Fundamentals of Dental Radiography
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Introduction
Fundamentals of Dental Radiography introduces students to the essential principles and techniques of dental imaging. The course covers the physics of radiation, safety protocols, and the biological effects of ionizing radiation. Students learn about the various types of radiographic equipment, image receptors, processing methods, and interpretation of dental radiographs. Emphasis is placed on correct positioning, exposure, and infection control to ensure high-quality diagnostic images while minimizing patient risk. Practical laboratory sessions provide hands-on experience in digital and conventional radiography to prepare students for clinical application in dental practice.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists 10th Edition by Evelyn Thomson
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30 Chapters
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Chapter 1: Dental Radiography: Historical Perspective and Future Trends
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Q1) Who was awarded the first Nobel Prize for physics in 1901, for his experimental work with radiation?
A) W. J. Morton
B) O. Walkhoff
C) W. D. Coolidge
D) W. C. Roentgen
Answer: D
Q2) What is the technique of choice for intraoral radiography?
Answer: The paralleling technique is the technique of choice because it is less complicated and more consistently produces better radiographs than the bisecting technique
Q3) Early researchers working in the field of radiography were not aware that continued exposure to x-rays produced accumulations of radiation effects in the body because x-rays are invisible.
A) Both the statement and reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.
D) The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
E) NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.
Answer: A
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Characteristics and Measurement of Radiation
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Q1) Each of the following is a form of energy EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A) Heat
B) Water
C) Light
D) X-radiation
Answer: B
Q2) Kinetic energy is the internal energy within the atom that holds its components together.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) People living on the Colorado plateau receive a higher dose of what type of radiation than people living in Philadelphia?
Answer: back ground
Q4) The Compton effect causes x-rays to be scattered in all directions.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: The Dental X-Ray Machine: Components and Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sixty (60) impulses is equivalent to:
A) 1/6 second.
B) 1/10 second.
C) ½ second.
D) 1 second.
Answer: D
Q2) The tungsten anode is embedded in a core of copper to conduct heat away to a radiator.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Why are the extension arm and yoke of the x-ray machine insulated?
Answer: All sections of the extension arm and yoke are heavily insulated to protect the patient and operator from electrical shock.
Q4) The collimator is a lead diaphragm that restricts the dimensions of the useful beam. A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Factors Affecting Radiographic Quality
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Q1) Some clinicians prefer a radiographic image that is of low contrast, and others prefer a radiographic image that is of high contrast.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is short-scale contrast?
Q3) The inverse square law states that the intensity of the radiation:
A) increases as the distance from its source increases because the beam of radiation converges.
B) decreases as the distance away from its source increases because the beam of radiation diverges.
C) increases as the distance away from its source increases because the beam of radiation diverges.
D) decreases as the distance away from its source increases because the beam of radiation converges.
Q4) Which of these is NOT a shadow-casting principle?
A) A large focal spot
B) Long target-image receptor distance
C) Short object-image receptor distance
D) Parallel object-image receptor relationship
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Chapter 5: Effects of Radiation Exposure
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Q1) What is the approximate surface (skin) dose of radiation from a full mouth series of 18 F-speed films, exposed at 90 kVp with a 16-inch (41-cm)-length PID?
A) 30 mSv
B) 50 mSv
C) 75 mSv
D) 100 mSv
Q2) When radiation affects any cells of the body except the reproductive cells, the effect is called indirect.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following statements about radiation repair is FALSE?
A) Somatic cells cannot repair radiation damage.
B) Scientists believe that some radiation effects are cumulative.
C) Ions have a strong tendency to recombine immediately to form water again.
D) The quantity, duration, and body area irradiated determine the amount of damage inflicted by the radiation.
Q4) Do scientists believe that radiation damage to reproductive cells is cumulative?
Q5) Why are children more susceptible to radiation than adults?
