Fundamentals of Biology Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Fundamentals of Biology provides an introduction to the principles and concepts that form the foundation of biological science. The course covers key topics such as cell structure and function, genetics, evolution, ecology, and physiology. Emphasis is placed on understanding the scientific method, exploring how living organisms interact with each other and their environment, and examining the molecular and biochemical processes essential to life. The course serves as a basis for advanced studies in biology and related disciplines, fostering critical thinking and analytical skills through laboratory work and interactive learning.
Recommended Textbook
Campbell Essential Biology 6th Edition by Eric J. Simon
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29 Chapters
1538 Verified Questions
1538 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction: Biology Today
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Sample Questions
Q1) Humans are composed of ________ cells.
A)bacterial
B)eukaryotic
C)plant
D)prokaryotic
Answer: B
Q2) Taxonomy is the ________.
A)study of cells
B)naming and classifying of species
C)study of organisms and their interaction with the environment
D)study of genes
Answer: B
Q3) You try to start your car,but it does not start.Which of these is a prediction?
A)My car's battery is dead.
B)If I recharge the battery,then my car will start.
C)My car is too old to function properly.
D)What is wrong with my car?
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Essential Chemistry for Biology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is water considered a polar molecule?
A)The oxygen atom is found between the two hydrogen atoms.
B)The oxygen atom attracts the hydrogen atoms.
C)The oxygen end of the molecule has a slight negative charge,and the hydrogen end has a slight positive charge.
D)Both hydrogen atoms are at one end of the molecule,and the oxygen atom is at the other end.
Answer: C
Q2) Beryllium's atomic mass is 9,and its atomic number is 4.How many neutrons are found in a beryllium atom?
A)9
B)13
C)4
D)5
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Molecules of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Enzymes are ________.
A)amino acids
B)monosaccharides
C)phospholipids
D)proteins
Answer: D
Q2) A protein's function is most dependent on its ________.
A)pH
B)shape
C)size
D)weight
Answer: B
Q3) A glycerol with three fatty acids attached is referred to as a ________.
A)prostaglandin
B)nucleic acid
C)steroid
D)fat
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell
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Q1) Plant cells,unlike animal cells,are characterized by the presence of a ________.
A)cell wall and a contractile vacuole
B)cell wall and a central vacuole
C)nucleus and a cell wall
D)nucleus and a contractile vacuole
Q2) What structures move proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus?
A)transport proteins
B)central vacuole
C)transport vesicles
D)nucleolus
Q3) Most human cells contain ________ chromosomes.
A)36
B)46
C)2
D)23
Q4) Vacuoles are ________.
A)membranous sacs
B)manufactured by ribosomes
C)composed of microtubules
D)found only in plant cells
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Chapter 5: The Working Cell
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Q1) In a hypotonic solution,a plant cell will ________.
A)undergo plasmolysis
B)become flaccid
C)burst
D)become turgid
Q2) Some protozoans have special organelles called contractile vacuoles that continually eliminate excess water from the cell.The presence of these organelles tells you that the environment ________.
A)is isotonic to the protozoan
B)is hypotonic to the protozoan
C)is hypertonic to the protozoan
D)contains a higher concentration of solutes than the protozoan
Q3) The principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed is known as ________.
A)cellular respiration
B)conservation of energy
C)conservation of heat
D)entropy
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Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy From Food
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Q1) Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of stages in cellular respiration?
A)glycolysis,citric acid cycle,electron transport
B)citric acid cycle,glycolysis,electron transport
C)citric acid cycle,electron transport,glycolysis
D)electron transport,glycolysis,citric acid cycle
Q2) Which of the following metabolic pathways is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown?
A)the citric acid cycle
B)the electron transport chain
C)conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid
D)glycolysis
Q3) When oxygen delivery becomes insufficient to support a runner's aerobic metabolism,cells switch to an emergency mode in which ________.
A)ATP is generated less efficiently by harvesting the heat energy in a cell
B)ATP is inefficiently produced and lactic acid is generated as a by-product
C)lactic acid is broken down to produce smaller amounts of ATP
D)carbon dioxide is joined with water to generate much smaller amounts of ATP
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food
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Q1) What are grana?
