Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology
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Course Introduction
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology provides a comprehensive introduction to the structure and function of the human body. The course explores the major organ systems, their anatomical features, and physiological processes, emphasizing the interdependence of these systems in maintaining health and homeostasis. Through the study of cellular structure, tissue organization, and organ function, students develop a foundational understanding of how the body responds to internal and external challenges. This course is essential for students pursuing careers in health sciences, nursing, and related fields, offering a basis for advanced studies in biomedical sciences.
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Anatomy and Physiology for Health Professions An Interactive Journey 2nd Edition by Bruce J. Colbert
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology:
Learning the Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) The cycle of ever-increasing uterine contractions due to an ever-increasing release of oxytocin is an example of ________.
Answer: Positive feedback
Q2) The study of disease is called pathology or ____________.
Answer: Pathophysiology
Q3) ____________ is the study of structure.
Answer: Anatomy
Q4) The three basic parts of a medical term include ________.
A)Prefix, word root, suffix
B)Suffix, base, meaning
C)Prefix, stem, ending
D)Base, word root, stem
Answer: A
Q5) Stat means right away or immediately.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q6) One who studies nerves is a(n) ____________.
Answer: Neurologist
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Chapter 2: The Human Body: Reading the Map
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____________ refers to body parts located away from the midline.
Answer: Lateral
Q2) The Fowlers' position facilitates ________.
A)Sleeping
B)All treatments
C)Dizziness
D)Breathing
Answer: D
Q3) ________ devices use a narrowly focused X-ray beam that circles rapidly around the body.
A)Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
B)X-ray
C)Ultrasound
D)Computed tomography (CT) scanning
Answer: D
Q4) The opposite of superficial is lateral.
A)True
B)False Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Biochemistry: the Basic Ingredients of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) The chief type of reaction used during catabolism is ________.
A)Dehydration synthesis
B)Hydrolysis
C)Hydration
D)Hydrogen bonding
Answer: B
Q2) The building blocks of proteins are ________.
A)Nucleic acids
B)Amino acids
C)Oleic acids
D)Lewis acids
Answer: B
Q3) Explain metabolism.
Answer: Metabolism consists of all the chemical reactions taking place in your cells.Anabolic reactions make large molecules from small usually via dehydration synthesis.Catabolic reactions break down large molecules into small usually via hydrolysis.
Q4) Explain the structure of an atom.
Answer: An atom has a nucleus with neutrons (neutral) and protons (positive).Electrons (negative) surround the nucleus.
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Chapter 4: The Cells: the Raw Materials and Building Blocks
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Sample Questions
Q1) The organelles that provide 95% of the body's energy are ________.
A)Ribosomes
B)Mitochondria
C)Adenosines
D)Cytoplasma
Q2) Bacteria, which are prokaryotes, grow rapidly and reproduce by splitting in
Q3) Metastasis is spreading of benign cancer cells.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The molecule made by mitochondria that provides the power to the cell is ________.
A)ATP
B)RNA
C)ADP
D)DNA
Q5) Without mitosis, your body would not be able to grow, or replace old or ________ cells.
Q6) The ____________ is the control center of the cell.
Q7) A(n) ________ packages and delivers proteins.
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Chapter 5: Tissues and Systems: the Inside Story
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Sample Questions
Q1) A membrane associated with connective tissue is the ________ membrane.
Q2) Any avascular tissue with no extracellular matrix and an obvious top surface is __________________ tissue.
Q3) This type of muscle tissue is found in the heart ________.
A)Skeletal
B)Voluntary
C)Smooth
D)Cardiac
Q4) The skeletal system includes all but which of the following?
A)Bones
B)Cartilage
C)Ligaments
D)All of the above are included in the skeletal system
Q5) Balance is the responsibility of which sensory organ?
A)Ear
B)Eye
C)Nose
D)Throat
Q6) Compare and contrast cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle.
Q7) The ____________ system delivers oxygen to the bloodstream.
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Chapter 6: The Skeletal System: the Framework
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Q1) ________ fractures are incomplete breaks, which more often occur in children because they have softer, more pliable bone than adults.
Q2) A compound or ________ fracture is particularly nasty because deep tissue has the potential to be exposed to bacteria once the bone is set into place, increasing the chance for infection.
Q3) These joints permit the widest range of movement ________.
A)Hinge
B)Pivot
C)Saddle
D)Ball and socket
Q4) A bone fracture in your arm would be part of the ________ division of the skeleton.
A)Thoracic
B)Appendicular
C)Axial
D)Spinal
Q5) Explain the microanatomy of compact bone.
Q6) Explain the steps in bone repair.
Q7) ________ describes increasing the angle of a joint.
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Chapter 7: The Muscular System: Movement for the Journey
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Q1) Explain why corpses become stiff.
Q2) Muscle strains are injuries caused by overstretching the ________ or the muscles themselves.
Q3) Tetanus is a muscle disease caused by an untreated bacterial infection of a(n)
Q4) The myofilaments used during muscle contractions will return to their resting state when the ________ relax.