Q6) Can dental x-rays cause cataracts in the lens of the eye?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Radiation Protection
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Q1) Which of the following statements regarding lead aprons is FALSE?
A) They are fabricated of 0.25-mm lead or lead-equivalent materials.
B) They should be folded and stored when not in use.
C) They provide a protective barrier against scatter radiation.
D) Their use is in keeping with the ALARA concept.
Q2) Absorption of the long wavelength, less penetrating x-rays of the polychromatic beam occurs by passage of the beam through a sheet of aluminum called a .
Q3) The best way to reduce patient risk from radiation exposure is to keep exposures ALARA.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the three categories of methods for protecting oral health care personnel from radiation exposure?
Q5) The purpose of aluminum filtration is to:
A) absorb the penetrating short wavelengths that fog films unnecessarily.
B) reduce the radiation to the patient by reducing the volume of tissue exposed.
C) eliminate the sources of scatter or secondary radiation to the patient.
D) absorb the less penetrating long wavelengths to reduce radiation exposure.
Q6) What undesirable effect does collimation reduce?
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Dental X-Ray Film and Processing Methods
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Q1) What is placed in the film packet by the manufacturer to absorb scattered radiation?
Q2) Which structure is most likely to absorb or stop more of the x-rays from reaching the film?
A) The enamel
B) The bone
C) The pulp
D) The soft tissue (cheek)
Q3) Each of the following statements regarding duplication of radiographs is correct EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A) The emulsion side of duplicating film contains an antihalation coating.
B) The solarized emulsion records the copy of the image.
C) The emulsion side of duplicating film is placed against the original radiograph.
D) The antihalation coating prevents back-scattered light from re-exposing the film.
Q4) Film used for dental radiography is very similar to photographic film.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which side of the film packet faces the source of radiation?
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Chapter 8: Digital Radiography and Image Acquisition
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Q1) Oxidation is the process during which the chemicals of the developing and fixing solutions combine with oxygen and lose their strength.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Potassium alum in the fixer serves to:
A) neutralize the alkali of the developer.
B) act as a preservative.
C) clear remaining crystals.
D) shrink and harden the emulsion.
Q3) A thermometer is mandatory for archival manual processing.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is replenisher?
Q5) The dark portion of the radiograph is called "radiolucent."
A)True
B)False
Q6) A wet reading can safely take place after which step of processing?
Q7) Replenisher is a superconcentrated solution of developer or fixer.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Infection Control
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Q1) Each pixel is a single dot in a digital image.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Digitization uses a computer to superimpose two standardized radiographic images, causing the like areas of the image to "cancel" each other out, leaving only the changes visible.
A)True
B)False
Q3) CMOS and CCD are types of direct digital sensors.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which requires less radiation to produce an image, digital or conventional film-based radiographs?
Q5) How much less radiation exposure is a digital radiograph purported to be over a fast speed film-based radiograph?
A) 0 to 20 percent
B) 0 to 30 percent
C) 0 to 50 percent
D) 0 to 80 percent
Q6) Are digital radiography systems limited to intraoral images?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Legal and Ethical Responsibilities
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Q1) Are some patients likely to be reluctant to admit infectious conditions?
Q2) Sterilization refers to total destruction of spores and disease-causing microorganisms.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are infectious diseases?
Q4) The radiographer should use powdered, nonsterile gloves made of latex or vinyl when placing intraoral radiographs.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Semicritical objects must be sterilized after use.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Infection control procedures must be applied to each of the following body fluids EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A) Blood
B) Mucus
C) Sweat
D) Saliva
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Chapter 11: Patient Relations and Education
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Q1) Legally, radiographs are the property of:
A) the dentist who originally prescribed the radiographs.
B) a new dentist if the patient leaves the original practice.
C) both the original dentist who prescribed the radiographs and a new dentist if the patient leaves the original practice.
D) the patient.