A)thick fluids inside chloroplasts
B)convolutions of the inner chloroplast membrane
C)stacks of membranous sacs
D)pigments found in chloroplasts
Q2) Scientists are working to create a better biofuel factory through which of the following processes?
A)increasing the rate at which certain algae reproduce
B)developing strains of algae that can clean up oil spills
C)increasing the genetic diversity of groups of algae
D)restricting hydrocarbon production
Q3) In photosynthesis,redox reactions ultimately transfer electrons from ________ to ________.
A)O ...CO
B)C H O ...O
C)H O...C H O
D)H O...CO
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Chapter 8: Cellular Reproduction: Cells From Cells
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Q1) Which of these describes the type of reproduction that is most adaptive in a rapidly changing environment with many different parasitic diseases present?
A)asexual reproduction because the currently successful genotypes can reproduce quickly
B)asexual reproduction,because asexual reproduction uses less energy,which leaves more for each individual to adapt to the changing environment
C)sexual reproduction because the diversity of genotypes increases the likelihood that there is one which can survive in a new environment
D)sexual reproduction because this type of reproduction allows the production of a greater number of offspring thus providing more individuals to take advantage of any environmental challenges presented
Q2) How many chromosomes does an individual with Turner syndrome have?
A)2n + 1
B)n + 1
C)2n 1
D)n 1
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Chapter 9: Patterns of Inheritance
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Sample Questions
Q1) A couple has two female children.What is the probability that their next child will be male?
A)25%
B)50%
C)33%
D)67%
Q2) An individual with (naturally)curly hair and an individual with (naturally)straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally)wavy hair.If an individual with wavy hair mates with an individual with straight hair,what is the probability that their child will have curly hair?
A)0%
B)25%
C)50%
D)75%
Q3) An individual who is homozygous ________.
A)expresses the dominant trait
B)carries two different alleles for a gene
C)carries two copies of the same allele for a gene
D)expresses the recessive trait
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Chapter 10: The Structure and Function of Dna
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Q1) How many nucleotides make up a codon?
A)two
B)three
C)four
D)five
Q2) A mutation within a gene that will insert a premature stop codon in mRNA would
A)result in a longer polypeptide chain
B)result in a shortened polypeptide chain
C)change the location at which transcription of the next gene begins D)have the same effect as deleting a single nucleotide in the gene
Q3) The expressed (coding)regions of eukaryotic genes are called ________.
A)caps
B)promoters
C)exons
D)introns
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12
Chapter 11: How Genes Are Controlled
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Q1) In a eukaryotic cell an abnormal protein is binding to the promoter for a gene.Which of the following processes will likely occur in this scenario?
A)Transcription factors will bind to enhancers.
B)Transcription factors will bind to the promoter.
C)The gene will be expressed normally.
D)RNA polymerase will bind to the promoter.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a possible use of reproductive cloning?
A)the production of genetically identical mice and rats for experimentation
B)the production of organs in large farm animals for transplant into humans
C)restocking populations of extinct animals such as the wooly mammoth
D)creating stocks of stem cells for human therapeutic use
Q3) How is it that the cells in different body tissues are able to perform different functions?
A)The cells exhibit different patterns of gene expression.
B)Different chromosomes have been inactivated in different cells.
C)The cells contain different genes.
D)The mutations that have accumulated in the cells of the different tissues control functions.
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13
Chapter 12: DNA Technology
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Q1) The short tandem repeat analysis ________.
A)compares markers on the sex chromosomes
B)compares repetitive DNA sequences from different individuals
C)does not require DNA amplification
D)checks for purine and pyrimidine ratios
Q2) FGA is one of the STRs that are used to compare DNA between different people.Why is FGA useful for comparing DNA between different people?
A)FGA varies in the number of repeats between different people.
B)FGA varies in sequence between different people.
C)FGA is only present in some peoples' genomes.
D)FGA is present in different places in different peoples' genomes.
Q3) A DNA fragment with a sticky end that reads -ATTCG will bind with another DNA fragment with a sticky end that reads ________.