A)Sarcomeres
B)Myosin
C)Actin
D)Z Bars
Q5) A(n) ________ is a test in which a muscle group is stimulated with an electrical impulse that causes a contraction.
Q6) Muscles that cause movement in the opposite direction of the prime mover when they contract are called ____________.
Q7) Ataxia is partial or total loss of the ability to move muscles.
A)True
B)False
Q8) ________ cause pain in the tibia region.
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Chapter 8: The Integumentary System: the Protective
Covering
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Sample Questions
Q1) A(n) ________ is a pathologically altered piece of tissue that can include a wound or injury of a single infected patch of skin.
Q2) _________ are responsible for your skin color.
Q3) Turning and padding are important in the prevention of decubitus ________.
Q4) Tiny mites that burrow into the skin to lay eggs cause a condition known as ________.
Q5) A first degree burn penetrates through the _________________.
Q6) Excessive bruising could indicate skin, ________, or circulatory problems as well as physical abuse.
Q7) Causes of alopecia (baldness) include ______.
A)Chemotherapy and other medications
B)Aging and heredity factors
C)Scalp infections
D)All of the above
Q8) Patches of melanin found on the skin form ____________.
A)Melanocytes
B)Freckles
C)Bilirubin
D)Carotene
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Q9) Distinguish between first, second and third degree burns.
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Chapter 9: The Nervous System Part I: the Information
Super Highway
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Sample Questions
Q1) Guillain Barré syndrome is the autoimmune destruction of the ________ nervous system myelin and often occurs after a viral infection.
Q2) Patients with injuries to the thoracic spinal cord segment with two paralyzed legs are said to be ________.
A)Paraplegics
B)Quadriplegics
C)Suffering from Guillain Barré syndrome
D)None of the above
Q3) The peripheral nervous system is everything outside the brain and spinal cord.
A)True
B)False
Q4) This type of glia cell attacks microbes and removes debris.
A)Microglia
B)Oligodendrocyte
C)Astroglia
D)Neurilemma
Q5) The input side of the nervous system is known as ____________.
Q7) Explain how multiple sclerosis affects the body. Page 12
Q6) The most common systemic disorder that causes peripheral neuropathy is
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Chapter 10: The Nervous System Part Ii: the Traffic Control Center
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Sample Questions
Q1) The XII cranial nerve, the ____________, is under the tongue.
Q2) Explain how we interpret touch.
Q3) The ________ is an anatomical/physiologic protective structure of the brain believed to consist of walls of capillaries in the CNS and surrounding glial membranes.
Q4) A ________ is caused by disruption of blood flow to a portion of the brain due to either hemorrhage or blood clot.
A)Cerebrovascular accident
B)Stroke
C)a and b only
D)None of the above
Q5) The right and left hemisphere of the cerebrum are connected by the ____________.
A)Postcentral gyrus
B)Precentral gyrus
C)Corpus callosum
D)Ventricles
Q6) Cross communication between the right and left sides of the brain is through the
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Q7) The pineal body secretes the hormone ____________.
Q8) List the twelve cranial nerves.
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Chapter 11: The Senses: the Sights and Sounds
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Sample Questions
Q1) If left untreated, cataracts can lead to what?
A)Blindness
B)Presbyopia
C)Myopia
D)Hyperopia
Q2) Lacrimal glands are endocrine glands.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Pain is felt for as long as the stimulus is there that is c.ausing it or unless a person is under ________.
Q4) A feeling of dizziness and or whirling in space is called ________.
A)Vertigo
B)Purulence
C)Eczema
D)Tinnitus
Q5) Clouding of the eye lens caused by protein clumping is called ________.
A)Blepharitis
B)A cataract
C)Clouding
D)Astigmatism
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Chapter 12: The Endocrine System: the Bodys Other Control System
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ steroids are a class of molecules that cause an increase in muscle mass.
A)Anti-inflammatory
B)Anabolic
C)NSAIDs
D)Metabolic
Q2) Which of the following hormones are directly controlled by the nervous system?
A)Oxytocin
B)Cortisol
C)Epinephrine
D)Insulin
Q3) The most common cause of hypothyroidism is ________.
Q4) Explain how one endocrine gland is controlled by another.
Q5) Prednisone can be used as an anti-inflammatory drug to treat ________.
A)Severe allergies
B)Rheumatoid arthritis
C)Other chronic conditions
D)All of the above
Q7) The liver breaks down glycogen into ____________. Page 17
Q6) Appropriate blood glucose levels are vital for cellular ________.
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Chapter 13: The Cardiovascular System: Transport and Supply
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the most common blood type among Americans?
A)A
B)B
C)O
D)AB
Q2) This drug commonly reduces or eliminates angina pectoris due to its ability to increase blood flow to the cardiac muscles by dilating coronary blood vessels.
