Fundamentals of Biology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Fundamentals of Biology provides an introduction to the essential principles and concepts of biological science. Topics include the structure and function of cells, genetics, evolution, diversity of living organisms, and ecological relationships. Students will explore key processes such as metabolism, reproduction, and homeostasis, developing an understanding of how living systems interact with each other and their environments. This course lays the groundwork for advanced study in biological sciences and related fields by combining theoretical learning with practical laboratory experience.
Recommended Textbook
Biology The Core 1st Edition by Eric J. Simon
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Page 2
Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Science of Life
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Q1) Which of the following statements about the scientific method is false?
A)The scientific method can be used by anyone at any time.
B)The scientific method proves things false.
C)The scientific method proves things true.
D)The scientific method is a way of asking questions and getting evidence-driven answers.
Answer: C
Q2) Every conversion of energy involves the loss of some of that energy.How is the majority of energy typically lost from an ecosystem?
A)Upon the death of an organism
B)Through the decomposition of organic matter
C)In the form of heat
D)From the migration of organisms out of the ecosystem into another Answer: C
Q3) What is the unifying or "core" theme of biology?
A)Evolution
B)Energy transfer
C)Nutrient recycling
D)Hierarchical organization
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
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Q1) Which of the following is not made from long chains of glucose?
A)Starch
B)Glycerol
C)Glycogen
D)Cellulose
Answer: B
Q2) Individual amino acids have unique chemical qualities but these do not directly determine the function of an enzyme.What then is the role of the individual amino acid's unique chemical qualities and what then directly determines the function of an enzyme?
Answer: The side groups of an amino acid are what give the amino acid its unique chemical qualities.These allow specific amino acids in the polypeptide chain to bind to other specific amino acids,which fold and twist the polypeptide into a specific three-dimensional shape.The shape may include an indentation called the active site that directly functions as the binding site for the substrate.Active sites often include cofactors and coenzymes that improve its functionality.They will not function without these factors even if the amino acid sequence and folding pattern are correct.
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Chapter 3: The Cell: The Fundamental Unit of Life
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Q1) What is the role of the contractile vacuole in a protist?
A)Cell division
B)Movement of the flagellum
C)Water storage
D)Excess water removal
Answer: D
Q2) It is sometimes jokingly said that you could study for your biology test by placing your textbook under your pillow at night and thereby learn by osmosis as the knowledge would flow from the book to your brain while you slept.Aside from the obvious absurdity of this claim,what is wrong with the use of the word "osmosis" in this context? How might you lose knowledge (if knowledge could actually flow along a concentration gradient between a book and a brain)if you tried this technique?
Answer: Osmosis specifically refers to the flow of water down a concentration gradient.You would be learning by diffusion,not osmosis.Not to mention the concern that if you had more knowledge in your brain than in the textbook,information might flow down the gradient out of your brain and into the book.
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5
Chapter 4: Energy and Life
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Q1) Upon closer examination,the fish appeared to have died from a lack of oxygen.What time of day did the fish most likely die?
A)Late at night
B)Just before dawn
C)In the middle of the afternoon
D)At sundown
Q2) Select the term which best defines the movement of an object against an opposing force.
A)Work
B)Play
C)Energy
D)Entropy
Q3) Which of the following best describes the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
A)Carbon dioxide + Sugar + Energy = Oxygen + Water
B)Oxygen + Water + Carbon dioxide = Sugar + Energy
C)Water + Carbon dioxide + Energy = Sugar + Oxygen
D)Oxygen + Sugar = Water + Carbon dioxide + Energy
Q4) What color of light is not used for photosynthesis? How could you know this just by looking at a leaf?
Q5) Explain why mitochondria are often called "the powerhouse of the cell."
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Chromosomes and Inheritance
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Q1) Where is the original interphase cell that began mitosis once mitosis has been completed and the daughter cells have been formed?
A)It no longer exists.
B)It is adjacent to the daughter cells.
C)It is now one of the daughter cells.
D)It is still in its original location.
Q2) What produces four daughter cells?
A)Meiosis
B)Mitosis
C)Both of these
D)Neither of these
Q3) What produces genetically unique daughter cells?
A)Meiosis
B)Mitosis
C)Both of these
D)Neither of these
Q4) Would a human clone have a bellybutton?
A)Yes
B)No
Q5) Which phase of meiosis is most similar to mitosis and why?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: DNA: The Molecule of Life
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Q1) What does "burn" refer to in the typical cancer treatment regime?
A)Chemotherapy
B)Aromatherapy
C)Radiation therapy
D)Surgery
Q2) How does chemotherapy kill cancer cells and why might it also result in hair loss and nausea?
Q3) If DNA directs the production of RNA,what does RNA make?