A)TAAGC-
B)CGGAT-
C)GCCTA-
D)ATTGC-
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14
Chapter 13: How Populations Evolve
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Q1) What leads paleontologists to hypothesize that whales evolved from wolf-like carnivores?
A)molecular analysis of whale DNA
B)observations of fossil teeth
C)the presence of vestigial structures in both species
D)mathematical analysis using the Hardy-Weinberg formula
Q2) Natural selection generally results in ________.
A)increased genetic variation
B)a population that is better adapted to a future environment
C)a population that is adapted to its current environment
D)an increase in the size of a population
Q3) Which one of the following statements is TRUE?
A)Natural selection works on variation already present in a population.
B)Natural selection works on nonheritable traits.
C)Individuals evolve through natural selection.
D)Individual organisms evolve structures that they need.
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15
Chapter 14: How Biological Diversity Evolves
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Q1) The science of naming,identifying,and classifying organisms is called ________.
A)biogeography
B)systematics
C)phylogeny
D)taxonomy
Q2) The biological species concept cannot be applied to fossils.Which alternate approach to identifying species would be most useful for classifying fossil organisms?
A)an approach based on use of reproductive barriers
B)an approach based on genetic history
C)an approach based on measurable physical traits
D)an approach based on molecular biology
Q3) The current geological era is the ________.
A)Paleozoic
B)Cenozoic
C)Mesozoic
D)Cambrian
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Chapter 15: The Evolution of Microbial Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Under what abiotic conditions can monomers spontaneously form polymers?
A)in the presence of oxygen gas
B)when ribozymes are present to catalyze the reaction
C)when a collection of organic molecules with a cell membrane are isolated
D)when water evaporates from a hot surface
Q2) In Yellowstone National Park,hot springs can reach temperatures of 205°F (96°C).Despite these high temperatures,Aquifex bacteria flourish.How might you classify Aquifex bacteria?
A)slime molds
B)extremophiles
C)amoebas
D)algae
Q3) Eukaryotes that are not fungi,animals,or plants are classified in a "catch-all" category called ________.
A)archaea
B)bacteria
C)seaweeds
D)protists
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Chapter 16: The Evolution of Plants and Fungi
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Q1) From the point of view of an angiosperm,what is the function of fruit?
A)It is where the male gametophyte develops.
B)It is a mechanism for the dispersal of seeds.
C)It provides nutrients to germinating seeds.
D)It attracts pollinators.
Q2) In angiosperms,the ________ is a nutrient-storing tissue that nourishes a developing embryo.
A)fruit
B)seed
C)carpels
D)endosperm
Q3) Which of the following is the lineage of green algae believed to most resemble early plant ancestors?
A)charophytes
B)ulva
C)volvox
D)dinoflagellates
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18
Chapter 17: The Evolution of Animals
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Q1) How do sponges differ from all other animals?
A)Sponges exhibit radial symmetry.
B)Sponges are autotrophs.
C)Sponges lack a true body cavity.
D)Sponges lack true tissues.
Q2) A feature that freed reptiles from dependence on water for reproduction is ________.
A)parental care of eggs
B)ectothermy
C)metamorphosis
D)the amniotic egg
Q3) You discover an organism that has scaly skin and is aquatic but returns to the land to reproduce.What else would you expect to find in this organism?
A)asexual reproduction
B)amniotic egg
C)a water vascular system
D)radial symmetry
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19
Chapter 18: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
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Q1) What level of ecology is concerned with both the biotic and abiotic aspects of an environment?
A)community
B)organism
C)ecosystem
D)population
Q2) What name is given to the seafloor?
A)pelagic realm
B)intertidal zone
C)benthic realm
D)aphotic zone
Q3) Which nutrients often limit the distribution and abundance of photosynthetic organisms?
A)water and oxygen
B)nitrogen and phosphorus
C)carbon dioxide and nitrogen
D)water and carbon dioxide
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Chapter 19: Population Ecology
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Q1) Most crop pests ________.
A)have an opportunistic life history
B)have an equilibrial life history
C)exhibit type I survivorship
D)consist of long-lived individuals
Q2) Non-native species can have important effects on biological communities by
A)preying upon native species only
B)competing with native species for resources only
C)reducing biodiversity only
D)All of these are effects that non-native species can have on biological communities.