A)Epinephrine
B)Lasix
C)Oxygen
D)Nitroglycerin
Q3) A(n) ________ is a weakening and distortion of the walls of an artery and can be caused by hypertension or trauma.
Q4) ________ defend against parasites.
Q5) The first hour of a myocardial infarction (heart attack) is critical, so emergency services should be called immediately even if the patient ________ they are having a heart attack.
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Q6) Tissue death is called ________ or necrosis.
Q7) The middle layer of the vessel is the tunica ____________.
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Chapter
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Q1) The hilum is the area where the root of each lung is attached.
A)True
B)False
Q2) ________ is characterized anatomically as the permanent, abnormal enlargement of distal airway spaces and destruction of the alveolar walls.
A)Asthma
B)Emphysema
C)Chronic bronchitis
D)Bronchiectasis
Q3) The respiratory system terminates at the A)Alveoli
B)Bronchus
C)Bronchioles
D)Lungs
Q4) The dome-shaped muscle that acts to ventilate is the diaphragm.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global term for the conditions of emphysema, and chronic ________.
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Chapter 15: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems: Your Defense Systems
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Q1) If an invader has an opportunity to enter the body, white blood cells, or ________, are responsible for defending the body against invaders.
Q2) ________ disorders occur when the immune system attacks some part of the body.The body fails to recognize "self" and destroys its own tissue as if it were an invader.
Q3) Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis include ________.
A)Joint stiffness
B)Symmetrical joint damage
C)Decreased range of motion
D)All of the above
Q4) Macrophages are part of innate immunity.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an immune ________ disorder caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Q6) Cancers that are diagnosed after they have already spread to other organs are much more likely to be ________.
Q7) ____________ immunity is your body's inborn ability to fight infection.
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Q8) Explain why HIV causes severe immune deficiency by attacking one type of cell.
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Chapter 16: The Gastrointestinal System: Fuel for the Trip
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Q1) A gallstone can lodge in the bile ________, causing extreme pain that may radiate to the right shoulder (an example of referred pain).
Q2) List the organs of the alimentary canal in order from mouth to anus.
Q3) Inflammation of the appendix is called ________.
Q4) The order in which material passes through the large intestine is ________.
A)Descending colon, transverse colon, ascending colon, cecum
B)Ascending colon, cecum, transverse colon, descending colon
C)Cecum, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending colon
D)Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon
Q5) ________ is a form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
A)Gastroenteritis
B)Irritable bowel syndrome
C)Crohn's disease
D)Peritonitis
Q6) The appendix is attached at which area?
A)Colon
B)Anus
C)Cecum
D)Rectum
Q7) Partially digested food is known as ____________.
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Chapter 17: The Urinary System: Filtration and Fluid Balance
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Q1) The first section of the nephron loop glomerular filtrate encounters is the ________.
A)Ascending loop
B)Distal tubule
C)Descending loop
D)Proximal tubule
Q2) The juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys release a hormone ________.
A)Called antidiuretic hormone
B)That dilates blood vessels
C)That causes vasoconstriction
D)That increases the absorption of chloride from the filtrate
Q3) Explain how diabetes mellitus affects the kidneys.
Q4) ____________ means to crush stones.
Q5) ________ uremic syndrome is a disorder caused by an infection with the bacteria E.Coli , typically from undercooked meat.
Q6) Kidney stones are caused by increased urine concentration, infection, and kidney disease.They can be made of ________ and uric acid crystals.
Q7) The ____________ carries urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder.
Q8) There are no __________________ veins in the kidney.
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Chapter 18: The Reproductive System: Replacement and Repair
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Q1) Signs and symptoms of ________ include hematuria, dysuria, painful intercourse, and excessive menstrual bleeding.
Q2) Erection is caused by muscle contraction in the penis.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The outermost layer of the uterus is called the ________.
A)Perimetrium
B)Myometrium
C)Endometrium
D)Exometrium
Q4) A(n) ________ is an abnormal collection of fluid in the testes.
Q5) The epididymis is superior to the testis.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Reproductive organs are called ____________.
Q7) ________ is the expulsion of semen (sperm and assorted chemicals) from the urethra.
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Q8) ________ is the absence of menstruation.
Q9) When menstrual disorders lessen a woman's quality of life, they may be diagnosed
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Chapter 19: The Journeys End: Now What
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Q1) Which of the following vitamins is needed for proper blood clotting?
A)Vitamin K
B)Vitamin C
C)Vitamin E
D)Vitamin D
Q2) Tuberculosis is detectable in the lungs, brain, kidneys, and the ends of long ____________.
Q3) ________ cause(s) cauliflower-like growths on the penis and vagina.
Q4) A timeline containing substances someone ingests, or becomes exposed to, can be found in the ________.
A)Hair
B)Bones
C)Teeth
D)Eyes
Q5) As an individual ages, he or she may lose which of the following?
A)Muscle mass
B)Neurons
C)Bone density
D)All of the above
Q6) Discuss how forensic scientists solve mysteries.
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