Q2) Federal laws regulate the manufacture of dental x-ray machines and state regulations control the use of x-ray equipment.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When does the statute of limitations begin to run for children?
Q4) The federal Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act:
A) mandated safety requirements for collimation and filtration of equipment.
B) provided guidelines and recommended procedures for infection control.
C) provided and updates evidence-based selection criteria guidelines.
D) established standards for state certification/licensure of radiographic personnel.
Q5) What is the term for the period of time during which a patient may bring a malpractice suit against a dental radiographer?
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Chapter 12: Introduction to Radiographic Examinations
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Q1) Which of the following statements regarding dental radiography during pregnancy is correct?
A) It causes premature delivery.
B) It overexposes the area of the developing fetus.
C) It has been linked to full-term, low birth-weight infants.
D) It creates birth defects.
Q2) When placing the image receptor intraorally, the radiographer should ask the patient, "Does that feel okay?"
A)True
B)False
Q3) A position assumed by the body in connection with a feeling or mood is called: A) attitude.
B) empathy.
C) communication.
D) chairside manner.
Q4) Prior to leaving the operatory to make an exposure, the radiographer should ask the patient, "Can you hold still, please?"
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: The Periapical Examinationparalleling Technique
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Q1) The paralleling technique is also called the:
A) right-angle technique.
B) extension-cone technique.
C) long-cone technique.
D) All of the above.
Q2) While the use of a size #2 image receptor for anterior periapical radiographs is acceptable, the narrower size #1 image receptor may fit this area better.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Periapical image receptors for exposure of anterior areas are placed with the long dimension vertically.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The identification dot on an intraoral radiograph film is used to:
A) provide a comparative reference to pathology.
B) identify buccal and lingual surfaces of the teeth.
C) distinguish occlusal or incisal edges from apices.
D) distinguish between the patient's right and left sides.
Q5) What are the units used to describe angulation?
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Chapter 14: The Periapical Examinationbisecting Technique
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Q1) Each of the following statements regarding the principles of the paralleling technique is correct EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A) Parallel placement of the image receptor is accomplished using an image receptor holder.
B) The central ray of the x-ray beam is directed perpendicular to both the teeth and the image receptor.
C) The patient is directed to hold the image receptor in the mouth with a finger or thumb.
D) The image receptor is placed parallel to the long axes of the teeth of interest.
Q2) The paralleling technique must achieve parallelism by placing the image receptor:
A) away from the crowns of the teeth.
B) away from the root tips of the teeth.
C) closer to the crowns of the teeth.
D) closer to the root tips of the teeth.
Q3) With the paralleling technique, where is the central ray directed?
Q4) How is the correct point of entry achieved when using the paralleling technique?
Q5) Incorrectly aligning the point of entry will result in what type of error?
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Chapter 15: The Bitewing Examination
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Q1) How does the central ray of the x-ray beam intersect with the image receptor and the teeth of interest when using the bisecting technique?
Q2) Which of the following best describes the correct vertical direction of the central ray when using the bisecting technique?
A) 90 degrees to the long axes of the teeth
B) 90 degrees to the plane of the image receptor
C) 90 degrees to the long axes of the teeth and the plane of the image receptor
D) 90 degrees to the imaginary bisector
Q3) The patient must be seated correctly to use predetermined vertical angulations when employing the bisecting technique.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The bisecting technique is useful in patients who cannot tolerate parallel placement of the image receptor. The bisecting technique produces images with reduced image distortion.
A). The first statement is true. The second statement is false.
B) The first statement is false. The second statement is true.
C) Both statements are true.
D) Both statements are false.
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Chapter 16: The Occlusal Examination
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Q1) For an adult horizontal or vertical molar bitewing, align the film packet so that the anterior edge lines up:
A) behind the distal half of the first premolar.
B) behind the distal half of the second premolar.
C) in front of the mesial half of the first premolar.
D) in front of the mesial half of the second premolar.