Q3) The harsh winter that led to the death of many moose in 1996 is an example of
A)a density-dependent factor
B)biological control
C)a density-independent factor
D)a trigger for logistic growth
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21
Chapter 20: Communities and Ecosystems
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Q1) The atmosphere is approximately 80% ________ gas.
A)CO
B)H O
C)CH
D)N
Q2) In the food chain grass antelope human lion,the antelope is ________.
A)both an herbivore and a secondary consumer
B)both a producer and a primary consumer
C)both an herbivore and a primary consumer
D)a secondary consumer only
Q3) Which of these organisms convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to a form that can be utilized by plants?
A)bacteria
B)protists
C)animals
D)fungi
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Chapter 21: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function
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Q1) Most homeostatic mechanisms depend on ________.
A)positive and negative feedback
B)negative feedback
C)predictable environmental conditions
D)predictable internal conditions
Q2) Which process describes the forcing of water and other small molecules from the blood into a kidney tubule?
A)absorption
B)filtration
C)secretion
D)excretion
Q3) Which of the following statements apply to freshwater fish?
A)They lose water by osmosis.
B)The concentration of solutes in their internal fluids is lower than in the surrounding water.
C)They pump out ions via the gills.
D)They produce dilute urine.
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Page 23
Chapter 22: Nutrition and Digestion
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Q1) Which of the following is the usual cause of heartburn?
A)backflow of chyme from the stomach into the esophagus
B)retention of food at the bottom of the esophagus by a sphincter that is reluctant to open
C)irritation of the lower esophagus by substances in spicy food
D)compression of the lower esophagus by an overfilled stomach
Q2) Which of the following mechanisms helps prevent gastric juice from digesting the stomach lining?
A)mucus coating the inside surface of the stomach
B)contractions of the stomach constantly moving chyme into the small intestine
C)the continuous secretion of gastric juice
D)the inactivation of pepsin by hydrochloric acid
Q3) The four stages of food processing are,in order ________.
A)ingestion,absorption,elimination,digestion
B)ingestion,elimination,digestion,absorption
C)ingestion,digestion,absorption,elimination
D)digestion,absorption,ingestion,elimination
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Page 24
Chapter 23: Circulation and Respiration
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Q1) The one-way flow of blood in veins is maintained by ________.
A)blood pressure
B)muscles pressing against the veins
C)their thick walls
D)valves
Q2) The scientists found that the level of carbon dioxide in the air did not cause college students to yawn more frequently.What other experiment could they conduct to confirm that they should reject the hypothesis that yawning is regulated in the same way as breathing?
A)Test the effect of hemoglobin amounts on the frequency of yawning.
B)Test the effect of exercise levels on the frequency of yawning.
C)Test the effect of carbon monoxide (CO)levels on the frequency of yawning.
D)Test the effect of diet on the frequency of yawning.
Q3) Oxygen is transported through the body mostly ________.
A)dissolved in the blood
B)dissolved in red blood cells
C)bound to hemoglobin
D)bound to dissolved iron
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25
Chapter 24: The Bodys Defenses
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Q1) Herd immunity fails when what percentage of the population is NOT vaccinated?
A)1%
B)5%
C)10%
D)50%
Q2) What did Jonas Salk's polio vaccine experiment find?
A)Vaccines could be developed from bacteria.
B)Vaccines were safe only for the elderly.
C)Inactivated viruses can be used as vaccines.
D)Polio could not be prevented with a vaccine.
Q3) Which of the following statements best explains why people with Hodgkin's disease often show signs of immunodeficiency?
A)The Hodgkin's disease virus infects and destroys B cells.
B)Hodgkin's disease involves the deposition of immune complexes in the kidneys.
C)Hodgkin's disease is a type of cancer that affects lymphocytes.
D)Hodgkin's disease occurs when an immune response elicited by streptococcal bacteria kills normal heart cells as well.
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Chapter 25: Hormones
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Q1) Generally,a cell that is affected by a particular steroid hormone would be expected to have ________.