A)RNA makes proteins.
B)RNA makes more DNA.
C)RNA makes membranes.
D)RNA makes hereditary molecules.
Q4) Occasionally the DNA may become damaged.Fortunately,several proofreading genes code for proteins that find and repair the damaged DNA.What might happen if one of these genes were damaged?
A)The cell would initiate a form of self-destruction.
B)Oncogenes would develop into proto-oncogenes.
C)The chance of developing cancer would increase substantially.
D)Tumor-suppressing genes would be turned on.
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Chapter 7: Darwinian Evolution
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Q1) If a changing environment increases rates of evolution,why do we see an increase in extinction rates following rapid global catastrophes?
Q2) Another word for macroevolution is ________.
A)mutation
B)speciation
C)variation
D)extinction
Q3) What is radiometric dating?
A)The process of determining the age of the fossils from radioactive isotopes
B)The mineralization process by which living things are turned into fossils
C)The process of determining the age of the fossils based on which layer in the rock it is found
D)The process of determining the age of the fossils using radio waves
Q4) The varieties of species found on the different Galapagos Islands is most likely an example of which form of speciation?
A)Sympatric
B)Parapatric
C)Allopatric
D)Disruptive
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Chapter 8: Biodiversity 1: Microscopic Organisms
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Q1) Halophiles are found in which environment?
A)Anoxic
B)Hot
C)Salty
D)Dry
Q2) Which of the following is a form of reproduction in bacteria?
A)Transformation
B)Transduction
C)Neither of these
D)Both of these
Q3) Which was not a gas in Earth's earliest atmosphere?
A)O
B)CH
C)NH
D)H
Q4) The "protists" are grouped together simply for convenience.Why are they not considered to be in a specific taxon like a kingdom or a phylum?
Q5) Describe all the possible forms of nucleic acids found in viruses.
Q6) Why is there no cure for prion-related diseases?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Biodiversity 2: Fungi and Plants
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Q1) Which statement related to gymnosperm reproduction is true?
A)Spores produce pollen grains which contain sperm.
B)Two sperm are required to fertilize the ovule.
C)Many rely upon insects for pollination.
D)It is so inefficient that gymnosperms do not grow very tall or live for very long.
Q2) What do gymnosperms and angiosperms have in common?
A)Flowers
B)Seeds
C)Spores
D)None of these
Q3) Which is part of the vascular system of plants?
A)Pollen
B)Jetsam
C)Flotsam
D)None of these are part of a plant's vascular system.
Q4) Besides edible and poisonous mushrooms,describe two fungi that are beneficial to humans and two fungi that are harmful to humans.
Q5) Name four ways roots benefit a plant.
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Chapter 10: Biodiversity 3: Animals
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Q1) All vertebrates have ________.
A)hair
B)a skull
C)four limbs
D)scales
Q2) Which worm has no body cavity?
A)Flatworms
B)Annelids
C)Roundworms
D)All of these
Q3) Which group of fishes gave rise to the amphibians?
A)Ray-finned fishes
B)Lobe-finned fishes
C)Cartilaginous fishes
D)Jawless fishes
Q4) Many,though not all,mollusks have a shell.What secretes the shell?
A)The foot
B)The mantle
C)The radula
D)The visceral mass
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Chapter 11: Human Body Systems
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Q1) Where does the fertilization of the egg occur?
A)Ovary
B)Oviduct
C)Uterus
D)Cervix
Q2) Your thigh bone,the largest bone in your body,is called the ________.
A)tibia
B)femur
C)fibula
D)pelvis
Q3) An essential nutrient is specifically a nutrient that your body ________.
A)needs to grow
B)needs to function
C)cannot make by itself
D)cannot store
Q4) How is an adaptive defense initially primed?
A)Upon exposure to a foreign antigen
B)Complement proteins identify a cell as foreign
C)Antibodies bind to surface markers of a foreign cell
D)By way of the clonal selection of effector cells
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Ecology
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Q1) At what level is biodiversity often studied and measured?
A)The diversity of genes in a population
B)The diversity of species in an community
C)The diversity of ecosystems on the planet
D)All of these
Q2) The practice of "eating down the food chain" refers to eating more plant material and less herbivores.Explain how this is a more efficient use of energy.
Q3) What is the name of the theoretical maximum rate of population growth?
A)Logistic
B)Speculative
C)Factorial
D)Exponential
Q4) Some species require a large and diverse range.Although it may not significantly decrease the overall size of the range,how might fragmenting the range with a freeway or neighborhood lead to the extinction of the entire population,even if sufficient food is available in either region to sustain two smaller populations? Suggest a compromise that would allow the population to survive and allow for the road project or neighborhood.
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