Q2) Which two angulations are critical to producing quality bitewing radiographs?
Q3) When a class II occlusal relationship presents, the anterior edge of the image receptor should be positioned behind the distal half of the maxillary canine for a premolar bitewing.
A)True
B)False
Q4) For an adult horizontal premolar bitewing, position the image receptor so that the anterior edge lines up:
A) behind the distal half of the canine.
B) between the first and second premolars.
C) behind the distal half of the first premolar.
D) in front of the mesial half of the second premolar.
Q5) What is the main purpose of the bitewing radiograph?
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Chapter 17: The Panoramic Examination
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Q1) Assuming that the patient's head is in the correct position, which of the following is the correct vertical angulation setting for a maxillary anterior topographical occlusal radiograph?
A) +65 degrees
B) +45 degrees
C) -55 degrees
D) -45 degrees
Q2) Is a short or a long PID recommended for use in occlusal radiography?
Q3) Which of the following statements regarding managing occlusal radiograph exposures is FALSE?
A) Exposure factors are the same as those used for periapical and bitewing radiographs in the same region.
B) The open end of the PID should be positioned as close to the patient's skin as possible, without touching.
C) A modification of the paralleling technique is used to determine the vertical angulation.
D) A shorter PID minimizes distortion.
Q4) Is it acceptable to recline the chair or tip the headrest back to facilitate obtaining an occlusal radiograph?
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Chapter 18: Identifying and Correcting Undiagnostic
Radiographs
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Q1) A distomesial projection of the x-ray beam results in more severe overlapping in the posterior region of the radiograph.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Overdevelopment results in which of the following?
A) Green areas
B) Dark images
C) White or clear spots
D) Cracked emulsions
Q3) Light (thin) images may result from each of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A) Placing the image receptor (film) in the mouth backward
B) Not depressing the exposure button for the duration of the cycle
C) Using an mA setting that was too high
D) Developing in weak processing solutions
Q4) The image receptor should be placed with the long dimension horizontal for exposure of anterior periapical radiographs.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: Quality Control and Environmental Safety in Dental Radiography
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Q1) Assessing the radiographic equipment and systems in use, and developing a written plan for quality control are the first steps in establishing a quality administration program.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Each of the following statements regarding quality assurance of the automatic processor is correct EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A) Solution levels must be replenished and changed on a regular basis.
B) Maintenance procedures and tests need to be performed annually under normal conditions.
C) A failed test should prompt the operator to check the solutions, the water supply, and the film dryer.
D) The water supply must be turned on and the dryer operating correctly to produce a clear, dry film.
Q3) What is the name of the device made of layered metal steps of varying thickness used to determine film density and contrast?
Q4) What is the key to peak performance of an automatic processor?
Q5) In the coin test, how long is a coin placed on top of the unwrapped film?
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Chapter 20: Image Orientation and Introduction to Interpretation
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Q1) Name two agencies responsible for recommendations and regulations regarding safe handling of chemicals and other potentially harmful materials, and for the management of hazardous wastes used in dental radiography.
Q2) What agency sets and enforces regulations that protect the radiographer from infection in the oral health care setting?
A) The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
B) The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
C) The Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
D) The Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
Q3) What does the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard state is the purpose of a product label?
Q4) The EPA sets and enforces regulations that protect the radiographer from infection in the oral health care setting.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Acidic means having a pH:
A) of 7.
B) less than 7.
C) greater than 7.
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Chapter 21: Recognizing Normal Radiographic Anatomy
Intraoral Radiographs
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Q1) Which of these statements regarding viewing equipment is FALSE?
A) A magnifying glass may be used to aid the viewer.
B) Clear plastic film mounts help reduce glare and enhance the detail of the images.
C) Subdued room lighting is best for viewing radiographs.
D) Viewbox lighting must be of uniform intensity and evenly diffused.
Q2) Black opaque or cardboard film mounts are preferred because they:
A) are less expensive and more readily available from the manufacturer.
