties of blood
B)constrict/fills with blood
C)dilate/fills with blood
D)constrict/empties of blood
Q3) A fallopian tube extends from the ___ medially to the ___ laterally.
A)ovary/uterus
B)uterus/ovary
C)ovary/cervix
D)cervix/ovary
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Chapter 22:Human Development and Genetics-Part A
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of dominant-recessive inheritance (Select all that apply)?
A)A heterozygous offspring will have the dominant characteristic in the phenotype.
B)A homozygous offspring will have the recessive characteristic in the phenotype.
C)If a recessive trait does not appear in a family for two generations,the gene for it is no longer present.
D)If Mom and Dad both have blue eyes,the chance for a child of theirs to have brown eyes is only 50%.
E)If Mom and Dad both have brown eyes,the chance for a child of theirs to have blue eyes is 50%.
F)A trait is considered dominant when it is more common (frequent)in a population than its recessive counterpart.
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Chapter 22:Human Development and Genetics-Part B
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Q1) A person who is homozygous for a particular trait has two ____________________ genes for it.
Q2) The embryonic membrane that forms the first blood cells is the ______________________.
Q3) During the ________________ stage of labor,the baby is delivered.
Q4) The sex chromosomes in women are called ____________ and in men are called ____________.
Q5) The expression of the genes a person has for a particular trait is called the ____________________.
Q6) Fertilization of an ovum usually takes place in the ______________________________.
Q7) The zygote begins a series of cell divisions called ___________________,and the process of cell division is called _______________________.
Q8) In order for a recessive trait to appear in a person's phenotype,the person must have _______________ gene(s)for it.
Q9) During labor,the hormone that causes strong contractions of the uterus is ___________________.
Q11) During the _______________ stage of labor,the placenta is delivered. Page 76
Q10) The genetic code for one protein is called a(n)______________________.
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Chapter 22:Human Development and Genetics-Part C
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Q1) Which of these embryonic structures is NOT paired with the correct primary germ layer from which it develops?
A)epidermis - ectoderm
B)liver - endoderm
C)heart - mesoderm
D)skeletal muscles - ectoderm
Q2) Homologous chromosomes are a pair of chromosomes that may also be called:
A)dominant and recessive
B)active and inactive
C)paired and unpaired
D)maternal and paternal
Q3) For the embryo,the yolk sac:
A)provides a cushion
B)forms the first blood cells
C)provides nourishment
D)forms the fetal portion of the placenta
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Chapter 1:An Introduction to Microbiology and Human
Disease-Part A
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Q1) Which statement is NOT true of the normal flora of a person?
A)The urinary bladder is virtually free of bacteria.
B)The skin has a small bacterial and fungal population,especially where the skin is dry.
C)The blood should be free of microorganisms.
D)The mouth has fungi and protozoa as well as bacteria.
Q2) Mucous membrane tracts may be colonized by bacteria because they:
A)have openings to the environment
B)have openings that are portals of entry
C)both A and B
D)both A and B,and they have no defenses
Q3) The vector of malaria is a:
A)mosquito
B)flea
C)tick
D)louse
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Chapter 1:An Introduction to Microbiology and Human
Disease-Part B
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Q1) Hydrochloric acid destroys most pathogens that get to the ______________________.
Q2) Binary fission is the process by which bacteria ________________________.
Q3) Bacteria that can reproduce in the presence or absence of oxygen are called _________________________.
Q4) Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites,which means that they must be _________________ in order to ______________________.
Q5) The only fungi that are,in small numbers,considered part of the normal flora of the oral cavity are the ___________________________.
Q6) The measles virus is host specific,which means that it affects only _______________ and not ___________________________.
Q7) Bacterial chemicals that are harmful to the cells of the host are called ______________________.
Q8) A disease that may be spread directly or indirectly from host to host is considered _______________________________.
Q10) Ticks are vectors of _______________________ and Page 80
Q9) A(n)_______________________ disease is one with more than the usual number of cases in a population.
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Chapter 1:An Introduction to Microbiology and Human
Disease-Part C
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Q1) Which of the following statements are true of viruses (Select all that apply)?
A)A virus has either DNA or RNA surrounding its protein core.
B)To reproduce,a virus must be within a living cell.
C)Viruses spread from person to person only by direct contact.
D)Viruses cause disease by killing the cells they reproduce within.
E)The enzymes secreted by viruses are needed for them to obtain food.
F)Some viruses require insect vectors to spread from host to host.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of infections and disease (Select all that apply)?
A)An endogenous infection is one that is acquired in a hospital or other institution.
B)A person who has recovered from a disease but remains a source of the pathogen is considered a carrier.
C)When influenza is followed by bacterial pneumonia,the pneumonia is considered a secondary infection.
D)A zoonosis is a disease that affects only wild animals.
E)The "AIDS epidemic" is really the "AIDS pandemic."
F)Septicemia is a systemic infection,and is always serious.
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