A)DNA sites that interact with the hormone
B)a receptor inside the cell that binds the hormone
C)a cell-surface receptor that binds the hormone
D)enzymes that are activated or inactivated by the hormone's second messenger
Q2) The hormone being released from the organs shown in the figure is likely to be ________.
A)adrenalin
B)growth
C)testosterone
D)calcitonin
Q3) Nate is gaining weight,is often tired,and feels cold.His thyroid hormone level is high as is the level of TSH.Nate also has a goiter.Which of these diagnoses is the most likely for Nate's condition?
A)defective thyroid hormone receptors in his body cells
B)insufficient iodine in his diet
C)defective receptors for thyroid hormone control by the anterior pituitary
D)too much iodine in the diet
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Page 27
Chapter 26: Reproduction and Development
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Q1) A sperm cell's acrosome ________.
A)contains the sperm's nucleus and is the part of the sperm that enters the egg during fertilization
B)fuses with the plasma membrane of the egg cell
C)contains enzymes that are released when the sperm encounters an egg and dissolves a hole in the jellylike matrix that surrounds the egg
D)contains the sperm's mitochondria
Q2) What does the ovarian cycle image above illustrate?
A)A rise in the level of luteinizing hormone brings about ovulation.
B)A rise in the level of estrogen brings about ovulation.
C)The endometrium is thinner during the first half of the cycle than during the latter half.
D)A corpus luteum is necessary for ovulation.
Q3) Which one of the following is the earliest event in the process of fertilization?
A)Sperm contact the jelly coat around the egg.
B)The sperm head plasma membrane fuses with the egg plasma membrane.
C)Enzymes from the acrosome are released.
D)The sperm nucleus enters the cytoplasm of the egg.
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Page 28
Chapter 27: Nervous,Sensory,and Locomotor Systems
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Q1) Given the symptoms of ALS,what part of the nervous system is functioning abnormally?
A)autonomic nervous system
B)central nervous system
C)motor system
D)sympathetic division
Q2) A person who cannot focus well on distant objects has ________.
A)farsightedness
B)nearsightedness
C)astigmatism
D)cataracts
Q3) What part of the nervous system cushions the CNS and helps supply it with nutrients and hormones,and carries away wastes?
A)cerebrospinal fluid
B)spinal cord
C)interneurons
D)the bones of the skull
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29
Chapter 28: The Life of a Flowering Plant
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Q1) The ________ enclose and protect the flower bud,while the ________ advertise the flower to insects and other pollinators.
A)anthers...petals
B)carpels...stigmata
C)sepals...stamens
D)sepals...petals
Q2) You trim two different houseplants.The first houseplant becomes bushier,but the pruning does not affect the growth of the second plant.A possible explanation is
A)you removed the axillary bud on the first plant but not the second
B)the second plant forms tubers,but the first plant does not
C)the first plant has compound leaves and the second plant has simple leaves
D)you removed the terminal bud on the first plant but not the second
Q3) As a beaver chews from the outside to the inside of a tree,in what order does it encounter plant tissues?
A)secondary xylem secondary phloem cork cork cambium vascular cambium
B)cork cambium cork secondary xylem vascular cambium secondary phloem
C)cork cork cambium vascular cambium secondary xylem secondary phloem
D)cork cork cambium secondary phloem vascular cambium secondary xylem
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Page 30
Chapter 29: The Working Plant
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Q1) Oats are eaten by humans as oatmeal or rolled oats,and as feed for livestock such as cattle.In order for an oat plant to make the part we eat (the seed),it must flower and be pollinated.Typically,oat plants flower when days are lengthening (i.e.,late spring to early summer).What is the best classification for oat plants?
A)long night
B)short night
C)night neutral
D)short day
Q2) Which of the following best describes substances that enter a plant through the root system?
A)They are dissolved in water.
B)They are obtained from the air.
C)They are organic molecules.
D)They are brought in through stomata.
Q3) Which of the following best describes transpiration?
A)the loss of oxygen from a plant
B)evaporation from a plant's roots
C)the bulk flow movement of water in a plant
D)the loss of water from plant leaves through evaporation
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Page 31