B) are more common and therefore easily shared with other practices.
C) make placing films in the windows easier.
D) block extraneous light to aid in interpretion.
Q3) Which is the preferred method of mounting films?
Q4) After orienting the embossed dots all the same way, the next suggested step when systematically mounting dental radiographs is to:
A) separate anterior periapical radiographs from posterior periapical radiographs.
B) separate maxillary periapical radiographs from mandibular periapical radiographs.
C) separate bitewing radiographs from periapical radiographs.
D) label the film mount with the patient's name and date.
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Chapter 22: Recognizing Normal Radiographic Anatomy
Panoramic Radiographs
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Q1) Cortical bone varies in radiopacity according to the size and number of trabeculae.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Bones are solid only on the outside and honeycombed within.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Cancellous bone appears extremely radiopaque.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Examples of anatomic landmarks that may appear on a mandibular anterior radiograph include the genial tubercles, lingual foramen, and mental ridge.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The lingual foramen is a very small opening located in the center of the genial tubercles on the lingual side of the mandible.
A)True
B)False
Q6) How does the lateral fossa appear on a dental radiograph?
Page 24
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Chapter 3: Radiographic Appearance of Dental Materials and Foreign Objects
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Q1) The term "idiopathic resorption" can apply to either external or internal resorption.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of these statements regarding the radiographic appearance of dental materials is FALSE?
A) A full metal crown may be distinguished from amalgam by its smooth margins.
B) A stainless steel crown has a see-through appearance.
C) A porcelain jacket appears more radiopaque than a full metal crown.
D) Porcelain appears about the same density as dentin.
Q3) Which of these will appear radiopaque?
A) An abscess
B) A cyst
C) A granuloma
D) Osteosclerosis
Q4) What is the name of the process characterized by root-end resorption in which the roots of the teeth appear shorter than normal?
Q5) What type of temporary restoration has a "see-through" appearance on the radiograph?
Q6) What is the most common odontogenic tumor?
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Chapter 24: The Use of Radiographs in the Detection of Dental Caries
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Q1) As a carious lesion progresses, it takes on a triangular shape with the apex pointing toward the __________________ and the base toward the
A) cementoenamel junction, outer surface of the tooth
B) dentinoenamel junction, outer surface of the tooth
C) outer surface of the tooth, cementoenamel junction
D) outer surface of the tooth, dentinoenamel junction
Q2) Moderate caries is seen radiographically as a radiolucency that has:
A) penetrated less than halfway through the enamel.
B) penetrated over halfway through the enamel but did not reach the DEJ.
C) penetrated at or through the DEJ but less than halfway through the dentin toward the pulp.
D) penetrated over halfway through the dentin toward the pulp.
Q3) What is the name for severe, unchecked caries that affect multiple teeth?
Q4) What term is applied to an optical illusion in which radiolucent lines are caused by overlapping images of the teeth?
Q5) Nonmetallic radiolucent restorations may mimic decay radiographically.
A)True
B)False
Page 26
Q6) How do caries appear radiographically compared to radiopaque enamel?
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Chapter 25: The Use of Radiographs in the Evaluation of Periodontal Diseases
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Q1) Which of the following statements is correct?
A) Localized bone loss occurs throughout both arches simultaneously.
B) Horizontal bone loss is also known as angular bone loss.
C) Horizontal bone loss occurs in a plane perpendicular to the CEJ of adjacent teeth.
D) Vertical bone loss is also known as angular bone loss.
Q2) Which of the following would be the least valuable radiographic assessment for the patient with periodontal disease?
A) A vertical bitewing series
B) Periapical radiographs exposed using the paralleling technique
C) A horizontal bitewing series
D) Periapical radiographs exposed using the bisecting technique
Q3) Can radiographs be used to differentiate treated versus untreated disease?
Q4) In horizontal bone loss, the buccal and lingual plates and interdental bone have all been resorbed to relatively the same degree.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is triangulation?
Q6) Can gingivitis be detected radiographically?
Page 28
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Q1) Most children would benefit from a radiographic examination within 12 months following the eruption of the first primary tooth.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The use of show-tell-do is especially useful with children.
A)True
B)False
Q3) By how much should adult exposure times be reduced for a 12-year-old child patient?
A) One-half the exposure time used for the adult patient
B) One-third the exposure time used for the adult patient
C) One-fourth the exposure time used for the adult patient
D) One-fifth the exposure time used for the adult patient
Q4) The radiographer should place the image receptor and take the exposure without showing the child.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Should a thyroid collar be used when exposing radiographs on children?
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Q6) When should a child receive his or herhis or her first professional oral examination?
Chapter 27: Pediatric Radiographic Techniques
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Q1) Which of these statements is FALSE?
A) Not all patients have gag reflexes.
B) Gagging is an involuntary effort to free the airway.
C) A hypersensitive gag reflex is the most troublesome problem a dental radiographer encounters.
D) A gag reflex can be stimulated by the suggestion of gagging.
Q2) Should the radiographer expose the anterior or posterior projections first?
Q3) Telling the patient that you do not like having radiographs taken will help the patient cooperate with the procedure.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If the patient mentions gagging, the radiographer should dismiss his or her concern as all in the mind.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are two stimuli that must be diminished or eliminated to reduce gagging?
Q6) A disability is defined as a physical limitation.
A)True
B)False
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Q7) Should a hearing aid be removed prior to a panoramic radiographic exposure?
Chapter 28: Radiographic Techniques for Patients With Special Needs
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Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/79521
Sample Questions
Q1) Which localization technique requires the exposure of an occlusal radiograph?
A) The definitive evaluation method
B) The right-angle method
C) The tube-shift method
Q2) For a maxillary molar disto-oblique periapical radiograph, the vertical angulation is that used for the standard paralleling technique.
A) increased by 5 degrees over B) increased by 10 degrees over C) decreased by 5 degrees from D) decreased by 10 degrees from
Q3) A torus mandibularis</KT> is a benign outgrowth of bone along the midline of the hard palate.
A)True
B)False
Q4) To avoid overlap of contact areas on a molar bitewing radiograph, the image receptor should be positioned perpendicularly to the midpoint of the maxillary first molar.
A)True
B)False
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Q5) When tori are present, where should the image receptor be placed?
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Chapter 29: Radiographic Techniques for Specific Oral Conditions
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Q1) Why should cassettes and intensifying screens be examined prior to use?
Q2) A cephalometric radiograph is used to evaluate the position and orientation of the condyles and to detect fractures of the zygomatic arch.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Extraoral film should be removed from the box under safelight conditions using:
A) clean, dry hands.
B) patient treatment gloves.
C) plastic overgloves.
D) nitrile utility gloves.
Q4) Which of these is NOT an identification method for labeling extraoral radiographs?
A) Embossed identification dot
B) Commercial film ID imprinters
C) Lead letters
D) Lead plates or tape
Q5) Orthodontists frequently use extraoral radiographs.
A)True
B)False
Q6) How many intensifying screens are inside a cassette?
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Chapter 30: Radiographic Techniques
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Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/79523
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Q1) A panoramic radiograph is often selected to identify caries.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A frown appearance to the arches will result when the patient's chin is positioned too high.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the area between the x-ray source and the image receptor that will be recorded in relative detail on the resultant radiograph called?
A) Negative shadow
B) Ghost image
C) Focal trough
D) Rotational center
Q4) Which of the following patient positioning errors would most likely result in a wide radiopaque image of the cervical vertebrae superimposed over the anterior teeth?
A) Chin tipped too far up
B) Not standing or sitting up straight
C) Not biting on the bite block
D) Necklace or napkin chain not removed
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